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- Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 91F0015M2016012Description:
This article provides information on using family-related variables from the microdata files of Canada’s Census of Population. These files exist internally at Statistics Canada, in the Research Data Centres (RDCs), and as public-use microdata files (PUMFs). This article explains certain technical aspects of all three versions, including the creation of multi-level variables for analytical purposes.
Release date: 2016-12-22 - Articles and reports: 11-633-X2016004Description:
Understanding the importance of the dynamic entry process in the Canadian economy involves measuring the amount and size of firm entry. The paper presents estimates of the importance of firm entry in Canada. It uses the database underlying the Longitudinal Employment Analysis Program (LEAP), which has produced measures of firm entry and exit since 1988. This paper discusses the methodology used to estimate entry and exit, the issues that had to be resolved and the reasons for choosing the particular solutions that were adopted. It then presents measures that are derived from LEAP. Finally, it analyzes the sensitivity of the estimates associated with LEAP to alternative methods of estimating entry and exit.
Release date: 2016-11-10 - Articles and reports: 11-633-X2016003Description:
Large national mortality cohorts are used to estimate mortality rates for different socioeconomic and population groups, and to conduct research on environmental health. In 2008, Statistics Canada created a cohort linking the 1991 Census to mortality. The present study describes a linkage of the 2001 Census long-form questionnaire respondents aged 19 years and older to the T1 Personal Master File and the Amalgamated Mortality Database. The linkage tracks all deaths over a 10.6-year period (until the end of 2011, to date).
Release date: 2016-10-26 - Articles and reports: 11-633-X2016002Description:
Immigrants comprise an ever-increasing percentage of the Canadian population—at more than 20%, which is the highest percentage among the G8 countries (Statistics Canada 2013a). This figure is expected to rise to 25% to 28% by 2031, when at least one in four people living in Canada will be foreign-born (Statistics Canada 2010).
This report summarizes the linkage of the Immigrant Landing File (ILF) for all provinces and territories, excluding Quebec, to hospital data from the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD), a national database containing information about hospital inpatient and day-surgery events. A deterministic exact-matching approach was used to link data from the 1980-to-2006 ILF and from the DAD (2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009) with the 2006 Census, which served as a “bridge” file. This was a secondary linkage in that it used linkage keys created in two previous projects (primary linkages) that separately linked the ILF and the DAD to the 2006 Census. The ILF–DAD linked data were validated by means of a representative sample of 2006 Census records containing immigrant information previously linked to the DAD.
Release date: 2016-08-17 - 5. A comparison between nonparametric estimators for finite population distribution functions ArchivedArticles and reports: 12-001-X201600114541Description:
In this work we compare nonparametric estimators for finite population distribution functions based on two types of fitted values: the fitted values from the well-known Kuo estimator and a modified version of them, which incorporates a nonparametric estimate for the mean regression function. For each type of fitted values we consider the corresponding model-based estimator and, after incorporating design weights, the corresponding generalized difference estimator. We show under fairly general conditions that the leading term in the model mean square error is not affected by the modification of the fitted values, even though it slows down the convergence rate for the model bias. Second order terms of the model mean square errors are difficult to obtain and will not be derived in the present paper. It remains thus an open question whether the modified fitted values bring about some benefit from the model-based perspective. We discuss also design-based properties of the estimators and propose a variance estimator for the generalized difference estimator based on the modified fitted values. Finally, we perform a simulation study. The simulation results suggest that the modified fitted values lead to a considerable reduction of the design mean square error if the sample size is small.
Release date: 2016-06-22 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X201600114542Description:
The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method is generally used to estimate the variance of the random area effect under the Fay-Herriot model (Fay and Herriot 1979) to obtain the empirical best linear unbiased (EBLUP) estimator of a small area mean. When the REML estimate is zero, the weight of the direct sample estimator is zero and the EBLUP becomes a synthetic estimator. This is not often desirable. As a solution to this problem, Li and Lahiri (2011) and Yoshimori and Lahiri (2014) developed adjusted maximum likelihood (ADM) consistent variance estimators which always yield positive variance estimates. Some of the ADM estimators always yield positive estimates but they have a large bias and this affects the estimation of the mean squared error (MSE) of the EBLUP. We propose to use a MIX variance estimator, defined as a combination of the REML and ADM methods. We show that it is unbiased up to the second order and it always yields a positive variance estimate. Furthermore, we propose an MSE estimator under the MIX method and show via a model-based simulation that in many situations, it performs better than other ‘Taylor linearization’ MSE estimators proposed recently.
Release date: 2016-06-22 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X201600114546Description:
Adjusting the base weights using weighting classes is a standard approach for dealing with unit nonresponse. A common approach is to create nonresponse adjustments that are weighted by the inverse of the assumed response propensity of respondents within weighting classes under a quasi-randomization approach. Little and Vartivarian (2003) questioned the value of weighting the adjustment factor. In practice the models assumed are misspecified, so it is critical to understand the impact of weighting might have in this case. This paper describes the effects on nonresponse adjusted estimates of means and totals for population and domains computed using the weighted and unweighted inverse of the response propensities in stratified simple random sample designs. The performance of these estimators under different conditions such as different sample allocation, response mechanism, and population structure is evaluated. The findings show that for the scenarios considered the weighted adjustment has substantial advantages for estimating totals and using an unweighted adjustment may lead to serious biases except in very limited cases. Furthermore, unlike the unweighted estimates, the weighted estimates are not sensitive to how the sample is allocated.
Release date: 2016-06-22 - 8. The Data Warehouse and analytical tools to facilitate the integration of the Canadian Macroeconomic Accounts ArchivedSurveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-522-X201700014710Description:
The Data Warehouse has modernized the way the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts (MEA) are produced and analyzed today. Its continuing evolution facilitates the amounts and types of analytical work that is done within the MEA. It brings in the needed element of harmonization and confrontation as the macroeconomic accounts move toward full integration. The improvements in quality, transparency, and timeliness have strengthened the statistics that are being disseminated.
Release date: 2016-03-24 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X201700014714Description:
The Labour Market Development Agreements (LMDAs) between Canada and the provinces and territories fund labour market training and support services to Employment Insurance claimants. The objective of this paper is to discuss the improvements over the years in the impact assessment methodology. The paper describes the LMDAs and past evaluation work and discusses the drivers to make better use of large administrative data holdings. It then explains how the new approach made the evaluation less resource-intensive, while results are more relevant to policy development. The paper outlines the lessons learned from a methodological perspective and provides insight into ways for making this type of use of administrative data effective, especially in the context of large programs.
Release date: 2016-03-24 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X201700014718Description:
This study assessed whether starting participation in Employment Assistance Services (EAS) earlier after initiating an Employment Insurance (EI) claim leads to better impacts for unemployed individuals than participating later during the EI benefit period. As in Sianesi (2004) and Hujer and Thomsen (2010), the analysis relied on a stratified propensity score matching approach conditional on the discretized duration of unemployment until the program starts. The results showed that individuals who participated in EAS within the first four weeks after initiating an EI claim had the best impacts on earnings and incidence of employment while also experiencing reduced use of EI starting the second year post-program.
Release date: 2016-03-24
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- Articles and reports: 11-633-X2016004Description:
Understanding the importance of the dynamic entry process in the Canadian economy involves measuring the amount and size of firm entry. The paper presents estimates of the importance of firm entry in Canada. It uses the database underlying the Longitudinal Employment Analysis Program (LEAP), which has produced measures of firm entry and exit since 1988. This paper discusses the methodology used to estimate entry and exit, the issues that had to be resolved and the reasons for choosing the particular solutions that were adopted. It then presents measures that are derived from LEAP. Finally, it analyzes the sensitivity of the estimates associated with LEAP to alternative methods of estimating entry and exit.
Release date: 2016-11-10 - Articles and reports: 11-633-X2016003Description:
Large national mortality cohorts are used to estimate mortality rates for different socioeconomic and population groups, and to conduct research on environmental health. In 2008, Statistics Canada created a cohort linking the 1991 Census to mortality. The present study describes a linkage of the 2001 Census long-form questionnaire respondents aged 19 years and older to the T1 Personal Master File and the Amalgamated Mortality Database. The linkage tracks all deaths over a 10.6-year period (until the end of 2011, to date).
Release date: 2016-10-26 - Articles and reports: 11-633-X2016002Description:
Immigrants comprise an ever-increasing percentage of the Canadian population—at more than 20%, which is the highest percentage among the G8 countries (Statistics Canada 2013a). This figure is expected to rise to 25% to 28% by 2031, when at least one in four people living in Canada will be foreign-born (Statistics Canada 2010).
This report summarizes the linkage of the Immigrant Landing File (ILF) for all provinces and territories, excluding Quebec, to hospital data from the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD), a national database containing information about hospital inpatient and day-surgery events. A deterministic exact-matching approach was used to link data from the 1980-to-2006 ILF and from the DAD (2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009) with the 2006 Census, which served as a “bridge” file. This was a secondary linkage in that it used linkage keys created in two previous projects (primary linkages) that separately linked the ILF and the DAD to the 2006 Census. The ILF–DAD linked data were validated by means of a representative sample of 2006 Census records containing immigrant information previously linked to the DAD.
Release date: 2016-08-17 - 4. A comparison between nonparametric estimators for finite population distribution functions ArchivedArticles and reports: 12-001-X201600114541Description:
In this work we compare nonparametric estimators for finite population distribution functions based on two types of fitted values: the fitted values from the well-known Kuo estimator and a modified version of them, which incorporates a nonparametric estimate for the mean regression function. For each type of fitted values we consider the corresponding model-based estimator and, after incorporating design weights, the corresponding generalized difference estimator. We show under fairly general conditions that the leading term in the model mean square error is not affected by the modification of the fitted values, even though it slows down the convergence rate for the model bias. Second order terms of the model mean square errors are difficult to obtain and will not be derived in the present paper. It remains thus an open question whether the modified fitted values bring about some benefit from the model-based perspective. We discuss also design-based properties of the estimators and propose a variance estimator for the generalized difference estimator based on the modified fitted values. Finally, we perform a simulation study. The simulation results suggest that the modified fitted values lead to a considerable reduction of the design mean square error if the sample size is small.
Release date: 2016-06-22 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X201600114542Description:
The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method is generally used to estimate the variance of the random area effect under the Fay-Herriot model (Fay and Herriot 1979) to obtain the empirical best linear unbiased (EBLUP) estimator of a small area mean. When the REML estimate is zero, the weight of the direct sample estimator is zero and the EBLUP becomes a synthetic estimator. This is not often desirable. As a solution to this problem, Li and Lahiri (2011) and Yoshimori and Lahiri (2014) developed adjusted maximum likelihood (ADM) consistent variance estimators which always yield positive variance estimates. Some of the ADM estimators always yield positive estimates but they have a large bias and this affects the estimation of the mean squared error (MSE) of the EBLUP. We propose to use a MIX variance estimator, defined as a combination of the REML and ADM methods. We show that it is unbiased up to the second order and it always yields a positive variance estimate. Furthermore, we propose an MSE estimator under the MIX method and show via a model-based simulation that in many situations, it performs better than other ‘Taylor linearization’ MSE estimators proposed recently.
Release date: 2016-06-22 - Articles and reports: 12-001-X201600114546Description:
Adjusting the base weights using weighting classes is a standard approach for dealing with unit nonresponse. A common approach is to create nonresponse adjustments that are weighted by the inverse of the assumed response propensity of respondents within weighting classes under a quasi-randomization approach. Little and Vartivarian (2003) questioned the value of weighting the adjustment factor. In practice the models assumed are misspecified, so it is critical to understand the impact of weighting might have in this case. This paper describes the effects on nonresponse adjusted estimates of means and totals for population and domains computed using the weighted and unweighted inverse of the response propensities in stratified simple random sample designs. The performance of these estimators under different conditions such as different sample allocation, response mechanism, and population structure is evaluated. The findings show that for the scenarios considered the weighted adjustment has substantial advantages for estimating totals and using an unweighted adjustment may lead to serious biases except in very limited cases. Furthermore, unlike the unweighted estimates, the weighted estimates are not sensitive to how the sample is allocated.
Release date: 2016-06-22 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X201700014714Description:
The Labour Market Development Agreements (LMDAs) between Canada and the provinces and territories fund labour market training and support services to Employment Insurance claimants. The objective of this paper is to discuss the improvements over the years in the impact assessment methodology. The paper describes the LMDAs and past evaluation work and discusses the drivers to make better use of large administrative data holdings. It then explains how the new approach made the evaluation less resource-intensive, while results are more relevant to policy development. The paper outlines the lessons learned from a methodological perspective and provides insight into ways for making this type of use of administrative data effective, especially in the context of large programs.
Release date: 2016-03-24 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X201700014718Description:
This study assessed whether starting participation in Employment Assistance Services (EAS) earlier after initiating an Employment Insurance (EI) claim leads to better impacts for unemployed individuals than participating later during the EI benefit period. As in Sianesi (2004) and Hujer and Thomsen (2010), the analysis relied on a stratified propensity score matching approach conditional on the discretized duration of unemployment until the program starts. The results showed that individuals who participated in EAS within the first four weeks after initiating an EI claim had the best impacts on earnings and incidence of employment while also experiencing reduced use of EI starting the second year post-program.
Release date: 2016-03-24 - 9. Estimating the Impact of Active Labour Market Programs using Administrative Data and Matching Methods ArchivedArticles and reports: 11-522-X201700014740Description:
In this paper, we discuss the impacts of Employment Benefit and Support Measures delivered in Canada under the Labour Market Development Agreements. We use linked rich longitudinal administrative data covering all LMDA participants from 2002 to 2005. We Apply propensity score matching as in Blundell et al. (2002), Gerfin and Lechner (2002), and Sianesi (2004), and produced the national incremental impact estimates using difference-in-differences and Kernel Matching estimator (Heckman and Smith, 1999). The findings suggest that, both Employment Assistance Services and employment benefit such as Skills Development and Targeted Wage Subsidies had positive effects on earnings and employment.
Release date: 2016-03-24 - Articles and reports: 11-522-X201700014754Description:
Background: There is increasing interest in measuring and benchmarking health system performance. We compared Canada’s health system with other countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on both the national and provincial levels, across 50 indicators of health system performance. This analysis can help provinces identify potential areas for improvement, considering an optimal comparator for international comparisons. Methods: OECD Health Data from 2013 was used to compare Canada’s results internationally. We also calculated provincial results for OECD’s indicators on health system performance, using OECD methodology. We normalized the indicator results to present multiple indicators on the same scale and compared them to the OECD average, 25th and 75th percentiles. Results: Presenting normalized values allow Canada’s results to be compared across multiple OECD indicators on the same scale. No country or province consistently has higher results than the others. For most indicators, Canadian results are similar to other countries, but there remain areas where Canada performs particularly well (i.e. smoking rates) or poorly (i.e. patient safety). This data was presented in an interactive eTool. Conclusion: Comparing Canada’s provinces internationally can highlight areas where improvement is needed, and help to identify potential strategies for improvement.
Release date: 2016-03-24
Reference (2)
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- Surveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 91F0015M2016012Description:
This article provides information on using family-related variables from the microdata files of Canada’s Census of Population. These files exist internally at Statistics Canada, in the Research Data Centres (RDCs), and as public-use microdata files (PUMFs). This article explains certain technical aspects of all three versions, including the creation of multi-level variables for analytical purposes.
Release date: 2016-12-22 - 2. The Data Warehouse and analytical tools to facilitate the integration of the Canadian Macroeconomic Accounts ArchivedSurveys and statistical programs – Documentation: 11-522-X201700014710Description:
The Data Warehouse has modernized the way the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts (MEA) are produced and analyzed today. Its continuing evolution facilitates the amounts and types of analytical work that is done within the MEA. It brings in the needed element of harmonization and confrontation as the macroeconomic accounts move toward full integration. The improvements in quality, transparency, and timeliness have strengthened the statistics that are being disseminated.
Release date: 2016-03-24
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