Table 17
Receptive vocabulary score at ages 4 and 5: Beta coefficients and standard errors (SE) from multivariate linear model

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Characteristics Beta Standard error
1. p < .05.
2. p < .01.
3. p < .001.
4. Measured at same age as outcome.
5. A higher score means more hostile or ineffective parenting.
6. A higher score means greater family dysfunction.
Notes: Characteristics measured when child was aged 0 to 1 unless otherwise noted.
All estimates have been adjusted for the cycle (year) of entry into the NLSCY.
Table source: Statistics Canada, 2008, "The Children of Older First-time Mothers in Canada: Their Health and Development", Children and Youth Research Paper Series, Catalogue number 89-599-M.
Maternal age group
Teenaged (younger than 20) 1.41 2.06
Young (ages 20 to 24) -4.143 1.22
Reference (ages 25 to 29; Ref.) 0.00 ...
Middle (ages 30 to 34) -0.02 1.33
Older (ages 35 or older) 1.60 2.20
Socio-demographic characteristics
Child is male (Ref. Female) -1.27 0.96
Low-income (Ref. Not low-income) -0.86 1.80
High school graduate or less
(Ref. More than high school education)
-6.773 1.37
Single-parent household
(Ref. Dual-parent household)
-5.021 2.13
Other characteristics
Positive parent-child interaction (0 to 20)4 0.481 0.22
Ineffective parent-child interaction (0 to 28)4,5 0.10 0.16
Family functioning (0 to 36)4,6 -0.14 0.09
Birth term and weight
Not preterm (Ref.) 0.00 ...
Preterm, not low birth weight -0.25 1.91
Preterm, low birth weight -4.49 2.60
Child not read to daily4 -4.283 1.13
R squared for model 0.1437