Trade patterns
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Selected geographical area: Canada
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$65.2 billion4.6%
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$66.6 billion5.8%
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Selected geographical area: Canada
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All (21) (0 to 10 of 21 results)
- Articles and reports: 11-633-X2019004Description:
This paper shows how to estimate the effect of the Canada-United States border on non-energy goods trade at a sub-provincial/state level using Statistics Canada’s Surface Transportation File (STF), augmented with United States domestic trade data. It uses a gravity model framework to compare cross-border to domestic trade flows among 201 Canadian and United States regions in year 2012. It shows that some 25 years after the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (the North American Free Trade Agreement’s predecessor) was ratified, the cost of trading goods across the border still amounts to a 30% tariff on bilateral trade between Canadian and United States regions. The paper also demonstrates how these estimates can be used along with general equilibrium Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (GEPPML) methods to describe the effect of changing border costs on North American trade patterns and regional welfare.
Release date: 2019-09-24 - Articles and reports: 11-626-X2019010Description:
This article in the Economic Insights series examines the impact of the Canada–United States border and the potential effects of changing the trade costs it imposes between and within the two countries at a fine geographical scale. The analysis is based on a structural gravity model of trade estimated using Statistics Canada’s Surface Transportation File and the United States Census Bureau’s Commodity Flow Survey. The model estimates the general equilibrium effects that Canada–United States border costs have on trade patterns and welfare, which can be illustrated at a fine regional scale. Maps are used to depict how increases and decreases in border frictions affect not only Canada–United States trade, but also domestic trade flows. The maps show considerable regional variation in both types of trade when conditions at the border change.
Release date: 2019-06-12 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2015097Description:
Canada’s aggregate productivity performance has closely tracked changes in Canada’s trading environment. To gain a better understanding of the link, the Economic Analysis Division of Statistics Canada has conducted a set of studies that investigate whether and how changes in the trading environment, brought about by trade liberalization policies and exchange-rate movements, contributed to productivity growth. The firm-level analysis provides insights into the productivity dynamics that arise from within-industry growth and restructuring as resources are shifted from declining to growing industries. The paper provides an overview of the key Canadian empirical findings over the last two decades.
Release date: 2015-06-16 - 4. Trucking Across the Border: The Relative Cost of Cross-border and Domestic Trucking, 2004 to 2009 ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0027M2012081Geography: CanadaDescription:
Despite the elimination of tariff barriers between Canada and the United States, the volume of trade between the two countries has been less than would be expected if there were no impediments. While considerable work has been done to gauge the degree of integration between the Canadian and U.S. economies through trade, relatively little analysis has parsed out the underlying costs for cross-border trade. The costs of crossing the border can be divided into formal tariff barriers, non-tariff barriers, and the cost of the transport system itself. This paper focuses on the latter by estimating the cost of shipping goods by truck between Canada and the U.S. during the 2004-to-2009 period. The analysis assesses the degree to which costs to ship goods by truck to and from the U.S. exceed those within Canada by measuring the additional costs on a level and an ad valorem basis. The latter provides an estimate of the tariff equivalent transportation cost that applies to cross-border trade. These costs are further broken down into fixed and variable (line-haul) costs. Higher fixed costs are consistent with border delays and border compliance costs which are passed on to the consumers of trucking services. Higher line-haul costs may result from difficulties obtaining backhauls for a portion of the trip home. Such difficulties may stem from trade imbalances and regulations that restrict the ability of Canadian-based carriers to transport goods between two points in the United States.
Release date: 2012-11-19 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2006041Geography: CanadaDescription:
During the post-1970 period, Canadian manufacturing prices have alternately increased and fallen relative to U.S. prices' just the reverse of the cycle in the Canada' U.S. exchange rate. But not all manufacturing industries have experienced the same amplitude of relative price changes. This paper examines the industry characteristics that are related to the shifts in competitiveness, measured as the relative price ratio between Canadian prices and U.S. prices adjusted by the exchange rate. We find that relative factor input costs and relative productivity growth are the two most important factors influencing changes in relative Canada' U.S. prices. Competitive pressures emanating from trade are important determinants of the extent to which relative productivity differences are passed through to cross-country relative prices in the manufacturing sector. We also find that the magnitude of domestic market competition and export intensity affects the short-run relative price shifts over the cycle of exchange rate.
Release date: 2006-06-28 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2006038Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines the effect of trade liberalization on plant scale, production-run length and product diversification. We first develop a model of trade in differentiated products with multi-product plants. We then present empirical evidence using a large panel of Canadian manufacturing plants and their experience with the 1989 Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The model predicts that the bilateral tariff reduction reduces the product diversification of exporting plants, increases the production-run length and has an ambiguous effect on the size of those plants. It also reduces the product diversification and size of non-exporting plants, and has no effect on the production-run length of those plants. The empirical evidence on non-exporting plants provides broad support for the model. The evidence on exporting plants shows that exporters reduce product diversification, and increase production-run length and plant size, but those changes do not appear to be related to tariff cuts. Once in the export markets, plants respond to forces other than tariff cuts. Further tariff cuts have less effect on those plants.
Release date: 2006-05-19 - Articles and reports: 65-507-M2006006Description:
While two way trade between Canada and the EU accounted for 8% of Canada's total trade in 2004, the same as a decade earlier, Canada has seen its trade balance with the EU move ever further into a deficit position. Canadian imports from the EU have increased at twice the annual rate of our exports to the EU since 1995. The increase in imports of pharmaceuticals and the exports of diamonds have had the biggest impact on trade between Canada and the EU during this period.
Release date: 2006-03-28 - Articles and reports: 65-507-M2005004Geography: CanadaDescription:
Foreign control of a country's economic assets is of great interest to industry and policy makers alike. In 2002, foreign controlled exporting establishments operating in Canada represented about 10% of the total number of exporting establishments on Statistics Canada's Exporter Register. Total exports by those (foreign controlled) establishments in 2002 was in the amount of $155 billion - about half of the total exports in that year. It is contended that the lowering of barriers to trade with the U.S. has made it easier, not only for Canadian exporters to do business and invest in the U.S., but also for foreign enterprises to establish a physical presence in Canada in order to gain better access to the lucrative North American market. The paper examines to what extent the above contention is valid. The paper also examines the differences between industries, variation between countries, the diversity of export destinations and foreign control by province.
Release date: 2005-10-03 - Articles and reports: 65-507-M2005003Geography: CanadaDescription:
Trade statistics produced by one country will frequently differ from those produced by its trading partner(s) reflecting conceptual, definitional and reporting differences of the countries involved. This is evident with Canadian and Chinese merchandise trade numbers. Reconciled data show that Canada had a smaller trade deficit with China than official published Canadian numbers, while China had a larger surplus with Canada than official published Chinese statistics.
This paper examines the differences in trade statistics between the two countries and provides estimates to better reflect the actual trade in 2002 and 2003.
Release date: 2005-08-16 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005256Geography: CanadaDescription:
We investigate whether trade liberalization affects profitability and financial leverage, using Canadian data from the period following implementation of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. We find that falling domestic tariffs are associated with declining profits and increasing leverage for import-competing firms, while falling foreign tariffs are associated with increasing profits and decreasing leverage for firms in export-oriented industries. This pattern is consistent with the "pecking order" theory of capital structure.
Release date: 2005-06-22
Data (1)
Data (1) ((1 result))
- 1. Trucking in a borderless market: a profile of the Canadian trucking industry, 1988 to 1995 ArchivedTable: 53-222-X19950006583Description:
The paper is organized into four sections. The first section introduces the data used for the analysis while the second provides a brief synopsis of the role of trucking in the Canadian economy. The third section contains a summary of the changes that have come about, at least partly, due to deregulation. The fourth section examines changes in trucking activity under the FTA and NAFTA.
Release date: 1997-06-24
Analysis (20)
Analysis (20) (0 to 10 of 20 results)
- Articles and reports: 11-633-X2019004Description:
This paper shows how to estimate the effect of the Canada-United States border on non-energy goods trade at a sub-provincial/state level using Statistics Canada’s Surface Transportation File (STF), augmented with United States domestic trade data. It uses a gravity model framework to compare cross-border to domestic trade flows among 201 Canadian and United States regions in year 2012. It shows that some 25 years after the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (the North American Free Trade Agreement’s predecessor) was ratified, the cost of trading goods across the border still amounts to a 30% tariff on bilateral trade between Canadian and United States regions. The paper also demonstrates how these estimates can be used along with general equilibrium Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (GEPPML) methods to describe the effect of changing border costs on North American trade patterns and regional welfare.
Release date: 2019-09-24 - Articles and reports: 11-626-X2019010Description:
This article in the Economic Insights series examines the impact of the Canada–United States border and the potential effects of changing the trade costs it imposes between and within the two countries at a fine geographical scale. The analysis is based on a structural gravity model of trade estimated using Statistics Canada’s Surface Transportation File and the United States Census Bureau’s Commodity Flow Survey. The model estimates the general equilibrium effects that Canada–United States border costs have on trade patterns and welfare, which can be illustrated at a fine regional scale. Maps are used to depict how increases and decreases in border frictions affect not only Canada–United States trade, but also domestic trade flows. The maps show considerable regional variation in both types of trade when conditions at the border change.
Release date: 2019-06-12 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2015097Description:
Canada’s aggregate productivity performance has closely tracked changes in Canada’s trading environment. To gain a better understanding of the link, the Economic Analysis Division of Statistics Canada has conducted a set of studies that investigate whether and how changes in the trading environment, brought about by trade liberalization policies and exchange-rate movements, contributed to productivity growth. The firm-level analysis provides insights into the productivity dynamics that arise from within-industry growth and restructuring as resources are shifted from declining to growing industries. The paper provides an overview of the key Canadian empirical findings over the last two decades.
Release date: 2015-06-16 - 4. Trucking Across the Border: The Relative Cost of Cross-border and Domestic Trucking, 2004 to 2009 ArchivedArticles and reports: 11F0027M2012081Geography: CanadaDescription:
Despite the elimination of tariff barriers between Canada and the United States, the volume of trade between the two countries has been less than would be expected if there were no impediments. While considerable work has been done to gauge the degree of integration between the Canadian and U.S. economies through trade, relatively little analysis has parsed out the underlying costs for cross-border trade. The costs of crossing the border can be divided into formal tariff barriers, non-tariff barriers, and the cost of the transport system itself. This paper focuses on the latter by estimating the cost of shipping goods by truck between Canada and the U.S. during the 2004-to-2009 period. The analysis assesses the degree to which costs to ship goods by truck to and from the U.S. exceed those within Canada by measuring the additional costs on a level and an ad valorem basis. The latter provides an estimate of the tariff equivalent transportation cost that applies to cross-border trade. These costs are further broken down into fixed and variable (line-haul) costs. Higher fixed costs are consistent with border delays and border compliance costs which are passed on to the consumers of trucking services. Higher line-haul costs may result from difficulties obtaining backhauls for a portion of the trip home. Such difficulties may stem from trade imbalances and regulations that restrict the ability of Canadian-based carriers to transport goods between two points in the United States.
Release date: 2012-11-19 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2006041Geography: CanadaDescription:
During the post-1970 period, Canadian manufacturing prices have alternately increased and fallen relative to U.S. prices' just the reverse of the cycle in the Canada' U.S. exchange rate. But not all manufacturing industries have experienced the same amplitude of relative price changes. This paper examines the industry characteristics that are related to the shifts in competitiveness, measured as the relative price ratio between Canadian prices and U.S. prices adjusted by the exchange rate. We find that relative factor input costs and relative productivity growth are the two most important factors influencing changes in relative Canada' U.S. prices. Competitive pressures emanating from trade are important determinants of the extent to which relative productivity differences are passed through to cross-country relative prices in the manufacturing sector. We also find that the magnitude of domestic market competition and export intensity affects the short-run relative price shifts over the cycle of exchange rate.
Release date: 2006-06-28 - Articles and reports: 11F0027M2006038Geography: CanadaDescription:
This paper examines the effect of trade liberalization on plant scale, production-run length and product diversification. We first develop a model of trade in differentiated products with multi-product plants. We then present empirical evidence using a large panel of Canadian manufacturing plants and their experience with the 1989 Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The model predicts that the bilateral tariff reduction reduces the product diversification of exporting plants, increases the production-run length and has an ambiguous effect on the size of those plants. It also reduces the product diversification and size of non-exporting plants, and has no effect on the production-run length of those plants. The empirical evidence on non-exporting plants provides broad support for the model. The evidence on exporting plants shows that exporters reduce product diversification, and increase production-run length and plant size, but those changes do not appear to be related to tariff cuts. Once in the export markets, plants respond to forces other than tariff cuts. Further tariff cuts have less effect on those plants.
Release date: 2006-05-19 - Articles and reports: 65-507-M2006006Description:
While two way trade between Canada and the EU accounted for 8% of Canada's total trade in 2004, the same as a decade earlier, Canada has seen its trade balance with the EU move ever further into a deficit position. Canadian imports from the EU have increased at twice the annual rate of our exports to the EU since 1995. The increase in imports of pharmaceuticals and the exports of diamonds have had the biggest impact on trade between Canada and the EU during this period.
Release date: 2006-03-28 - Articles and reports: 65-507-M2005004Geography: CanadaDescription:
Foreign control of a country's economic assets is of great interest to industry and policy makers alike. In 2002, foreign controlled exporting establishments operating in Canada represented about 10% of the total number of exporting establishments on Statistics Canada's Exporter Register. Total exports by those (foreign controlled) establishments in 2002 was in the amount of $155 billion - about half of the total exports in that year. It is contended that the lowering of barriers to trade with the U.S. has made it easier, not only for Canadian exporters to do business and invest in the U.S., but also for foreign enterprises to establish a physical presence in Canada in order to gain better access to the lucrative North American market. The paper examines to what extent the above contention is valid. The paper also examines the differences between industries, variation between countries, the diversity of export destinations and foreign control by province.
Release date: 2005-10-03 - Articles and reports: 65-507-M2005003Geography: CanadaDescription:
Trade statistics produced by one country will frequently differ from those produced by its trading partner(s) reflecting conceptual, definitional and reporting differences of the countries involved. This is evident with Canadian and Chinese merchandise trade numbers. Reconciled data show that Canada had a smaller trade deficit with China than official published Canadian numbers, while China had a larger surplus with Canada than official published Chinese statistics.
This paper examines the differences in trade statistics between the two countries and provides estimates to better reflect the actual trade in 2002 and 2003.
Release date: 2005-08-16 - Articles and reports: 11F0019M2005256Geography: CanadaDescription:
We investigate whether trade liberalization affects profitability and financial leverage, using Canadian data from the period following implementation of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement. We find that falling domestic tariffs are associated with declining profits and increasing leverage for import-competing firms, while falling foreign tariffs are associated with increasing profits and decreasing leverage for firms in export-oriented industries. This pattern is consistent with the "pecking order" theory of capital structure.
Release date: 2005-06-22
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