Table A.6
Predicted relative impact of location of highest postsecondary study on employment earnings of immigrants to Canada, 25 to 64 year-olds with a postsecondary education
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Estimates without selectivity correction
| Location of study | Estimates without selectivity correction | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Undereducated | Correctly matched | Overeducated | All paid employees | |||||
| Coefficient | standard error | Coefficient | standard error | Coefficient | standard error | Coefficient | standard error | |
| Constant term | 7.302*** | (0.098) | 7.439*** | (0.074) | 7.596*** | (0.030) | 7.488*** | (0.026) |
| A. Fixed effect of immigrants' location of postsecondary study | ||||||||
| Canada | -0.266*** | (0.038) | -0.257*** | (0.029) | -0.383*** | (0.016) | -0.355*** | (0.014) |
| United States | -0.298*** | (0.091) | -0.252*** | (0.042) | -0.366*** | (0.026) | -0.335*** | (0.022) |
| United Kingdom | -0.163** | (0.074) | -0.131*** | (0.051) | -0.328*** | (0.030) | -0.285*** | (0.025) |
| Philippines | -0.373*** | (0.090) | -0.562*** | (0.044) | -0.489*** | (0.015) | -0.555*** | (0.014) |
| India | -0.523*** | (0.091) | -0.556*** | (0.046) | -0.661*** | (0.015) | -0.669*** | (0.014) |
| China | -0.887*** | (0.111) | -0.723*** | (0.036) | -0.801*** | (0.017) | -0.829*** | (0.015) |
| Pakistan | -0.693*** | (0.198) | -0.776*** | (0.100) | -0.968*** | (0.028) | -0.976*** | (0.027) |
| Poland | -0.895 | (0.616) | -0.652*** | (0.160) | -0.619*** | (0.075) | -0.655*** | (0.073) |
| France | -0.291*** | (0.063) | -0.359*** | (0.061) | -0.498*** | (0.034) | -0.466*** | (0.028) |
| South Korea | -0.722*** | (0.197) | -0.776*** | (0.113) | -0.793*** | (0.051) | -0.825*** | (0.045) |
| Romania | -0.380*** | (0.096) | -0.649*** | (0.067) | -0.731*** | (0.028) | -0.754*** | (0.026) |
| Hong Kong | -0.741** | (0.357) | -0.699*** | (0.257) | -0.751*** | (0.126) | -0.746*** | (0.109) |
| Russia | -0.509*** | (0.195) | -1.053*** | (0.138) | -0.895*** | (0.038) | -0.950*** | (0.036) |
| Germany | -0.085 | (0.162) | -0.562*** | (0.128) | -0.485*** | (0.057) | -0.491*** | (0.051) |
| Iran | -0.533** | (0.223) | -0.698*** | (0.071) | -0.739*** | (0.053) | -0.769*** | (0.043) |
| Other countries1 | -0.423*** | (0.043) | -0.608*** | (0.029) | -0.646*** | (0.011) | -0.660*** | (0.010) |
| B. Additional effect of recent-immigrant2 cohort | ||||||||
| Canada | 0.125*** | (0.044) | 0.069** | (0.033) | 0.178*** | (0.019) | 0.151*** | (0.016) |
| United States | 0.237** | (0.109) | 0.122** | (0.058) | 0.118*** | (0.038) | 0.116*** | (0.031) |
| United Kingdom | 0.115 | (0.111) | 0.114* | (0.069) | 0.230*** | (0.039) | 0.193*** | (0.033) |
| Philippines | 0.195 | (0.124) | 0.286*** | (0.061) | 0.285*** | (0.020) | 0.287*** | (0.019) |
| India | 0.250** | (0.111) | 0.310*** | (0.056) | 0.331*** | (0.021) | 0.332*** | (0.019) |
| China | 0.426*** | (0.135) | 0.363*** | (0.046) | 0.345*** | (0.023) | 0.364*** | (0.020) |
| Pakistan | 0.434* | (0.234) | 0.328*** | (0.123) | 0.323*** | (0.040) | 0.337*** | (0.037) |
| Poland | 0.545 | (0.624) | 0.400* | (0.208) | 0.265*** | (0.097) | 0.284*** | (0.091) |
| France | 0.146 | (0.093) | 0.114 | (0.099) | 0.359*** | (0.045) | 0.290*** | (0.039) |
| South Korea | 0.246 | (0.253) | 0.278* | (0.150) | 0.221*** | (0.073) | 0.227*** | (0.064) |
| Romania | 0.116 | (0.148) | 0.379*** | (0.077) | 0.418*** | (0.039) | 0.428*** | (0.034) |
| Hong Kong | 0.323 | (0.368) | 0.466* | (0.271) | 0.373*** | (0.133) | 0.374*** | (0.114) |
| Russia | 0.168 | (0.223) | 0.514*** | (0.159) | 0.368*** | (0.045) | 0.386*** | (0.043) |
| Germany | -0.308 | (0.223) | 0.405*** | (0.140) | 0.198** | (0.081) | 0.184*** | (0.070) |
| Iran | 0.084 | (0.302) | 0.399*** | (0.090) | 0.240*** | (0.070) | 0.290*** | (0.057) |
| Other countries1 | 0.077 | (0.056) | 0.255*** | (0.036) | 0.246*** | (0.015) | 0.240*** | (0.014) |
| C. Additional effect of the established immigrant3 cohort | ||||||||
| Canada | 0.242*** | (0.038) | 0.258*** | (0.029) | 0.390*** | (0.016) | 0.355*** | (0.014) |
| United States | 0.291*** | (0.099) | 0.211*** | (0.046) | 0.335*** | (0.029) | 0.299*** | (0.024) |
| United Kingdom | 0.256*** | (0.076) | 0.150*** | (0.056) | 0.395*** | (0.032) | 0.340*** | (0.026) |
| Philippines | 0.233** | (0.098) | 0.391*** | (0.050) | 0.403*** | (0.016) | 0.405*** | (0.015) |
| India | 0.284** | (0.112) | 0.454*** | (0.057) | 0.513*** | (0.019) | 0.499*** | (0.018) |
| China | 0.772*** | (0.129) | 0.493*** | (0.060) | 0.506*** | (0.030) | 0.528*** | (0.026) |
| Pakistan | 0.425* | (0.234) | 0.597*** | (0.134) | 0.660*** | (0.045) | 0.657*** | (0.042) |
| Poland | 0.63 | (0.618) | 0.375** | (0.170) | 0.394*** | (0.076) | 0.396*** | (0.074) |
| France | 0.221*** | (0.086) | 0.372*** | (0.076) | 0.478*** | (0.042) | 0.425*** | (0.036) |
| South Korea | 0.183 | (0.264) | 0.421*** | (0.149) | 0.415*** | (0.073) | 0.410*** | (0.064) |
| Romania | 0.155 | (0.122) | 0.317*** | (0.098) | 0.512*** | (0.037) | 0.486*** | (0.034) |
| Hong Kong | 0.625* | (0.360) | 0.581** | (0.262) | 0.664*** | (0.128) | 0.654*** | (0.110) |
| Russia | 0.189 | (0.246) | 0.602*** | (0.176) | 0.507*** | (0.049) | 0.512*** | (0.047) |
| Germany | -0.037 | (0.186) | 0.542*** | (0.147) | 0.418*** | (0.065) | 0.395*** | (0.058) |
| Iran | 0.308 | (0.310) | 0.275 | (0.183) | 0.455*** | (0.068) | 0.438*** | (0.061) |
| Other countries1 | 0.316*** | (0.047) | 0.475*** | (0.032) | 0.502*** | (0.013) | 0.496*** | (0.012) |
| Selection term | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … |
| R2 | 0.3 | … | 0.359 | … | 0.36 | … | 0.366 | … |
| Observations | 209,538 | … | 302,489 | … | 861,084 | … | 1,373,111 | … |
|
... not applicable * p<0.10, statistically significant at the 10 per cent level ** p<0.05, statistically significant at the 5 per cent level *** p<0.01, statistically significant at the 1 per cent level 1. Countries that make up less than 5% of the locations of postsecondary education reported in the 2006 Census. 2. Recent immigrants are Individuals who have been landed immigrants to Canada from 5 to 10 years. 3. Established immigrants are individuals who have been landed immigrants for more than 10 years. Source: Author's calculations based on data from the 2006 Census of Population. |
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Estimates with selectivity correction
| Location of study | Estimates with selectivity correction | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Undereducated | Correctly matched | Overeducated | All paid employees | |||||
| Coefficient | standard error | Coefficient | standard error | Coefficient | standard error | Coefficient | standard error | |
| Constant term | 9.84*** | (0.149) | 8.732*** | (0.086) | 7.245*** | (0.039) | 7.367*** | 0.026 |
| A. Fixed effect of immigrants' location of postsecondary study | ||||||||
| Canada | -0.066* | (0.039) | 0.006 | (0.032) | -0.444*** | (0.017) | -0.380*** | (0.014) |
| United States | -0.155* | (0.091) | -0.074* | (0.043) | -0.395*** | (0.026) | -0.350*** | (0.022) |
| United Kingdom | -0.06 | (0.073) | 0.06 | (0.051) | -0.340*** | (0.030) | -0.291*** | (0.025) |
| Philippines | 0.028 | (0.092) | 0.111** | (0.051) | -0.405*** | (0.016) | -0.540*** | (0.014) |
| India | -0.189** | (0.093) | -0.080 | (0.049) | -0.615*** | (0.016) | -0.664*** | (0.014) |
| China | -0.495*** | (0.111) | -0.223*** | (0.039) | -0.804*** | (0.017) | -0.845*** | (0.015) |
| Pakistan | -0.171 | (0.196) | -0.152 | (0.102) | -0.977*** | (0.028) | -0.991*** | (0.027) |
| Poland | -0.491 | (0.618) | -0.076 | (0.158) | -0.620*** | (0.075) | -0.659*** | (0.073) |
| France | -0.236*** | (0.064) | -0.086 | (0.060) | -0.506*** | (0.034) | -0.472*** | (0.028) |
| South Korea | -0.391** | (0.199) | -0.102 | (0.115) | -0.859*** | (0.051) | -0.866*** | (0.045) |
| Romania | 0.022 | (0.102) | -0.111 | (0.070) | -0.714*** | (0.028) | -0.763*** | (0.026) |
| Hong Kong | -0.466 | (0.353) | -0.515** | (0.252) | -0.789*** | (0.126) | -0.765*** | (0.109) |
| Russia | 0.018 | (0.200) | -0.464*** | (0.140) | -0.890*** | (0.038) | -0.956*** | (0.036) |
| Germany | 0.25 | (0.169) | -0.189 | (0.127) | -0.502*** | (0.057) | -0.496*** | (0.051) |
| Iran | -0.118 | (0.225) | -0.150** | (0.075) | -0.782*** | (0.053) | -0.799*** | (0.043) |
| Other countries1 | -0.062 | (0.046) | -0.116*** | (0.033) | -0.662*** | (0.011) | -0.676*** | (0.010) |
| B. Additional effect of recent-immigrant2 cohort | ||||||||
| Canada | 0.043 | (0.045) | -0.081** | (0.034) | 0.223*** | (0.019) | 0.168*** | (0.016) |
| United States | 0.082 | (0.108) | 0.085 | (0.059) | 0.142*** | (0.038) | 0.126*** | (0.031) |
| United Kingdom | 0.043 | (0.110) | 0.05 | (0.069) | 0.246*** | (0.039) | 0.200*** | (0.033) |
| Philippines | 0.230* | (0.125) | 0.173*** | (0.061) | 0.300*** | (0.020) | 0.295*** | (0.019) |
| India | 0.187* | (0.111) | 0.169*** | (0.056) | 0.330*** | (0.021) | 0.333*** | (0.019) |
| China | 0.259 | (0.134) | 0.144*** | (0.046) | 0.366*** | (0.023) | 0.378*** | (0.020) |
| Pakistan | 0.309 | (0.233) | 0.13 | (0.122) | 0.341*** | (0.040) | 0.346*** | (0.037) |
| Poland | 0.46 | (0.628) | 0.183 | (0.205) | 0.283*** | (0.098) | 0.290*** | (0.092) |
| France | 0.14 | (0.095) | 0.135 | (0.098) | 0.393*** | (0.045) | 0.304*** | (0.039) |
| South Korea | 0.267 | (0.255) | 0.16 | (0.150) | 0.238*** | (0.073) | 0.235*** | (0.064) |
| Romania | -0.09 | (0.150) | 0.013 | (0.081) | 0.432*** | (0.039) | 0.447*** | (0.034) |
| Hong Kong | 0.166 | (0.364) | 0.436 | (0.266) | 0.401*** | (0.132) | 0.386*** | (0.114) |
| Russia | -0.043 | (0.226) | 0.391** | (0.159) | 0.396*** | (0.046) | 0.399*** | (0.043) |
| Germany | -0.427* | (0.229) | 0.324** | (0.139) | 0.206** | (0.081) | 0.185*** | (0.070) |
| Iran | -0.063 | (0.293) | 0.187** | (0.091) | 0.272*** | (0.070) | 0.306*** | (0.057) |
| Other countries1 | -0.053 | (0.056) | 0.090** | (0.036) | 0.276*** | (0.015) | 0.253*** | (0.014) |
| C. Additional effect of the established3 immigrant | ||||||||
| Canada | 0.039 | (0.039) | -0.007 | (0.032) | 0.445*** | (0.017) | 0.378*** | (0.014) |
| United States | 0.158 | (0.098) | 0.072 | (0.047) | 0.360*** | (0.029) | 0.308*** | (0.024) |
| United Kingdom | 0.162** | (0.075) | 0.004 | (0.056) | 0.411*** | (0.032) | 0.348*** | (0.026) |
| Philippines | 0.148 | (0.099) | 0.155*** | (0.051) | 0.417*** | (0.016) | 0.415*** | (0.015) |
| India | 0.203* | (0.112) | 0.338*** | (0.057) | 0.519*** | (0.019) | 0.503*** | (0.018) |
| China | 0.528*** | (0.128) | 0.275*** | (0.060) | 0.535*** | (0.030) | 0.545*** | (0.026) |
| Pakistan | 0.186 | (0.231) | 0.352*** | (0.134) | 0.683*** | (0.045) | 0.668*** | (0.042) |
| Poland | 0.473 | (0.619) | 0.155 | (0.166) | 0.437*** | (0.076) | 0.413*** | (0.074) |
| France | 0.231*** | (0.086) | 0.304*** | (0.075) | 0.490*** | (0.042) | 0.430*** | (0.035) |
| South Korea | 0.099 | (0.266) | 0.199 | (0.151) | 0.430*** | (0.073) | 0.418*** | (0.064) |
| Romania | -0.062 | (0.124) | -0.020 | (0.102) | 0.533*** | (0.037) | 0.508*** | (0.034) |
| Hong Kong | 0.365 | (0.356) | 0.452* | (0.257) | 0.691*** | (0.128) | 0.668*** | (0.110) |
| Russia | -0.107 | (0.245) | 0.499*** | (0.175) | 0.535*** | (0.050) | 0.523*** | (0.047) |
| Germany | -0.217 | (0.191) | 0.506*** | (0.145) | 0.425*** | (0.065) | 0.394*** | (0.058) |
| Iran | 0.2 | (0.313) | 0.154 | (0.182) | 0.501*** | (0.068) | 0.462*** | (0.061) |
| Other countries1 | 0.144*** | (0.047) | 0.219*** | (0.033) | 0.537*** | (0.013) | 0.513*** | (0.012) |
| Selection term | -0.737*** | (0.032) | -0.805*** | (0.029) | 0.22*** | (0.015) | 0.091*** | (0.002) |
| R2 | 0.298 | … | 0.358 | … | 0.356 | … | 0.362 | … |
| Observations | 209,538 | … | 302,489 | … | 861,084 | … | 1,373,111 | … |
|
... not applicable * p<0.10, statistically significant at the 10 per cent level ** p<0.05, statistically significant at the 5 per cent level *** p<0.01, statistically significant at the 1 per cent level 1. Countries that make up less than 5% of the locations of postsecondary education reported in the 2006 Census. 2. Recent immigrants are Individuals who have been landed immigrants to Canada from 5 to 10 years. 3. Established immigrants are individuals who have been landed immigrants for more than 10 years. Source: Author's calculations based on data from the 2006 Census of Population. |
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