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  1. Morris CE, Goli V. The physiology and biomedical aspects of chronic pain in later life. In: Roberto KA, ed. Older Women with Chronic Pain. New York: The Haworth Press, 1994: 9-24.

  2. Melzak R, Wall PD. The Challenge of Pain. Markham: Penguin Books, 1988.

  3. Sengstaken EA, King SA. The problems of pain and its detection among geriatric nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 1993; 41: 541-4.

  4. Ferrell BA. Pain evaluation and management in the nursing home. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995; 123(9): 681-7.

  5. Fox PL, Raina P, Jadad AR.  Prevalence and treatment of pain in older adults in nursing homes and other long-term care institutions: a systematic review. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1999; 160(3): 329-33.

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  37. Scudds RJ, Østbye T. Pain and pain-related interference with function in older Canadians: the Canadian study of health and aging. Disability and Rehabilitation 2001; 23(1): 654-64.

  38. Jakobsson U, Hallberg IR, Westergren A. Pain management in elderly persons who require assistance with activities of daily living: a comparison of those living at home with those in special accommodations. European Journal of Pain 2004; 8: 335-44.

  39. Levy M. Pain control research in the terminally ill. Omega 1988; 18(4): 265-79.

  40. Osterweis M, Kleinman A, Mecanic D, eds. Pain and Disability: Clinical, Behavioral, and Public Policy Perspectives. Washington: National Academy Press, 1987.

  41. Ramage-Morin P.  Successful aging in health care institutions. Health Reports (Statistics Canada, Catalogue 82-003) 2006; 16(Supplement): 47-56.