2006 Aboriginal Population Profile for Calgary

by Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division Analysts

Introduction

This report examines the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the Aboriginal population living in the census metropolitan area (CMA) of Calgary¹. The census metropolitan area of Calgary includes the Tsuu T'ina Nation (Tsuu T'ina Nation 145). The 2006 Census and 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS), which provide an extensive set of data about Aboriginal people, are the data sources.

The report focuses on the Aboriginal identity population, which refers to those people who reported identifying with at least one Aboriginal group, that is, North American Indian, Métis or Inuit, and/or those who reported being a Treaty Indian or a registered Indian as defined by the Indian Act of Canada, and/or those who reported they were members of an Indian band or First Nation.

The term ‘First Nations’ is used throughout the report to refer to people who identified as North American Indian. The term ‘Aboriginal population’ is used to refer to the Aboriginal identity population.

Setting the context

There were 1,172,790 Aboriginal people in Canada in 2006, accounting for 3.8% of Canada’s total population.

A total of 188,365 Aboriginal people lived in Alberta, representing 6% of the provincial population.

The census metropolitan area of Calgary, with 26,575 Aboriginal people, had the second largest Aboriginal population among cities in Alberta in 2006. The census metropolitan area of Edmonton had the largest number of Aboriginal people (52,105), with almost double the Aboriginal population of Calgary. Edmonton also had the second largest Aboriginal population among all cities across Canada, with Calgary ranking fifth in this respect.

In 2006, 2% of the total population of Calgary was Aboriginal. By comparison, several smaller urban centres in Alberta had larger proportions of Aboriginal people. Wood Buffalo, with 6,470 Aboriginal people, and Wetaskiwin, with 1,335 Aboriginal people, each had the largest proportion (12%) of Aboriginal people among cities in Alberta. This was followed by Grande Prairie, at 9%, with 6,300 Aboriginal people and Cold Lake, also at 9%, with 1,040 Aboriginal people. The Aboriginal people of Edmonton comprised 5% of that CMA’s total population.

Between 2001 and 2006, the Aboriginal population in Calgary grew by 26%, from 21,035 to 26,575 people. The Métis population of Calgary grew by 40% over this time period, while the Inuit population grew by 31% and the First Nations population, by 15%.²

Métis—largest Aboriginal group in Calgary

In 2006, 14,770 persons living in Calgary identified as Métis, accounting for over half (56%) of the CMA’s Aboriginal population. Another 10,875 identified as First Nations and 250 as Inuit.³ The First Nations population accounted for 41% of the Aboriginal population, while Inuit accounted for 1%. Another 3% reported multiple or other Aboriginal responses.⁴

Of those who identified as First Nations people in 2006, seven in 10 (70%) reported being a Treaty Indian or a registered Indian as defined by the Indian Act of Canada.

A young population

The Aboriginal population living in the census metropolitan area (CMA) of Calgary is much younger than the non-Aboriginal population. In 2006, the median age⁵ of the Aboriginal population in Calgary was 27 years, compared to 36 years for the non-Aboriginal population.

In 2006, almost half (46%) of the Aboriginal population was under the age of 25, compared to one-third of non-Aboriginal people. Furthermore, only 3% of Aboriginal people were 65 years and over, compared to 9% of the non-Aboriginal population. About one in four (27%) Aboriginal people in Calgary were children under the age of 15, compared to 18% of their non-Aboriginal counterparts (see chart 1). For more details on the age distribution, see table 1 in the appendix.

Aboriginal children aged 14 years and under represented 4% of the CMA’s children. About one-quarter (24%) of the Métis population was aged 14 and under. For First Nations, 30% were 14 years of age and under, as were 37% of the Inuit population.

Chart 1 Population pyramid for the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations, Calgary, 2006

Aboriginal children more likely than non-Aboriginal children to live with a lone parent

In 2006, six in 10 Aboriginal children aged 14 and under (60%) lived with both parents. Compared with their non-Aboriginal peers, Aboriginal children were more likely to live with a lone parent (33% versus 14%) or with their grandparents or other relatives (with no parent present) (7% versus 1%) (see table 2 in the appendix).

Aboriginal youth less likely to be attending school

Overall, in 2006, Aboriginal youth aged 15 to 24 living in Calgary had lower school attendance rates than their non-Aboriginal counterparts (50% versus 63%). However, older Aboriginal adults had school attendance rates that were similar to or higher than their non-Aboriginal peers. For example, 9% of Aboriginal adults 35 years of age and older were attending school in 2006, compared to 7% of non-Aboriginal adults in the same age group (see table 3 in the appendix).⁶

Over half of Aboriginal women and men have completed postsecondary education

Over half of Aboriginal women (56%) and Aboriginal men (51%) aged 25 to 64 had completed postsecondary education compared to about two-thirds of their non-Aboriginal counterparts (66% and 68%, respectively). Postsecondary education includes a trades certificate, a college diploma or a university certificate, diploma or degree. Aboriginal people were somewhat more likely than non-Aboriginal people to have completed their postsecondary schooling with a trades credential. The non-Aboriginal population was more likely to have obtained a university degree compared to their Aboriginal counterparts (see text table 1).

In 2006, about one in four Aboriginal men (24%) and one in five Aboriginal women (20%) 25 to 64 years of age had less than a high school education, compared to 12% and 10%, respectively, of their non-Aboriginal male and female counterparts.

Text table 1 Highest level of educational attainment of people aged 25 to 64 years, by Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal identity and sex, Calgary, 2006

Young Aboriginal women in Calgary more likely to obtain a university degree than their male counterparts

Among young adults aged 25 to 34 in Calgary, Aboriginal women were more likely than their male counterparts to have obtained a university degree. Roughly two in 10 (17%) young Aboriginal women reported having a university degree in the 2006 Census, compared to 11% of young Aboriginal men. (This includes all certificates, diplomas or degrees at the bachelor’s level or above.) Among older Aboriginal adults aged 35 to 64, the proportion of women and men with degrees was similar, at 12% each (see chart 2).

Regardless of their age group or sex, Aboriginal people living in Calgary in 2006, were less likely than their non-Aboriginal counterparts to have a university degree.

Chart 2 Percentage of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people 25 to 34 and 35 to 64 years of age with a university degree, Calgary, 2006

Higher unemployment rates

In 2006, the unemployment rate⁷ for the Aboriginal core working age population (aged 25 to 54) in Calgary was somewhat higher than that of the non-Aboriginal population (5.6% compared to 3.1%) (see chart 3). Unemployment rates were somewhat higher for women than they were for men, regardless of the population group.

Chart 3 Unemployment rates for people aged 25 to 54 years, by Aboriginal identity group and sex, Calgary, 2006

Unemployment rates were higher for Calgary’s Aboriginal youth than for non-Aboriginal young people. In 2006, 14.3% of First Nations youth aged 15 to 24 years were unemployed, as were 11.8% of Métis youth, and 8.4% of non-Aboriginal youth (see table 4 in the appendix).

Métis employment rates resemble those of non-Aboriginal population

Another measure of labour market performance is the employment rate.⁸  In 2006, Métis men and women aged 25 to 54 living in Calgary had employment rates (89.8% and 78.0%, respectively) that resembled those of non-Aboriginal men (91.1%) and non-Aboriginal women (79.7%). First Nations men and women had employment rates of 80.5% and 68.7%, respectively (see table 5 in the appendix).

Métis working full time full year at similar rates as non-Aboriginal counterparts

Over four in 10 (44%) Métis adults living in Calgary were working full time full year⁹ in 2005. This percentage mirrors that of the non-Aboriginal population (44%). The percentage of Métis women working full time full year (39%) was slightly higher than that of non-Aboriginal women (36%). For Métis men, the percentage of full-time full-year workers (50%) closely resembled that of non-Aboriginal men (52%). The employment rates of the First Nations population were lower than those of the non-Aboriginal population of Calgary. First Nations women worked full time full year at a rate of 30% in 2005, less than the rate for non-Aboriginal women (36%). The proportion of First Nations men working full time full year was 41%, compared to 52% of their non-Aboriginal counterparts (see text table 2).

Text table 2 Percentage of full-time full-year workers, by Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal identity and sex, Calgary, 2005

Occupations in ‘sales and services’ most prevalent

In studying the labour market of a given area, it is helpful to examine its occupational¹⁰ make-up. In 2006, the most common occupational category¹¹ for both the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal experienced labour forces in Calgary was ‘sales and service’. However, the kinds of jobs people held differed for men and women. Men were much more likely than women to work in ‘trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations’. Women were more likely than men to work in ‘sales and service’ as well as in ‘business, finance and administrative occupations’. This holds true for both the Aboriginal and the non-Aboriginal populations in Calgary.

In 2006, Aboriginal men were more likely than their non-Aboriginal counterparts to work in ‘trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations’ (42% versus 25%). Aboriginal women were somewhat more likely than non-Aboriginal women to have ‘sales and service’ jobs (34% versus 27%) (see table 6 in the appendix).

Aboriginal people continue to earn less than the non-Aboriginal population

In 2000, the median earnings¹² of full-time full-year Aboriginal earners in Calgary (measured in 2005 dollars) were $33,700. By 2005, this had increased to $38,100. Aboriginal people who worked full time full year in 2005 continued to earn less than their non-Aboriginal counterparts. In 2000, Aboriginal people in Calgary working full time full year earned 76% of what their non-Aboriginal counterparts were earning. By 2005, this percentage had increased to 82% (see table 7 in the appendix).

Total income lower for Aboriginal people

The census collects a number of measures of income that help in understanding the economic situation of a population. Earnings data have been provided for the population working full time full year in 2005. It is also useful to look at total income¹³ as sources of income go beyond that of employment. In 2005, almost three in 10 (28%) Aboriginal people with income in Calgary had a total income of $40,000 or over, compared to almost four in 10 (39%) of their non-Aboriginal counterparts. In 2005, Aboriginal women had the lowest median income ($20,000), whether compared to Aboriginal men ($30,600), to non-Aboriginal men ($39,200) or to non-Aboriginal women ($24,600) (see table 8 in the appendix).

Additionally, in Calgary, 6% of the Aboriginal population aged 15 years and over and 4% of their non-Aboriginal counterparts reported having no income in 2005 (data not shown).

Almost three in 10 Aboriginal people in Calgary living below the low-income cut-off

Statistics Canada uses the concept of low-income cut-off (LICO)¹⁴ to indicate an income threshold below which a family will likely devote a larger share of its income on the necessities of food, shelter and clothing than the average family. In 2005, in Calgary almost three in 10 (28%) Aboriginal people were living under the LICO, compared to 13% of non-Aboriginal people. In addition, 37% of Aboriginal children (aged 14 years and under) in Calgary were living under the LICO, compared to 16% of non-Aboriginal children (data not shown). These data are based on the before-tax LICO.

Chart 4 Proportion of persons living below the before-tax low income cut-off by Aboriginal identity group and sex, Calgary, 2005

Almost two-thirds of Calgary’s Aboriginal population moved at least once between 2001 and 2006

On May 16, 2006 (the date of the 2006 Census) there were 26,575 Aboriginal people living in the census metropolitan area of Calgary. This count does not include all of the Aboriginal people who may have lived in Calgary at some point during the year, but only those who were living in Calgary on that particular day.¹⁵

Moreover, census population counts may not reflect the possibility that people move between communities—for example, someone might move from a reserve community to a large city and back again within the same year. Just over one-third (35%) of Aboriginal people living in Calgary on May 16, 2006 had lived at the same address five years before, compared to almost half (48%) of the non-Aboriginal population. Between 2001 and 2006, another 38% of Aboriginal people had moved at least once within Calgary, and the rest (26%) had moved to Calgary from another community. A community may refer to another municipality, a reserve, or a rural area (see table 9 in the appendix).

One in 10 live in homes needing major repairs

In Calgary, 11% of Aboriginal people lived in homes requiring major repairs¹⁶ in 2006, down from 14% in 2001. In comparison, the share of Calgary’s non-Aboriginal population living in dwellings in need of major repairs was 5% in both 2006 and 2001 (see table 10 in the appendix).

The proportion of Aboriginal people living in crowded¹⁷ homes was 2% in 2006, down from 4% in 2001. The crowding rate for the Aboriginal population of Calgary is now on par with that of the non-Aboriginal population (see table 10 in the appendix).

Notes:

1. The geographic area covered in this report is the census metropolitan area (CMA) of Calgary. A census metropolitan area is a large urban centre. Census metropolitan areas are formed by one or more adjacent municipalities centered on a large urban area (known as the urban core). A census metropolitan area must have a total population of at least 100,000 of which 50,000 or more must live in the urban core. For maps, see: Map
2. Data have been adjusted for incompletely enumerated reserves.
3. Of the 250 people who identified as Inuit, 160 were in the 15 and over age group.
4. Includes people who reported more than one Aboriginal identity group and those who reported being a registered or Treaty Indian and/or member of an Indian band or First Nation without reporting an Aboriginal identity.
5. The median age is the point where exactly one-half of the population is older and the other half is younger.
6. A new version of the school attendance question was used in the 2006 Census. Studies on data certification showed important variations with previous censuses and with the Labour Force Survey. It appears that the 2006 Census could have overestimated the school attendance for the population aged 45 years and over. We recommend users of the attendance at school variable interpret the 2006 Census results with caution. For more details on the changes to the questionnaire for the Education module, see: Census questions on education: Some important changes
7. The unemployment rate for a particular group is the unemployed in that group, expressed as a percentage of the labour force in that group, in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census day (May 16, 2006).
8. The employment rate refers to the number of employed people, in a given group, as a percentage of the total population in that group.
9. The term 'full-time full-year workers' refers to persons 15 years of age and over who worked 49 to 52 weeks (mostly full time) in 2005 for pay or in self-employment.
10. Occupation refers to the kind of work persons were doing during the reference week, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the main activities in their job. If the person did not have a job during the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to enumeration, the data relate to the job of longest duration since January 1, 2005. Persons with two or more jobs were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most hours.
11. Occupations contained within the categories can cover a broad range of skill levels. For example, the business and finance occupation category includes professional occupations requiring a university degree, as well as clerical occupations that require a high school diploma or equivalent.
12. Median earnings are earnings levels that divide the population into two halves, i.e., half of the population receiving less than this amount, and half, more. Earnings or employment income refers to the income received by persons 15 years of age and over during calendar year 2005 as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income. The 2001 median earnings for Calgary have been adjusted to account for incompletely enumerated reserves.
13. Total income refers to the total money income received from the following sources during calendar year 2005 by persons 15 years of age and over: wages and salaries (total), net farm income, net non-farm income from unincorporated business and/or professional practice, child benefits, Old Age Security Pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, benefits from Employment Insurance, other income from government sources, dividends, interest on bonds, deposits and savings certificates, and other investment income, retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirements savings plans (RRSPs) and registered registered retirement income funds (RRIFs), other money income.
14. The low-income cut-off is a statistical measure of the income threshold level below which Canadians are estimated to devote at least one-fifth more of their income than the average family to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. For the 2005 matrix of low income before-tax cut-offs and additional information, please refer to the 2006 Census Dictionary, Catalogue no. 92-566-X.
15. For example, students who return to live with their parents during the year are included at their parents’ address, even if they lived elsewhere while attending school or working at a summer job.
16. Dwellings in need of major repairs are those that, in the judgment of the respondent, require major repairs to such things as defective plumbing or electrical wiring, and/or structural repairs to walls, floors or ceilings, etc.
17. Crowding is defined as more than one person per room. Not counted as rooms are bathrooms, halls, vestibules and rooms used solely for business purposes.
18. Chronic conditions were those that had lasted or were expected to last six months or more and had been diagnosed by a health professional.
19. Respiratory problems include asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.