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1. Canadian Council on Learning. The State of Learning in Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Council on Learning, 2007.

2. Minister of Public Works and Government Services. Aboriginal Head Start in Urban and Northern Communities: Program and Participants 2001.  Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 2002.

3. Findlay LC, Janz T. Health of First Nations children living off-reserve and Metis children younger than age 6. Health Reports 2012; 23(1): 31-9.

4. Findlay LC, Janz T. The health of Inuit children under age 6 in Canada. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 2012; 71.

5. de Leeuw S, Fiske J, Greenwood M. Rural, Remote, and North of 51: Service Provision and Substance Abuse Related Special Needs in British Columbia's Hinterlands. Prince George, British Columbia: University of Northern British Columbia Task Force on Substance Abuse, 2002.

6. Owens R. Language Development. Fifth Edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001.

7. Heckman JJ. Skill formation and the economics of investing in disadvantaged children. Science 2006; 312(5782): 1900-2.

8. Arnold D. Co-occurrence of externalizing behavior problems and emergent academic difficulties in young high-risk boys: a preliminary evaluation of patterns and mechanisms. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 1997; 18: 317-30.

9. Sabol TJ, Pianta RC. Patterns of school readiness forecast achievement and socioemotional development at the end of elementary school. Child Development 2012; 83(1): 282-99.

10. Duncan GJ, Clasessen A, Huston A, et al.  School readiness and later achievement. Developmental Psychology 2007; 43(6): 1428-46.

11. Justice L, Pence Turnbull KL, Bowles RP, Skibbe L. School readiness among children with varying histories of language difficulties. Developmental Psychology 2009; 45(2): 460-76.

12. Capute A. Using language to track development. Patient Care 1987; 21(19): 60-70.

13. Silva P, Williams S, McGee R. A longitudinal study of children with developmental language delay at age three: Later intelligence, reading and behaviour problems. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1987; 26: 630-40.

14. Young AR, Beitchman JH, Johnson C, et al.  Young adult academic outcomes in a longitudinal sample of early identified language impaired and control children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2002; 43(5): 635-45.

15. Ball J. Supporting young Indigenous children's language development in Canada: A review of research on needs and promising practices. The Canadian Modern Language Review 2009; 66(1): 19-47.

16. Health Canada. First Nations Comparable Health Indicators. Ottawa: Health Canada, 2005.

17. Smylie J. Indigeneous Children's Health Report: Health Assessment in Action. Toronto: Keenan Research Centre, 2009.

18. Ball J. Aboriginal Young Children's Language and Literacy Development: Research Evaluating Progress, Promising Practices, and Needs. Ottawa: Canadian Language and Literacy Networked Centre of Excellence, 2007.

19. Statistics Canada, Human Resources Development Canada. National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth Users' Handbook and Microdata Guide (Cycle 1, Release 2 (Microdata document 89M0015 GPE) Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1996.

20. Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. Summative Evaluation of the Understanding the Early Years Initiative. Gatineau, Quebec: Human Resources and Skills Development Canada, 2011.

21. Ball J, Lewis M. Talking points: What can speech-language partners contribute to Aboriginal early childhood development?In: St. Aubin C, ed.  Compendium on Aboriginal Early Child Development.  Ottawa: Canadian Child Care Federation, 2005.

22. Gould J. Non-standard assessment practices in the evaluation of communication in Australian Aboriginal children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 2007; 22(8): 643-57.

23. Bernhardt B, Ball J, Deby J. Cross-cultural issues in assessment of phonology. In: McLeod S, ed.The International Guide to Speech Acquisition. Albany, New York: Delmar Thomson Learning, 2007.

24. Bernacki Jonk,L. Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Mothers' Views on Language Acquisition. Winnipeg, Manitoba: University of Manitoba, 2009.

25. Dunn LM, Dunn L. Examiners Manual for the PPVT-3: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Third Edition. Circle Pines, Minnesota: American Guidance Service, 1997.

26. Gardner MF. Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised. Novato, California: Academic Therapy, 1990.

27. Ball J, Janyst P. Screening and Assessment of Indigenous Children: Community-University Partnered Research Findings. Policy brief presented at Early Years Policy Forum. Vancouver: 2008.

28. Pesco D. Language socialization in Canadian Aboriginal communities. In: Duff PA, Hornberger NH, eds.Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 8: Language Socialization. New York: Springer Science and Business Media, 2008: 273-85.

29. Norris MJ. Canada's Aboriginal languages. Canadian Social Trends 1998; 51: 16.

30. Johnston JR, Wong MYA. Cultural differences in beliefs and practices concerning talk to children. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 2002; 45: 916-26.

31. Simmons N, Johnston JR. Cross-cultural difference in beliefs and practices that affect the language spoken to children: Mothers with Indian and Western heritage. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders 2007; 42: 445-65.

32. Statistics Canada.  Aboriginal Children's Survey, 2006: Concepts and Methods Guide. Ottawa: Minister of Industry, 2008.

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39. Hu L, Bentler PM. Cut-off criteria for fit indices in conventional criteria versus new alternative. Structural Equation Modelling 1999; 6: 1-55.

40. Lloyd JEV, Hertzman C. How neighborhoods matter for rural and urban children's language and cognitive development at kindergarten and grade 4. Journal of Community Psychology 2010; 38(3): 293-313.

41. Duncan GJ, Brooks-Gunn J, Klebanov PK. Economic deprivation and early childhood development. Child Development 1994; 65: 296-318.

42. Braves MF, Brunetti GJ, Slater WH. The reading vocabularies of primary-grade children of varying geographic and social backgrounds. In: Harris JA and Harris LA, eds. New Inquiries in Reading Research and Instruction. Rochester, New York: National Reading Conference, 1982: 99-104.

43. Magnuson K, Sexton H, Davis-Kean P, Huston A. Increases in maternal education and young children's language skills. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 2009; 55: 319-50.

44. Rust K, Rao JNK. Variance estimation for complex surveys using replication techniques. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 1996; 5: 281-310.

45. Crago M. Development of communicative competence in Inuit children: Implications for speech language pathology. Communication Disorders Quarterly 1990; 13: 73-83.

46. Eriks-Brophy A, Quittenbaum J, Anderson D, Nelson T. Part of the problem or part of the solution? Communication assessments of Aboriginal children residing in remote communities using videoconferencing. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 2008; 22: 589-609.