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| Version française |
Wednesday, April 29, 1998
For release at 8:30 a.m.
1994-95
The earlier young people begin smoking, the more cigarettes they are likely to smoke per day, and the less likely they are to quit, according to a study based on the 1994-95 National Population Health Survey.
Data from more than 3,400 Canadians aged 21 to 39 who were daily smokers or who had been at some point in their life were analyzed to determine the impact of starting at an early age, as well as an individual's chances of quitting. The results were consistent with the conclusions of previous research.
The data showed that among daily smokers aged 21 to 39, the odds of being a heavy smoker for those who started at 13 or younger were 2.5 times higher than for smokers who started after the age of 19. (Heavy smoking was defined as smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day.)
In addition, people who started smoking in early adolescence were much less likely to quit. Just 18% of smokers who started when they were 13 or younger had stopped within 10 years, compared with 42% of those who started at the age of 20 or older.
The association between the age that an individual started smoking and the likelihood of quitting was somewhat different for men and women, after factors such as education, income, and psychological resources were taken into account.
For women, any delay in the onset of smoking beyond the age of 13 significantly increased the chances of quitting later in life. But for men, the likelihood of quitting was significantly higher only for those who started at age 20 or older (in comparison to those who started at age 13 or younger). Consequently, it appears that delaying smoking by just a few years could result in considerable health benefits.
This release is based on four articles in the Spring 1998 issue of Health reports. The data come from Statistics Canada's 1994-95 National Population Health Survey (NPHS). The findings pertaining to the age of smoking initiation are based on respondents aged 21 to 39 who were daily smokers or who had been at some time in their life.
Respondents who indicated to the NPHS that their ethnic origin was "Native/Aboriginal peoples of North America (North American Indian, Métis, Inuit/Eskimo)" were considered to be Aboriginal. Those whose ethnicity was in any other category, including multiple categories, were considered non-Aboriginal.
According to the survey, there were about 6.9 million current smokers aged 15 and older in 1994-95.
Most individuals who identified themselves as daily smokers began in their teens. In 1994-95, 16% of people aged 21 to 39 who had smoked daily at some time in their life reported that they had started at the age of 13 or younger. Another 55% reported that they had started between the ages of 14 and 17, and 15% at the age of 18 or 19. The remainder (14%) had started smoking daily at age 20 or older.
Overall, smoking rates in Canada declined during the 1970s and 1980s. By 1994-95, fewer than one-third (31%) of individuals aged 15 and older were smokers, either daily or occasionally, down from 45% three decades earlier. The decline was more pronounced among men than women.
However, during the 1990s, the rate of teen smoking increased significantly. In 1994-95, 28% of teenagers aged 15 to 19 were either occasional or daily smokers. This was an increase from 21% in 1990, which was the lowest level recorded for this age group in 25 years.
Nearly one-quarter of Canadians were former daily smokers in 1994-95. The majority of them (55%) cited concern about future health as their main reason for having quit, consistent with the results of previous research. Nine in 10 of these individuals had quit cold turkey, that is, they had not used any aids such as nicotine patches or chewing gum.
Although not all smokers were successful in their quit attempts, many reported they had tried. About 4 in 10 daily smokers, or 2.4 million people, had tried to quit in the 12 months before the survey was conducted, but were unsuccessful.
Proportionately more teenagers and young adults tried to quit than did older smokers. At younger ages, a greater proportion of female smokers reported that they had tried to quit in the year before the survey. At ages 25 and older, differences by sex in the rate of quits attempts were less notable.
Smoking was more prevalent in the Northwest Territories than in any province or territory in 1994-95. Nearly one-half (49%) of people aged 15 and older in the Northwest Territories were daily smokers, reflecting high smoking rates among Aboriginal people living in the North. In the Yukon and the Northwest Territories combined, two-thirds of Aboriginal people aged 12 and older were smokers, compared with one-third of non-Aboriginal people the same age.
Although smoking was widespread among Aboriginal people in the territories, they tended to be less heavy smokers. On average, they smoked 13 cigarettes a day, considerably less than the 19 cigarettes smoked by their non-Aboriginal counterparts.
Provincially, 3 out of 10 individuals aged 15 and older in both Quebec and Prince Edward Island smoked daily. Moreover, they tended to be somewhat heavier smokers, smoking 20 cigarettes per day on average.
In contrast, 21% of people aged 15 and older in British Columbia smoked daily, the lowest prevalence of daily smoking. They smoked an average 18 cigarettes per day.
Research has shown that only about half of Canadians are aware that smoking is a risk factor for heart disease.
According to the NPHS, among people who had been diagnosed with heart disease, 23% continue to smoke daily. And of these smokers, 42% smoked more than a pack a day, a larger percentage than was the case for smokers without heart disease. Such heavy cigarette consumption despite the presence of cardiovascular problems suggests considerable nicotine dependency.
In addition, more than one-third of people aged 35 to 64 who are free from heart disease reported that they smoked. Nearly half of the men in this age group smoked more than a pack a day.
The Spring 1998 issue (vol. 9, no. 4) of Health reports (82-003-XPB, $35/$116, paper; 82-003-XIE, $26/$87, Internet) is now available. See How to order publications.
For further information, contact Jiajian Chen (613-951-5059) about the age of smoking initiation; contact Megan Stephens (613-951-7243) on smoking prevalence, quit attempts and quit methods; contact Brent Diverty (613-951-7329) about smoking among territorial residents; and contact Helen Johansen (613-722-5570) for details on smoking and the risk of heart disease. All are with Health Statistics Division.
February 1998 (preliminary)
In February, average weekly earnings increased 0.5% to $609.70. Compared with February 1997, average weekly earnings were 2.2% higher. Earnings gains for salaried employees and other employees such as commissioned salespersons accounted for the increase. A drop in overtime for employees paid by the hour led to a slight decline in earnings for this group.
Earnings grew in most industries in February, with the notable exception of communications and other utilities. The earnings decline in this industry was mostly due to reduced overtime for electric power systems workers in Quebec and Ontario. Overtime earnings and overtime hours for these workers rose dramatically in January as they made repairs after the ice storm. Overtime hours declined in February as the repairs were completed.
Average weekly hours for hourly paid employees declined slightly in February to 31.0, down from 31.2 in January. Hours paid for hourly employees declined in a majority of industries. The largest drop in hours occurred in finance, insurance and real estate; a substantial drop was also observed in communications and other utilities.
Total employment fell slightly in February. Employers in wholesale and retail trade and in accommodation, food and miscellaneous services accounted for most of the payroll reductions. Manufacturers added almost 17,000 additional employees in February to partially offset declines in other industries.
Employment declined in all provinces and territories except for Quebec (+10,000) and Ontario (+20,000). British Columbia recorded the largest employment drop (-14,000) with significant losses in forestry, manufacturing, retail trade and accommodation and food.
Note: The Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours (SEPH) is currently in the final phase of a major, multi-year project to improve the estimates of business payrolls and paid employment, and to reduce the reporting burden on businesses. With the change in methodology, employment estimates from the administrative records may show a different seasonal pattern than the previous questionnaire data, which can only be assessed within the context of a longer time period. Statistics Canada continues to monitor these impacts and will help users interpret its data. To minimise impacts, it is recommended that SEPH data, particularly employment data, be used in the context of longer time periods or for detailed industry distributions.
Available on CANSIM: matrices 4285-4466, 9438-9452, 9639-9664 and 9899-9911.
Detailed industry data and other labour market indicators will be available from the standard tables in the monthly publication, Employment, earnings and hours (72-002-XPB, $32/$320), in May; data are also available in the historical publication Annual estimates of employment, earnings and hours, 1984-1996 (diskette: 72F0002XDE, $120; Internet: 72F0002XIE, $113) and by ordering custom tabulations.
For further information on this release, contact Jean Leduc (613-951-4090; fax: 613-951-4087; labour@statcan.gc.ca ), Labour Division.
Table: Average weekly earnings for all employees
______________________________________________________________________________
Industry group (1980 Feb. 1997 Jan. 1998(r) Feb. 1998(p)
Standard Industry
Classification)
______________________________________________________________________________
seasonally adjusted
_______________________________________________
$
_______________________________________________
Industrial aggregate 596.53 606.54 609.70
Logging and forestry 787.64 775.65 763.73
Mining, quarrying and
oil wells 1,053.03 1,103.36 1,130.92
Manufacturing 728.16 755.47 754.06
Construction 687.01 724.38 720.45
Transportation and
storage 710.54 724.92 730.20
Communication and
other utilities 795.13 828.30 806.39
Wholesale trade 633.48 662.95 671.89
Retail trade 355.84 364.85 369.46
Finance and insurance 778.35 791.30 787.41
Real estate operators
and insurance
agencies 623.49 643.52 638.55
Business services 668.21 679.88 684.00
Education-related
services 676.92 673.25 674.59
Health and social
services 517.52 516.44 517.69
Accommodation, food
and beverage services 237.39 233.47 235.20
Public administration 749.22 737.02 739.47
Miscellaneous services 409.65 407.23 410.99
Provinces and
territories
Newfoundland 529.83 521.17 520.03
Prince Edward Island 486.22 485.21 491.75
Nova Scotia 496.62 498.45 504.99
New Brunswick 519.02 516.75 521.84
Quebec 560.96 574.63 578.42
Ontario 640.48 650.73 652.53
Manitoba 521.83 534.13 540.30
Saskatchewan 526.17 535.09 540.86
Alberta 592.09 608.10 613.55
British Columbia 611.16 614.52 618.73
Yukon 697.38 690.95 686.66
Northwest Territories 730.36 718.47 732.09
______________________________________________________________________________
Industry group (1980 Jan. 1998 to Feb. 1997 to
Standard Industry Feb. 1998 Feb. 1998
Classification)
______________________________________________________________________________
seasonally adjusted
______________________________
% change
______________________________
Industrial aggregate 0.5 2.2
Logging and forestry -1.5 -3.0
Mining, quarrying and
oil wells 2.5 7.4
Manufacturing -0.2 3.6
Construction -0.5 4.9
Transportation and
storage 0.7 2.8
Communication and
other utilities -2.6 1.4
Wholesale trade 1.3 6.1
Retail trade 1.3 3.8
Finance and insurance -0.5 1.2
Real estate operators
and insurance
agencies -0.8 2.4
Business services 0.6 2.4
Education-related
services 0.2 -0.3
Health and social
services 0.2 0.0
Accommodation, food
and beverage services 0.7 -0.9
Public administration 0.3 -1.3
Miscellaneous services 0.9 0.3
Provinces and
territories
Newfoundland -0.2 -1.8
Prince Edward Island 1.3 1.1
Nova Scotia 1.3 1.7
New Brunswick 1.0 0.5
Quebec 0.7 3.1
Ontario 0.3 1.9
Manitoba 1.2 3.5
Saskatchewan 1.1 2.8
Alberta 0.9 3.6
British Columbia 0.7 1.2
Yukon -0.6 -1.5
Northwest Territories 1.9 0.2
______________________________________________________________________________
(r) Revised estimates.
(p) Preliminary estimates.
Table: Number of employees
______________________________________________________________________________
Industry group (1980 Dec. 1997 Jan. 1998(r) Feb. 1998(p)
SIC)
______________________________________________________________________________
seasonally adjusted
_______________________________________________
'000
_______________________________________________
Industrial aggregate 11,532 11,577 11,571
Logging and forestry 68 68 68
Mining, quarrying and
oil wells 148 149 151
Manufacturing 1,843 1,852 1,869
Construction 481 487 490
Transportation and
storage 485 488 486
Communication and
other utilities 383 383 384
Wholesale trade 737 738 731
Retail trade 1,437 1,430 1,414
Finance and insurance 513 516 516
Real estate operators
and insurance
agencies 200 201 201
Business services 767 781 782
Education-related
services 936 934 932
Health and social
services 1,214 1,215 1,212
Accommodation, food
and beverage services 840 840 836
Public administration 670 670 669
Miscellaneous services 682 682 686
Provinces and
territories
Newfoundland 149 150 149
Prince Edward Island 47 48 48
Nova Scotia 320 323 320
New Brunswick 261 264 262
Quebec 2,756 2,739 2,749
Ontario 4,507 4,538 4,558
Manitoba 432 435 433
Saskatchewan 345 347 346
Alberta 1,202 1,206 1,206
British Columbia 1,477 1,490 1,476
Yukon 15 15 15
Northwest Territories 26 25 25
______________________________________________________________________________
Industry group (1980 Dec. 1997 to Jan. 1998 to
SIC) Jan. 1998 Feb. 1998
______________________________________________________________________________
seasonally adjusted
______________________________
% change
______________________________
Industrial aggregate 0.4 -0.1
Logging and forestry 0.0 0.0
Mining, quarrying and
oil wells 0.7 1.3
Manufacturing 0.5 0.9
Construction 1.2 0.6
Transportation and
storage 0.6 -0.4
Communication and
other utilities 0.0 0.3
Wholesale trade 0.1 -0.9
Retail trade -0.5 -1.1
Finance and insurance 0.6 0.0
Real estate operators
and insurance
agencies 0.5 0.0
Business services 1.8 0.1
Education-related
services -0.2 -0.2
Health and social
services 0.1 -0.2
Accommodation, food
and beverage services 0.0 -0.5
Public administration 0.0 -0.1
Miscellaneous services 0.0 0.6
Provinces and
territories
Newfoundland 0.7 -0.7
Prince Edward Island 2.1 0.0
Nova Scotia 0.9 -0.9
New Brunswick 1.1 -0.8
Quebec -0.6 0.4
Ontario 0.7 0.4
Manitoba 0.7 -0.5
Saskatchewan 0.6 -0.3
Alberta 0.3 0.0
British Columbia 0.9 -0.9
Yukon 0.0 0.0
Northwest Territories -3.8 0.0
______________________________________________________________________________
(r) Revised estimates.
(p) Preliminary estimates.
Third quarter 1997
Production of energy products totalled 3 780 petajoules in the third quarter of 1997, up 3.8% from the same quarter in 1996. The advance was due to increased production of coal, crude oil and natural gas. Production of primary electricity and natural gas liquids declined from the third quarter of 1996.
In the third quarter, exports of energy products grew 6.6% over the third quarter of 1996. Gains were recorded by crude oil, natural gas, refined petroleum products and coal. Imports of energy products climbed 13.1%, with all the principal energy forms recording gains.
Energy consumption in Canada was 3.5 % higher during the third quarter of 1997 than in the same quarter of 1996. The industrial sector's energy consumption edged up 1.7%, due to increased energy demand by manufacturing and by the mining, oil and gas extraction industries. The transportation sector consumed 4.5% more energy than it did a year earlier, while the commercial sector used 9.4% more. The residential sector's energy consumption decreased a slight 0.5%.
During the first nine months of 1997, production of energy products was 1.5% higher than in the same period of 1996. This was due to increased in production of coal, crude oil and natural gas. Year-to-date energy demand rose 2.2%, with the largest increases recorded by the commercial (+7.3%) and transportation (+3.0%) sectors.
Table: Energy supply and demand
______________________________________________________________________________
Third Third Third
quarter 1996 quarter 1997 quarter 1996
to Third
quarter 1997
______________________________________________________________________________
petajoules(1) % change
______________________________ _____________
Production 3,642 3,780 3.8
Exports 1,754 1,869 6.6
Imports 528 597 13.1
Availability
(supply)(2) 2,217 2,296 3.6
Non-energy use 243 230 -5.3
Demand 1,506 1,559 3.5
Industrial 519 528 1.7
Transportation 559 584 4.5
Residential and farm 216 215 -0.5
Commercial and
government 212 232 9.4
______________________________________________________________________________
Year-to-date
_______________________________________________
1996 1997 1996 to 1997
______________________________________________________________________________
petajoules(1) % change
______________________________ _____________
Production 11,089 11,257 1.5
Exports 5,241 5,473 4.4
Imports 1,446 1,594 10.2
Availability
(supply)(2) 7,320 7,385 0.9
Non-energy use 636 694 9.1
Demand 5,212 5,325 2.2
Industrial 1652 1683 1.9
Transportation 1,583 1,631 3.0
Residential and farm 1,138 1,111 -2.4
Commercial and
government 839 900 7.3
______________________________________________________________________________
(1) A 30 litre gasoline fill-up contains about one gigajoule of energy. A
petajoule is 1 million gigajoules.
(2) Primary energy sources are coal, crude oil, natural gas, natural gas
liquids, and hydro and nuclear electricity.
Available on CANSIM: matrices 4945, 4946, 4950-4962 and 7976-8001.
The third quarter 1997 issue of Quarterly report on energy supply/demand in Canada (57-003-XPB, $43/$141) will be available shortly. See How to order publications.
For further information on this release, contact Gary Smalldridge (613-951-3567; smalgar@statcan.gc.ca), Energy Section, Manufacturing, Construction and Energy Division.
1996
The Annual Survey of Manufactures provides information on over 200 different industries. Principal statistics for each industry are released on CANSIM as they become available. Data for the industries listed in the following table are now available. Data for 161 industries have now been released.
Available on CANSIM: matrices 5384, 5450 and 6855.
Data for the industries listed in the table will appear in Food industries (32-250-XPB, $40), Clothing industries (34-252-XPB, $40), Non-metallic mineral products industries (44-250-XPB, $40), and Products shipped by Canadian manufacturers (31-211-XPB, $67). The 1995 issues of most of these publications are now available. See How to order publications.
For further information on this release, look under contacts in the following table (fax: 613-951-9499; browdon@statcan.gc.ca ).
Table: Value of shipments
______________________________________________________________________________
1995 1996 1995 to 1996
______________________________________________________________________________
$ millions % change
______________________________ _____________
Industry (Standard
Industry
Classification)
Frozen fruit and
vegetable (1032) 1,225.4 1,252.7 2.2
Children's clothing
(2451) 445.2 446.6 0.3
Ready-mix concrete
(3551) 1,613.6 1,776.5 10.1
______________________________________________________________________________
Publication Contact
catalogue
number
______________________________________________________________________________
Industry (Standard
Industry
Classification)
Frozen fruit and
vegetable (1032) 32-250-XPB P. Zylstra 613-951-3511
Children's clothing
(2451) 34-252-XPB R. Kowaluk 613-951-0600
Ready-mix concrete
(3551) 44-250-XPB R. Sheldrick 613-951-7199
______________________________________________________________________________
Spring 1998
The Spring 1998 issue of Health reports presents five articles. One analyzes the age at which people start smoking and the impact of this age on how many cigarettes they smoke per day and their likelihood of quitting. Another examines in detail the prevalence of smoking and quit attempts. The other articles look at multiple medication use among seniors, the prevalence risk factors for heart disease, and the health of people in Northern Canada.
Each quarter, Health reports provides comprehensive and timely analysis of national and provincial health information, as well as the vital statistics derived from surveys or administrative databases. It is designed to reach a broad audience including health professionals, researchers, policy makers, educators and students.
The Spring 1998 issue (vol. 9, no. 4) of Health reports (82-003-XPB, $35/$116, paper; 82-003-XIE, $26/$87, Internet) is now available. See How to order publications. For further information, contact Marie Beaudet (613-951-7025; fax: 613-951-0792; beaumar@statcan.gc.ca ), Health Statistics Division.
Health reports, Spring 1998 (Internet version)
Catalogue number 82-003-XIE
(Canada: $26/$87; outside Canada: US$26/US$87).
Health reports, Spring 1998 (paper version)
Catalogue number 82-003-XPB
(Canada: $35/$116; outside Canada: US$35/US$116).
All prices exclude sales tax.