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All data presented in
this section are from the 2006 Census. See Map 7 to locate areas mentioned in the text.
The concept of social cohesion is used regularly in studies
on how society works. While definitions may vary, strong social cohesion stems
from a situation where the members of a group participate in and contribute
to social well-being, and where conflicts are rare. The concept of social
cohesion is complex and can include many components, such as common values,
group solidarity, high social capital, a sense of belonging and a territorial
identity (Kearns and Forrest 2000).
The 'visible minorities' variable
was strongly associated with other variables, particularly the 'recent
immigrants' variable and the socio-economic characteristics of neighbourhood
residents. Since these strong associations posed a multicollinearity problem,
the variable was removed from the regression models. The examination of data
suggests that the visible minorities variable did not show strong statistical
associations with crime rates.
The Moran I score for shoplifting is not significantly different
from 0. This result indicates that a census tract's (CT) shoplifting
rate is not similar to those of adjacent CTs in the neighbourhood. Unlike
shoplifting, sexual assault, harassment, breaking and entering and drug incidents
are concentrated in adjacent CTs. On the other hand, the spatial structures
of those incidents are explained by neighbourhood characteristics, which means
that spatial regressions are not necessary for those types of crimes.
Residents
aged 15 and older who earn an income (after-tax income).
Residents aged 15 and older
who are not full-time students.
Building age was determined based on the age categories
used in the census. For example, buildings constructed between 1961 and 1971 were
given the age of 40 (2006 – 1966).
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