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Appendix A.1
Descriptive statistics for variables in the study

	Percentage	Mean	Standard deviation	Minimum number	Maximum number
Dependent variables
Property delinquency	12.61	...	...	0	1
Violent delinquency	13.36	...	...	0	1
Demographic variables
Male	51.49	...	...	0	1
Age (in years)	...	13.29	0.96	12	16
Generational status
Native-born	21.76	...	...	0	1
Second generation	47.12	...	...	0	1
Immigrated when younger (before age 5)	9.40	...	...	0	1
Immigrated when older (after age 5)	21.72	...	...	0	1
Family composition
Intact family	73.84	...	...	0	1
Single-parent family	18.33	...	...	0	1
Step/blended family	5.07	...	...	0	1
Other	2.77	...	...	0	1
School-related variables
University aspirations	69.17	...	...	0	1
Skipping school	...	0.32	0.60	0	2
Negative attitudes towards school	...	2.55	2.01	0	9
Perception of school safety	...	4.72	2.92	0	12
Victimization variables
Discriminated against	33.61	...	...	0	1
Bullied	20.58	...	...	0	1
Hit	2.82	...	...	0	1
Stolen from	27.38	...	...	0	1
Threatened	4.55	...	...	0	1
Peer and family variables
Positive mother-youth relationship	94.23	...	...	0	1
Positive father-youth relationship	84.65	...	...	0	1
Goes out at night	77.00	...	...	0	1
Time with family
Spends majority of time with family	36.72	...	...	0	1
Spends majority of time alone	20.22	...	...	0	1
Spends majority of time with friends	43.05	...	...	0	1
Illegal activities acceptable to peer group	16.03	...	...	0	1
Note: Based on 2,778 youth aged 12 to 17. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, International Youth Survey, Toronto, 2006.