Chart 2
Transition rates to permanent residence within five years of arrival in Canada, and source country's log of GDP per capita
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Description for Chart 2
| Source country | Log of PPP-adjusted GDP per capita | Percentage of transition 5 years after the first study permit | Sample size | Predicted regression of rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ratio | percent | number | percent | |
| Afghanistan | 7.0 | 24.4 | 156 | 59.7 |
| Albania | 8.6 | 25.9 | 212 | 36.1 |
| Algeria | 9.3 | 27.1 | 1,490 | 25.7 |
| Angola | 7.0 | 16.4 | 140 | 59.7 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 9.9 | 12.3 | 73 | 16.6 |
| Argentina | 9.4 | 21.3 | 3,272 | 24.7 |
| Armenia | 8.2 | 27.0 | 341 | 41.4 |
| Australia | 10.4 | 5.2 | 90,007 | 8.2 |
| Austria | 10.5 | 7.5 | 4,228 | 7.0 |
| Azerbaijan | 8.8 | 35.1 | 168 | 32.3 |
| Bahama Islands, The | 10.1 | 10.3 | 155 | 13.6 |
| Bahrain | 10.7 | 13.3 | 135 | 4.9 |
| Bangladesh | 7.4 | 48.5 | 895 | 53.6 |
| Barbados | 9.5 | 7.1 | 2,283 | 21.8 |
| Belarus | 9.1 | 42.0 | 635 | 29.0 |
| Belgium | 10.5 | 12.1 | 5,848 | 7.6 |
| Belize | 8.8 | 12.0 | 100 | 32.5 |
| Benin, Peoples Republic of | 7.4 | 13.5 | 379 | 54.3 |
| Bermuda | 10.8 | 11.2 | 98 | 2.8 |
| Bolivia | 8.4 | 15.6 | 352 | 39.2 |
| Bosnia-Hercegovina | 8.7 | 27.9 | 502 | 35.1 |
| Botswana, Republic of | 9.2 | 11.1 | 99 | 26.4 |
| Brazil | 9.4 | 16.3 | 9,619 | 24.7 |
| Brunei | 11.2 | 11.7 | 60 | -3.8 |
| Bulgaria | 9.2 | 30.2 | 1,099 | 26.2 |
| Burkino-Faso | 7.0 | 10.6 | 368 | 60.6 |
| Burundi | 6.7 | 30.8 | 39 | 64.9 |
| Cambodia | 7.3 | 16.9 | 267 | 55.2 |
| Cameroon, Federal Republic of | 7.8 | 32.3 | 524 | 48.1 |
| Canada | 10.5 | 5.7 | 474 | 7.6 |
| Cape Verde Islands | 8.2 | 4.1 | 73 | 42.4 |
| Central African Republic | 6.7 | 8.1 | 74 | 63.9 |
| Chad, Republic of | 7.2 | 16.1 | 31 | 57.8 |
| Chile | 9.6 | 13.9 | 2,841 | 21.1 |
| China, People's Republic of | 8.3 | 42.7 | 29,487 | 40.3 |
| Colombia | 9.1 | 32.3 | 3,332 | 28.9 |
| Comoros | 7.2 | 18.2 | 22 | 56.5 |
| Congo, Democratic Republic of the | 6.5 | 19.2 | 478 | 67.4 |
| Congo, People's Republic of the | 8.5 | 17.8 | 118 | 37.5 |
| Costa Rica | 9.2 | 13.6 | 928 | 27.5 |
| Croatia | 9.7 | 9.6 | 1,324 | 19.3 |
| Cuba | 9.4 | 13.1 | 2,543 | 23.6 |
| Cyprus | 10.3 | 20.6 | 243 | 10.6 |
| Czech Republic | 10.0 | 16.0 | 5,137 | 15.0 |
| Denmark | 10.6 | 6.0 | 4,746 | 6.0 |
| Djibouti, Republic of | 7.8 | 23.1 | 26 | 48.3 |
| Dominica | 9.0 | 5.7 | 644 | 29.9 |
| Dominican Republic | 9.0 | 9.3 | 1,176 | 30.7 |
| Ecuador | 9.0 | 19.2 | 1,085 | 30.1 |
| Egypt | 8.9 | 29.8 | 2,620 | 31.3 |
| El Salvador | 8.7 | 37.7 | 1,870 | 33.9 |
| Eritrea | 7.3 | 20.0 | 95 | 55.0 |
| Estonia | 9.7 | 10.0 | 512 | 18.9 |
| Ethiopia | 6.5 | 30.1 | 601 | 67.5 |
| Fiji | 8.9 | 40.0 | 1,081 | 32.0 |
| Finland | 10.4 | 5.2 | 3,829 | 8.7 |
| France | 10.4 | 12.0 | 100,650 | 8.6 |
| Gabon Republic | 9.8 | 19.0 | 79 | 17.9 |
| Gambia | 7.3 | 20.7 | 29 | 55.1 |
| Georgia | 8.3 | 19.2 | 182 | 40.1 |
| Germany, Federal Republic of | 10.5 | 11.0 | 49,788 | 7.5 |
| Ghana | 7.7 | 31.8 | 1,222 | 48.9 |
| Greece | 10.2 | 7.2 | 2,139 | 12.6 |
| Grenada | 9.1 | 15.0 | 528 | 27.8 |
| Guatemala | 8.7 | 1.0 | 6,050 | 34.7 |
| Guinea, Republic of | 7.0 | 16.6 | 217 | 59.6 |
| Guyana | 8.4 | 38.8 | 1,455 | 39.0 |
| Haiti | 7.2 | 19.4 | 1,162 | 56.4 |
| Honduras | 8.2 | 25.4 | 779 | 42.1 |
| Hong Kong | 10.5 | 23.8 | 3,166 | 7.8 |
| Hungary | 9.8 | 15.5 | 3,335 | 17.8 |
| Iceland | 10.4 | 8.7 | 562 | 8.6 |
| India | 7.9 | 26.3 | 49,754 | 47.0 |
| Indonesia, Republic of | 8.7 | 12.5 | 2,144 | 34.0 |
| Iran | 9.5 | 25.7 | 4,958 | 23.1 |
| Iraq | 9.2 | 21.2 | 449 | 27.5 |
| Ireland, Republic of | 10.5 | 7.5 | 22,908 | 7.5 |
| Israel | 10.1 | 15.3 | 5,643 | 13.7 |
| Italy | 10.5 | 7.2 | 11,342 | 8.1 |
| Ivory Coast, Republic of | 8.0 | 18.8 | 469 | 45.4 |
| Jamaica | 9.0 | 8.3 | 25,473 | 29.5 |
| Japan | 10.4 | 5.8 | 96,389 | 9.2 |
| Jordan | 9.0 | 28.8 | 448 | 29.7 |
| Kazakhstan | 9.4 | 44.3 | 663 | 23.8 |
| Kenya | 7.7 | 28.9 | 1,310 | 49.3 |
| Korea, People's Democratic Republic of | 7.0 | 9.8 | 102 | 60.0 |
| Korea, Republic of | 9.9 | 19.6 | 20,931 | 16.0 |
| Kuwait | 11.3 | 14.9 | 643 | -4.9 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 7.8 | 38.8 | 139 | 48.7 |
| Laos | 7.8 | 5.3 | 245 | 48.1 |
| Latvia | 9.4 | 22.4 | 826 | 23.5 |
| Lebanon | 9.4 | 21.6 | 2,313 | 23.9 |
| Liberia | 6.4 | 5.6 | 54 | 69.2 |
| Libya | 10.1 | 18.7 | 545 | 14.1 |
| Lithuania | 9.5 | 20.6 | 456 | 21.7 |
| Luxembourg | 11.2 | 13.5 | 148 | -3.7 |
| Macao | 10.8 | 43.6 | 55 | 2.3 |
| Macedonia, FYR | 9.1 | 28.4 | 211 | 28.5 |
| Madagascar | 7.3 | 24.4 | 316 | 56.0 |
| Malawi | 6.4 | 18.9 | 127 | 68.8 |
| Malaysia | 9.7 | 13.9 | 2,440 | 19.9 |
| Maldives, Republic of | 9.7 | 15.0 | 20 | 19.2 |
| Mali, Republic of | 7.2 | 4.0 | 450 | 57.7 |
| Malta | 10.0 | 14.4 | 153 | 14.2 |
| Mauritania | 8.0 | 23.5 | 34 | 45.5 |
| Mauritius | 9.3 | 48.1 | 617 | 25.4 |
| Mexico | 9.6 | 5.4 | 51,361 | 21.6 |
| Moldova | 8.1 | 40.3 | 477 | 43.6 |
| Mongolia, People's Republic of | 8.6 | 22.5 | 102 | 36.7 |
| Morocco | 8.5 | 33.2 | 2,844 | 37.9 |
| Mozambique | 6.4 | 15.0 | 187 | 69.8 |
| Myanmar (Burma) | 7.0 | 46.8 | 173 | 60.0 |
| Namibia | 8.8 | 34.0 | 191 | 33.2 |
| Nepal | 7.3 | 38.5 | 823 | 55.2 |
| Netherlands, The | 10.6 | 11.6 | 14,282 | 6.0 |
| New Zealand | 10.2 | 9.2 | 18,288 | 11.4 |
| Nicaragua | 8.1 | 6.3 | 606 | 43.1 |
| Niger, Republic of the | 6.7 | 21.0 | 62 | 64.8 |
| Nigeria | 8.1 | 44.6 | 1,772 | 43.3 |
| Norway | 10.9 | 3.0 | 4,197 | 0.8 |
| Oman | 10.6 | 3.6 | 165 | 5.4 |
| Pakistan | 8.2 | 31.5 | 2,864 | 42.2 |
| Palestinian Authority (Gaza/West Bank) | 8.2 | 34.3 | 67 | 41.6 |
| Panama, Republic of | 9.2 | 6.2 | 390 | 26.4 |
| Papua New Guinea | 7.6 | 7.2 | 264 | 51.6 |
| Paraguay | 8.7 | 33.3 | 153 | 33.8 |
| Peru | 8.8 | 38.1 | 1,898 | 32.7 |
| Philippines | 8.4 | 63.5 | 127,610 | 39.3 |
| Poland | 9.6 | 14.3 | 8,273 | 21.5 |
| Portugal | 10.1 | 22.4 | 3,029 | 13.3 |
| Puerto Rico | 10.4 | 4.1 | 560 | 9.2 |
| Republic of Kosovo | 8.6 | 23.1 | 65 | 35.6 |
| Romania | 9.4 | 35.8 | 5,143 | 24.0 |
| Russia | 9.7 | 24.0 | 10,928 | 19.9 |
| Rwanda | 6.8 | 22.5 | 89 | 63.1 |
| Samoa, Western | 8.4 | 14.3 | 84 | 39.0 |
| Saudi Arabia | 10.5 | 5.6 | 2,340 | 7.0 |
| Senegal | 7.6 | 17.2 | 546 | 51.5 |
| Sierra Leone | 7.0 | 30.1 | 103 | 59.3 |
| Singapore | 10.8 | 17.1 | 1,280 | 2.3 |
| Slovak Republic | 9.7 | 37.2 | 2,615 | 19.3 |
| Slovenia | 10.0 | 6.0 | 316 | 14.2 |
| Somalia, Democratic Republic of | 7.0 | 18.9 | 53 | 60.0 |
| South Africa, Republic of | 9.3 | 34.1 | 11,409 | 26.2 |
| Spain | 10.3 | 6.4 | 5,195 | 10.5 |
| Sri Lanka | 8.6 | 44.1 | 2,318 | 36.0 |
| St. Kitts-Nevis | 9.8 | 5.7 | 159 | 17.5 |
| St. Lucia | 9.2 | 9.9 | 877 | 27.4 |
| St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 9.0 | 9.7 | 1,212 | 30.6 |
| Sudan, Democratic Republic of | 7.8 | 29.8 | 141 | 48.8 |
| Surinam | 9.3 | 13.1 | 99 | 25.4 |
| Swaziland | 8.8 | 12.8 | 47 | 32.4 |
| Sweden | 10.5 | 5.6 | 7,785 | 7.6 |
| Switzerland | 10.8 | 10.0 | 9,744 | 3.0 |
| Syria | 7.0 | 19.1 | 690 | 60.0 |
| Tadjikistan | 7.5 | 26.6 | 64 | 53.2 |
| Taiwan | 9.9 | 14.7 | 2,708 | 16.0 |
| Tanzania, United Republic of | 7.4 | 23.1 | 476 | 54.4 |
| Thailand | 9.2 | 10.4 | 4,872 | 27.1 |
| Togo, Republic of | 7.1 | 21.7 | 166 | 58.2 |
| Tonga | 8.4 | 6.9 | 29 | 39.0 |
| Trinidad and Tobago, Republic of | 9.9 | 6.7 | 6,990 | 16.9 |
| Tunisia | 8.9 | 21.0 | 1,777 | 30.8 |
| Turkey | 9.5 | 25.1 | 2,052 | 22.8 |
| Turkmenistan | 8.7 | 45.2 | 31 | 33.9 |
| Uganda | 7.0 | 27.0 | 400 | 60.3 |
| Ukraine | 8.8 | 42.8 | 5,906 | 32.8 |
| United Arab Emirates | 11.5 | 12.7 | 275 | -7.7 |
| United Kingdom and Colonies | 10.4 | 15.2 | 110,290 | 9.3 |
| United States of America | 10.7 | 3.0 | 380,279 | 4.5 |
| Uruguay | 9.4 | 11.3 | 865 | 23.5 |
| Uzbekistan | 7.9 | 41.4 | 227 | 46.2 |
| Venezuela | 9.6 | 38.2 | 2,559 | 20.5 |
| Vietnam, Socialist Republic of | 7.9 | 13.8 | 2,602 | 46.5 |
| Yemen, Republic of | 8.3 | 23.9 | 67 | 41.1 |
| Yugoslavia | 9.1 | 24.2 | 2,782 | 28.6 |
| Zambia | 7.7 | 34.5 | 435 | 48.8 |
| Zimbabwe | 7.7 | 32.7 | 1,158 | 49.8 |
|
Notes: Adjusted landed rate from probit regression on four entry cohorts, permit type, gender, age, source country, skill level and intended provinces. There is a negative correlation between the transition rates and the log of PPP-adjusted GDP per capita in the source country. Source countries with fewer than 20 cases are not shown. The countries that are in boldface are identified on the chart because they are used as examples. GDP: gross domestic product; PPP: purchasing power parity. Sources: Statistics Canada, Temporary Residents file and Immigrant Landing File, 1990 to 2014. |
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