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Table 3 Neighbourhood housing density is stongly associated with car dependence, even when other factors like income, age and presence of children are accounted for

	Number of trips as driver		All trips as driver or passenger	Number of trips as driver		All trips as driver or passenger
	Model 1			Model 2
	At least one	All trips	All trips as driver or passenger	At least one	All trips	All trips as driver or passenger
	Odds ratios
Housing density
High †	1.0	1.0	1.0	-	-	-
Medium	1.7*	1.8*	1.9*	-	-	-
Low	2.5*	2.2*	2.8*	-	-	-
Distance from city centre (CMA only)
Less than 5 km †	-	-	-	1.0	1.0	1.0
5 to 9 km	-	-	-	1.5*	1.3*	1.6*
10 to 14 km	-	-	-	2.1*	1.8*	2.1*
15 to 19 km	-	-	-	2.6*	2.1*	3.2*
20 to 24 km	-	-	-	3.5*	2.5*	3.4*
25 km or more	-	-	-	3.9*	3.0*	4.4*
Sex
Female †	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Male	2.0*	2.2*	1.3*	2.1*	2.2*	1.3*
Age
18 to 24 years †	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
25 to 34 years	1.8*	1.9*	1.8*	1.8*	1.8*	1.8*
35 to 44 years	2.1*	2.3*	2.2*	2.2*	2.3*	2.2*
45 to 54 years	2.6*	2.5*	2.6*	2.6*	2.5*	2.6*
55 to 64 years	2.6*	2.4*	2.5*	2.6*	2.3*	2.5*
65 to 74 years	2.6*	2.7*	3.2*	2.5*	2.6*	3.1*
75 years or more	1.5*	1.6*	1.5*	1.4*	1.6*	1.4
Immigration status
Born in Canada †	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Immigrant (before 1990)	0.9	1.1	1.0	0.9	1.1	1.1
Recent immigrants (1990 to 2005)	0.5*	0.8*	0.9	0.5*	0.7*	0.8
Presence of activity limitations
Yes/sometimes	0.8*	0.9	0.9	0.8*	0.8*	0.9
Yes/often	0.8*	0.8*	0.8*	0.8*	0.8*	0.8*
No †	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Highest level of educational attainment
No secondary diploma †	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Secondary completion	1.5*	1.3*	1.3*	1.5*	1.3*	1.3*
College or trade diploma	1.6*	1.2*	1.2	1.6*	1.2	1.1
University degree	1.5*	1.1	0.9	1.6*	1.1	1.0
Household income
Less than $20,000 †	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
$20, 000 to $39,999	1.5*	1.4*	1.7*	1.5*	1.4*	1.7*
$40,000 to $59,999	2.0*	1.6*	2.0*	2.1*	1.7*	2.1*
$60,000 to $99,999	2.7*	1.6*	2.2*	2.9*	1.7*	2.4*
$100,000 and more	2.8*	1.6*	2.0*	2.7*	1.7*	2.2*
Main activity for the last 7 days
Employed/looking for work †	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Caring for children/keeping house	0.7*	0.6*	0.9	0.7*	0.6*	0.9
Retired	0.8	0.8	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.9
Student	0.6*	0.5*	0.5*	0.6*	0.5*	0.5*
Other activity	1.0	1.0*	1.0*	1.0	1.0*	1.0*
Presence of a child under 5
No †	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Yes	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9
Presence of a child aged 5 to 12
No †	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Yes	1.6*	1.1	1.0	1.6*	1.1	1.0
CMA of residence (Census Metropolitan Area)¹
CMA of Toronto	0.5*	0.6*	0.5*	0.3*	0.4*	0.2*
CMA of Montréal	0.6*	0.7*	0.6*	0.3*	0.4*	0.2*
CMA of Vancouver	0.7*	0.7*	0.6*	0.4*	0.5*	0.3*
CMA of Ottawa-Gatineau	0.6*	0.7*	0.6*	0.4*	0.5*	0.4*
CMA of Calgary	0.8	0.8	0.6*	0.7*	0.7*	0.5*
CMA of Edmonton	0.7*	0.9	0.7	0.6*	0.7*	0.6
CMA of Quebec	0.9	0.7*	0.7	0.6*	0.6*	0.5
CMA of Winnipeg	0.6*	0.7*	0.5*	0.6*	0.7*	0.5*
Medium CMAs	0.7*	0.8*	0.7*	0.7*	0.8*	0.6*
Smaller CMAs †	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Day of the week
Weekday †	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Weekend	1.0	1.0	1.7*	1.0	1.0	1.7*
Worked on the reference day
No †	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Yes	1.4*	1.4*	1.0	1.4*	1.4*	1.0
† Reference group.
* Statistically significant difference from the reference group at p<0.05.
1. Metropolitan area boundaries used in the 2005 General Social Survey are those established in the 2001 Census. See What you should know about this study for a list of the CMAs comprising the medium and smaller CMA categories.
Note: This table presents the odds that a respondent used a car on the reference day, relative to the odds that the reference group did the same thing, when the effect of all other factors shown in the table are controlled for. An odds ratio close to 1.0 for the comparison group means that there is little or no difference between the comparison and the reference groups.
Source: Statistics Canada, General Social Survey, 2005.
Table Source: Turcotte, M. (2008). Dependence on cars in urban neighbourhoods. Canadian Social Trends, 85, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-008-XWE.