Endnotes

1. Zoning parcels are defined in the City of Winnipeg by by-laws 4800/88 and 6400/94 and subsequent amendments.
2. Economic family is defined as a group of two or more persons who live in the same dwelling and are related to each other by blood, marriage, common-law or adoption.
3. In 2001, the 73,111 incidents were reported to the Winnipeg Police Service, and it was possible to geocode the vast majority (99.6% or 72,860) of these incidents.
4. For the purposes of this analysis the centroid, or spatial midpoint of the NCA, is used when examining the distribution of Census variables. The centroid provides the location (X and Y) information for each area while the value of the Census variable (e.g., socio-economic disadvantage) provides the intensity estimate (Z).
5. These population figures are based on the Statistics Canada Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) population for Winnipeg, and are used for national comparative purposes. The CMA boundary includes adjacent municipalities situated around the urban core and is consequently larger than the study area which covers 230 NCAs within the municipality of Winnipeg; consequently population figures for the study area are lower, totalling 610,455 residents in 2001.
6. Information in maps in this report is typically displayed in 4 categories or classes. Classes are based on natural groupings of data values. Arcmap identifies break points by looking for groupings and patterns inherent in the data. The features are divided into classes whose boundaries are set where there are relatively large jumps in the data values.
7. The highest reported violent crime neighbourhoods in 2001 were Spence, William Whyte, Daniel Mcintyre, West Broadway, St. John’s, West Alexander, Chalmers and South Portage, and the highest reported property crime neighbourhoods were South Portage, William Whyte, Daniel Mcintyre, St. John’s, Polo Park, Spence, Chalmers, West Alexander, Rossmere-A, West Broadway, Wolseley, St. Matthews, Tyndall Park, Garden City, The Maples and Regent.
8. The dual kernel method is used in these maps in order to examine the distribution of two variables simultaneously.
9. Findings in this study are not intended to suggest that certain neighbourhood characteristics are the cause of crime, but rather they suggest that these factors are associated with or co-occur with higher crime rates in neighbourhoods.
10. For reasons of confidentiality and reliability, Statistics Canada requires that when using individual, family or household income data, the population size for any Canadian geographic area being considered must be least 250 people who are residing in at least 40 private households.
11. Dichotomous variables are used only for the descriptive or bivariate analysis. The multivariate analysis that follows this section is based on continuous dependent variables: violent and property crime rates.
12. The 2001 Aboriginal identity population accounted for 8.4% of the Winnipeg Census Metropolitan Area population, 13.6% of Manitoba’s population and 3.3% of Canada’s population.
13. Average disadvantage scores for high- and low-crime NCAs were -0.3 and 1.0, respectively, and for property crime, -0.3 an 0.8, respectively.
14. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is used in this study to examine the distribution of violent and property crime rates as a function of the set of explanatory factors. This method requires a continuous or quantitative outcome variable which is normally distributed, in this case crime rate. Since the distribution of crime rates is often skewed with a small proportion of neighbourhoods accounting for a larger proportion of reported incidents, it was necessary to log transform the crime variables.
15. The correlation between two variables reflects the degree to which the variables are related. The most common measure of correlation is the Pearson’s correlation (r) which reflects the degree of linear relationship between two variables. It ranges from +1 to -1. A correlation of +1 means that there is a perfect positive linear relationship between variables, while a correlation of -1 means that there is a perfect negative relationship.
16. Since the independent variables are initially transformed into z-scores, the unstandardized regression coefficients provide a means of assessing the relative importance of the different predictor variables in the multiple regression models. The coefficients indicate the expected change, in standard deviation units, of the dependent variable per one standard deviation unit increase in the independent variable, after controlling for the other variables. The maximum possible values are +1 and -1, with coefficient values closer to 0 indicating a weaker contribution to the explanation of the dependent variable.