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Table 2
Adjusted proportional hazards ratios relating household income and education in 1994/1995 to diagnosis of or death from diabetes between 1996/1997 and 2008/2009, household population aged 18 or older and free of diabetes in 1994/1995, Canada excluding territories
| Unadjusted | 95% confidence interval | Age-adjusted | 95% confidence interval | Fully adjusted | 95% confidence interval | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| from | to | from | to | from | to | ||||
| Household income | |||||||||
Both sexes |
|||||||||
Highest† |
1.0 | … | … | 1.0 | … | … | 1.0 | … | … |
Middle-to-high |
1.2 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.7 |
Middle |
1.3 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 1.9 |
Low-to-middle |
1.7** | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.4* | 1.1 | 1.9 | 1.4* | 1.0 | 1.9 |
Lowest |
1.7** | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.6** | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.6** | 1.1 | 2.3 |
Men |
|||||||||
Highest† |
1.0 | … | … | 1.0 | … | … | 1.0 | … | … |
Middle-to-high |
1.0 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.7 |
Middle |
1.3 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 2.0 |
Low-to-middle |
1.5 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.1 |
Lowest |
1.4 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 2.4 |
Women |
|||||||||
Highest† |
1.0 | … | … | 1.0 | … | … | 1.0 | … | … |
Middle-to-high |
1.4 | 0.9 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 2.3 |
Middle |
1.5 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 2.2 |
Low-to-middle |
2.2** | 1.4 | 3.4 | 1.7* | 1.1 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 2.3 |
Lowest |
2.4** | 1.5 | 3.7 | 1.9** | 1.2 | 3.1 | 1.7* | 1.1 | 2.8 |
| Education | |||||||||
Both sexes |
|||||||||
Postsecondary graduation† |
1.0 | … | … | 1.0 | … | … | 1.0 | … | … |
Some postsecondary |
1.1 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
Secondary graduation |
1.3* | 1.0 | 1.8 | 1.3* | 1.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.7 |
Less than secondary graduation |
1.9** | 1.5 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.5 |
Men |
|||||||||
Postsecondary graduation† |
1.0 | … | … | 1.0 | … | … | 1.0 | … | … |
Some postsecondary |
1.2 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 2.0 |
Secondary graduation |
1.1 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.8 |
Less than secondary graduation |
1.5* | 1.1 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.6 |
Women |
|||||||||
Postsecondary graduation† |
1.0 | … | … | 1.0 | … | … | 1.0 | … | … |
Some postsecondary |
1.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.4 |
Secondary graduation |
1.6* | 1.1 | 2.4 | 1.5* | 1.0 | 2.3 | 1.5* | 1.0 | 2.2 |
Less than secondary graduation |
2.4** | 1.7 | 3.3 | 1.4* | 1.0 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.7 |
| * significantly different from estimate for reference category (p < 0.05) ** significantly different from estimate for reference category (p < 0.01) … not applicable Note: Because of rounding, some hazards ratios with 1.0 as lower confidence limit are statistically significant. A variable was included in all models to control for varying lengths of time between observations, but hazards ratios are not shown. Fully adjusted models also control for age, ethno-cultural background, overweight/obese, and number of secondary behavioural risk factors (heavy drinker, current smoker, inactive). To maximixe sample size, “missing” categories were included for several variables, but hazards ratios are not shown. Source: 1994/1995 to 2008/2009 National Population Health Survey, longitudinal square file. |
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