• History and background
• Changes in data collection
• General definitions
• The tables explained: ESES financial data
• The tables explained: ESES public, private and home-schooling data
• Public school enrolment
• Private school enrolment
• Home-schooling enrolment
• Public and private schools, enrolments in official languages programs
• Public schools, enrolments in Aboriginal language programs
• Public schools, Enrolments in programs for students with special needs
• Public and private schools, number of secondary school graduates
• Public and private schools, number of full- and part-time educators

Integrated Business Statistics Program (IBSP)

Reporting Guide

This guide is designed to assist you as you complete the 2016 Annual Survey of Research and Development in Canadian Industry – Industrial Non-profit Organizations. If you need more information, please call the Statistics Canada Help Line at the number below.

Help Line: 1-800-972-9692

Your answers are confidential.

Statistics Canada is prohibited by law from releasing any information it collects which could identify any person, business, or organization, unless consent has been given by the respondent or as permitted by the Statistics Act.

Statistics Canada will use information from this survey for statistical purposes.

NOTE:

1. If this organization performs in-house research and development (R&D) and outsources R&D, complete all questions.
2. If this organization performs in-house (R&D) and does not outsource R&D, complete questions 1-5, 8-19.
3. If this organization outsources (R&D) and does not perform in-house R&D, complete questions 1-3, 5-7, 12, 16-19.
4. If this organization does not perform in-house (R&D) and does not outsource R&D, complete questions 1-3, 5, 12, 16, 17 and 19.

For this survey

'In-house R&D' refers to

Expenditures within Canada for R&D performed within this organization by:

• employees (permanent, temporary or casual)
• self-employed individuals or contractors who are working on-site on this organization 's R&D projects.

'Outsourced R&D' refers to

Payments made within or outside Canada to other organizations, companies or individuals to fund R&D performance:

• grants
• fellowships
• contracts.

Reporting period information

Here are some examples of common fiscal periods that fall within the targeted dates:

• May 1, 2015 to April 30, 2016
• June 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016
• August 1, 2015 to July 31, 2016
• October 1, 2015 to September 30, 2016
• December 1, 2015 to November 30, 2016
• January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016
• February 1, 2016 to January 31, 2017
• March 1, 2016 to February 28, 2017
• April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017

Here are other examples of fiscal periods that fall within the required dates:

• September 18, 2015 to September 15, 2016 (e.g., floating year-end)
• June 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 (e.g., a newly opened organization)

Definitions and Concepts

Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge

R&D is performed in the natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities. There are three types of R&D activities: basic research, applied research and experimental development.

Activities included and excluded from R&D

Inclusions

Prototypes

Include design, construction and operation of prototypes provided that the primary objective is to make further improvements or to undertake technical testing. Exclude if the prototype is for commercial purposes.

Pilot plants

Include construction and operation of pilot plants provided that the primary objective is to make further improvement or to undertake technical testing. Exclude if the pilot plant is intended to be operated for commercial purposes.

New computer software or significant improvements/modifications to existing computer software

Includes technological or scientific advances in theoretical computer sciences; operating systems e.g. improvement in interface management, developing new operating system of converting an existing operating system to a significantly different hardware environment; programming languages; and applications if a significant technological change occurs.

Contracts

Include all contracts which require R&D. Report only the R&D costs for contracts which include other work.

Research work in the social sciences

Include if projects are employing new or significantly different modelling techniques or developing new formulae, analyzing data not previously available or applying new research techniques, development of community strategies for disease prevention, or health education.

Exclude:

• Routine analytical projects using standard techniques and existing data
• Routine market research
• Routine statistical analysis intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Exclusions

Routine analysis in the social sciences including policy-related studies, management studies and efficiency studies

Exclude analytical projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies, principles and models of the related social sciences to bear on a particular problem (e.g. commentary on the probable economic effects of a change in the tax structure, using existing economic data; use of standard techniques in applied psychology to select and classify industrial and military personnel, students, etc., and to test children with reading or other disabilities).

Consumer surveys, advertising, market research

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for commercialization of the results of R&D.

Routine quality control and testing

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies not intended to create new knowledge even if carried out by personnel normally engaged in R&D.

Pre-production activities such as demonstration of commercial viability, tooling up, trial production, and trouble shooting

Exclude pre-production activities such as demonstration of commercial viability, tooling up, trial production, and trouble shooting. Although R&D may be required as a result of these steps, these activities are excluded from R&D.

Prospecting, exploratory drilling, development of mines, oil or gas wells

Include only if for R&D projects concerned with new equipment or techniques in these activities, such as in-situ and tertiary recovery research.

Engineering

Exclude engineering unless it is in direct support of R&D.

Design and drawing

Exclude design and drawing unless it is in direct support of R&D.

Patent and license work

Exclude all administrative and legal work connected with patents and licenses.

Cosmetic modifications or style changes to existing products

Exclude where no significant technical improvement or modification to the existing products.

General purpose or routine data collection

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Routine computer programming, systems maintenance or software application

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended to support on-going operations.

Routine mathematical or statistical analysis or operations analysis

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Activities associated with standards compliance

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended to support standards compliance.

Specialized routine medical care such as routine pathology services

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

In-house R&D expenditures within Canada (Q5 - Q7)

In-house R&D expenditures are composed of current in-house R&D expenditures and capital in-house R&D expenditures.

Current in-house R&D expenditures

Include:

• Wages, salaries, benefits and fringe benefits, materials and supplies
• Services to support R&D including on-site R&D consultants and contactors
• Necessary background literature
• Minor scientific equipment
• Associated administrative overhead costs.

1. Wages, salaries of permanent, temporary and casual R&D employees

Include benefits and fringe benefits of employees engaged in R&D activities. Benefits and fringe benefits include bonus payments, holiday or vacation pay, contributions to pension funds, other social security payments, payroll taxes, etc.

2. Services to support R&D

Include:

• Payments to on-site R&D consultants and contractors working under the direct control of your organization
• Other services including indirect services purchased to support in-house R&D such as security, storage, repair, maintenance and use of buildings and equipment, computer services, software licensing fees and dissemination of R&D findings.

3. R&D materials

Include:

• Water, fuel, gas and electricity
• Materials for creation of prototypes
• Reference materials (books, journals, etc.)
• Subscriptions to libraries and data bases, memberships to scientific societies, etc.
• Cost of outsourced (contracted out or granted) small R&D prototypes or R&D models
• Materials for laboratories (chemicals, animals, etc.)
• All other R&D-related materials.

4. All other current R&D costs including overhead

Include administrative and overhead costs (e.g. office, post and telecommunications, internet, insurance), prorated if necessary to exclude for non-R&D activities within the organization

Exclude:

• Interest charges
• Value added taxes (goods and services tax (GST) or harmonized sales tax (HST)).

Capital in-house R&D expenditures

Capital in-house R&D expenditures are the annual gross amount paid for the acquisition of fixed assets that are used repeatedly, or continuously in the performance of R&D for more than one year. Report capital in-house R&D expenditures in full for the period when they occurred.

Include costs for software, land, buildings and structures, equipment, machinery and other capital costs.

Exclude capital depreciation.

5. Software
   Include applications and systems software (original, customized and off-the-shelf software), supporting documentation and other software-related acquisitions.
6. Land acquired for R&D
   including testing grounds, sites for laboratories and pilot plants.
7. Buildings and structures that are constructed or purchased for R&D activities or that have undergone major improvements, modifications, renovations and repairs for R&D activities.
8. Equipment, machinery and all other capital

Include major equipment, machinery and instruments, including embedded software, acquired for R&D activities.

Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D expenditures (Q8 – Q11)

Include payments made through contracts, grants donations and fellowships to another organization, company or individual to purchase or fund R&D activities.
Exclude expenditures for on-site R&D contractors.

1. Companies include all incorporated for-profit businesses and government business enterprises providing products in the market at market rates.
2. Private non-profit organizations include voluntary health organizations, private philanthropic foundations, associations and societies and research institutes. They are not-for-profit organizations that serve the public interest by supporting activities related to public welfare (such as health, education, the environment).
3. Industrial research institutes or associations include all non-profit organizations that serve the business sector, with industrial associations frequently consisting of their membership.
4. Federal government includes all federal government ministries, departments and agencies. It excludes federal government business enterprises providing products in the market.
5. Provincial or territorial governments include all provincial or territorial government ministries, departments and agencies. It excludes provincial or territorial government business enterprises providing products in the market.
6. Provincial or territorial research organizations are organizations created under provincial or territorial law which conduct or facilitate research on behalf of the province or territory.
7. Other – individuals, non-university educational institutions, foreign governments including ministries, departments and agencies of foreign governments.

Sources of funds for in-house R&D expenditures in 2014 (Q16)

Include Canadian and foreign sources.

Exclude payments for outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D which should be reported in question 6 on Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D; capital depreciation.

1. Funds from this organization
   Amount contributed by this unit to R&D performed within Canada (include amounts eligible for income tax purposes, e.g., Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) program, other amounts spent for projects not claimed through SR&ED, and funds for land, buildings, machinery and equipment (capital expenditures) purchased for R&D).
2. Funds from member companies or affiliates
   Amount received from member organizations and affiliated organizations used to perform R&D within Canada (include annual fees and sustaining grants, land, buildings and structures, equipment and machinery (capital expenditures) purchased for R&D).
3. R&D contract work for companies
   Funds received from other companies to perform R&D on their behalf.
4. Federal grants
   Funds from the federal government in support of R&D activities not connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
5. Federal contracts
   Funds from the federal government in support of R&D activities connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
6. R&D contract work for companies
   Funds received from other companies to perform R&D on their behalf.
7. Provincial or territorial grants or funding
   Funds from the provincial or territorial government in support of R&D activities not connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
8. Provincial or territorial contracts
   Funds from the provincial or territorial government in support of R&D activities connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
9. R&D contract work for private non-profit organizations
   Funds received from non-profit organizations to perform R&D on their behalf.
10. Other sources
    Funds received from all other sources not previously classified.

In-house R&D expenditures by fields of research and development in 2016 (Q18)

Exclude capital depreciation and payments for outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D, which should be reported in question 6 on Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D.

Natural and formal sciences

Mathematics, physical sciences, chemical sciences, earth and related environmental sciences, biological sciences, other natural sciences.

Exclude computer sciences, information sciences and bioinformatics (to be reported at lines s and t).

1. Mathematics: pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics and probability.
2. Physical sciences: atomic, molecular and chemical physics, interaction with radiation, magnetic resonances, condensed matter physics, solid state physics and superconductivity, particles and fields physics, nuclear physics, fluids and plasma physics (including surface physics), optics (including laser optics and quantum optics), acoustics, astronomy (including astrophysics, space science).
3. Chemical sciences: organic chemistry, inorganic and nuclear chemistry, physical chemistry, polymer science and plastics, electrochemistry (dry cells, batteries, fuel cells, metal corrosion, electrolysis), colloid chemistry, analytical chemistry.
4. Earth and related environmental sciences: geosciences, geophysics, mineralogy and palaeontology, geochemistry and geophysics, physical geography, geology and volcanology, environmental sciences, meteorology, atmospheric sciences and climatic research, oceanography, hydrology and water resources.
5. Biological sciences: cell biology, microbiology and virology, biochemistry, molecular biology and biochemical research, mycology, biophysics, genetics and heredity (medical genetics under medical biotechnology), reproductive biology (medical aspects under medical biotechnology), developmental biology, plant sciences and botany, zoology, ornithology, entomology and behavioural sciences biology, marine biology, freshwater biology and limnology, ecology and biodiversity conservation, biology (theoretical, thermal, cryobiology, biological rhythm), evolutionary biology.
6. Other natural sciences: other natural sciences.

Engineering and Technology

Civil engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering and communications technology, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, materials engineering, medical engineering, environmental engineering, environmental biotechnology, industrial biotechnology, nanotechnology, other engineering and technologies.

Exclude software engineering and technology (to be reported at line r).

7. Civil engineering: civil engineering, architecture engineering, municipal and structural engineering, transport engineering.
8. Electrical engineering, electronic engineering and communications technology: electrical and electronic engineering, robotics and automatic control, micro-electronics, semiconductors, automation and control systems, communication engineering and systems, telecommunications, computer hardware and architecture.
9. Mechanical engineering: mechanical engineering, applied mechanics, thermodynamics, aerospace engineering, nuclear-related engineering (nuclear physics under physical sciences), acoustical engineering, reliability analysis and non-destructive testing, automotive and transportation engineering and manufacturing, tooling, machinery and equipment engineering and manufacturing, heating, ventilation and air conditioning engineering and manufacturing.
10. Chemical engineering: chemical engineering (plants, products), chemical process engineering.
11. Materials engineering: materials engineering and metallurgy, ceramics, coating and films (including packaging and printing), plastics, rubber and composites (including laminates and reinforced plastics), paper and wood and textiles, construction materials (organic and inorganic).
12. Medical engineering: medical and biomedical engineering, medical laboratory technology (excluding biomaterials, which should be reported under industrial biotechnology).
13. Environmental engineering: environmental and geological engineering, petroleum engineering (fuel, oils), energy and fuels, remote sensing, mining and mineral processing, marine engineering, sea vessels and ocean engineering.
14. Environmental biotechnology: environmental biotechnology, bioremediation, diagnostic biotechnologies in environmental management (DNA chips and bio-sensing devices).
15. Industrial biotechnology: industrial biotechnology, bioprocessing technologies, biocatalysis and fermentation bioproducts (products that are manufactured using biological material as feedstock), biomaterials (bioplastics, biofuels, bioderived bulk and fine chemicals, bio-derived materials).
16. Nanotechnology: nano-materials (production and properties), nano-processes (applications on nano-scale).
17. Other engineering and technologies: food and beverages, oenology, other engineering and technologies.

Software-related sciences and technology

Software engineering and technology, computer sciences, information technology and bioinformatics.

18. Software engineering and technology: computer software engineering, computer software technology, and other related computer software engineering and technologies.
19. Computer sciences: computer science, artificial intelligence, cryptography, and other related computer sciences.
20. Information technology and bioinformatics: information technology, informatics, bioinformatics, biomathematics, and other related information technologies.

Medical and health sciences

Basic medicine, clinical medicine, health sciences, medical biotechnology, other medical sciences.

21. Basic medicine: anatomy and morphology (plant science under biological science), human genetics, immunology, neurosciences, pharmacology and pharmacy and medicinal chemistry, toxicology, physiology and cytology, pathology.
22. Clinical medicine: andrology, obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, cardiac and cardiovascular systems, haematology, anaesthesiology, orthopaedics, radiology and nuclear medicine, dentistry, oral surgery and medicine, dermatology, venereal diseases and allergy, rheumatology, endocrinology and metabolism and gastroenterology, urology and nephrology, and oncology.
23. Health sciences: health care sciences and nursing, nutrition and dietetics, parasitology, infectious diseases and epidemiology, occupational health.
24. Medical biotechnology: health-related biotechnology, technologies involving the manipulation of cells, tissues, organs or the whole organism, technologies involving identifying the functioning of DNA, proteins and enzymes, pharmacogenomics, gene-based therapeutics, biomaterials (related to medical implants, devices, sensors).
25. Other medical sciences: forensic science, other medical sciences.

Agricultural Sciences

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sciences, animal and dairy sciences, veterinary sciences, agricultural biotechnology, other agricultural sciences.

26. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sciences: agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, soil science, horticulture, viticulture, agronomy, plant breeding and plant protection.
27. Animal and dairy sciences: animal and dairy science, animal husbandry.
28. Veterinary sciences: veterinary science (all).
29. Agricultural biotechnology: agricultural biotechnology and food biotechnology, genetically modified (GM) organism technology and livestock cloning, diagnostics (DNA chips and biosensing devices), biomass feedstock production technologies and biopharming.
30. Other agricultural sciences: other agricultural sciences.

Social sciences and humanities

Psychology, educational sciences, economics and business, other social sciences, humanities.

31. Psychology: cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics, experimental psychology, psychometrics and quantitative psychology, and other fields of psychology.
32. Educational sciences: education, training and other related educational sciences.
33. Economics and business: micro-economics, macro-economics, econometrics, labour economics, financial economics, business economics, entrepreneurial and business administration, management and operations, management sciences, finance and all other related fields of economics and business
34. Other social sciences: anthropology (social and cultural) and ethnology, demography, geography (human, economic and social), planning (town, city and country), management, organization and methods (excluding market research unless new methods/techniques are developed), law, linguistics, political sciences, sociology, miscellaneous social sciences and interdisciplinary, and methodological and historical science and technology activities relating to subjects in this group.
35. Humanities: history (history, prehistory and history, together with auxiliary historical disciplines such as archaeology, numismatics, palaeography, genealogy, etc.), languages and literature (ancient and modern), other humanities (philosophy (including the history of science and technology)), arts (history of art, art criticism, painting, sculpture, musicology, dramatic art (excluding artistic "research" of any kind)), religion, theology, other fields and subjects pertaining to the humanities, and methodological, historical and other science and technology activities relating to the subjects in this group.

In-house R&D expenditures by nature of R&D activity in 2016 (Q20)

R&D is performed in the natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities. There are three types of R&D activities: basic research, applied research and experimental development.

1. Basic research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundation of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.
2. Applied research is original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific, practical aim or objective.
3. Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience and producing additional knowledge, which is directed to producing new products or processes or to improving existing products or processes.

In-house R&D personnel in 2016 (Q70 to Q72)

R&D personnel

Include:

• Permanent, temporary and casual R&D employees
• Independent on-site R&D consultants and contractors working in your organization's offices, laboratories, or other facilities
• Employees engaged in R&D-related support activities.

Researchers and research managers is composed of:

1. Scientists, social scientists, engineers and researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods. They may be certified by provincial educational authorities, provincial or national scientific or engineering associations.
2. Senior research managers plan or manage R&D projects and programs. They may be certified by provincial educational authorities, provincial or national scientific or engineering associations.

R&D technical, administrative and support staff is composed of:

1. Technicians and technologists and research assistants are persons whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in one or more fields of engineering, the physical and life sciences, or the social sciences, humanities and the arts. They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts, operational methods and the use of research equipment, normally under the supervision of researchers. They may be certified by provincial educational authorities, provincial or national scientific or engineering associations.
2. Other R&D technical, administrative support staff include skilled and unskilled craftsmen, and administrative, secretarial and clerical staff participating in R&D projects or directly associated with such projects.

On-site R&D consultants and contractors are individuals hired 1) to perform project-based work or to provide goods at a fixed or ascertained price or within a certain time or 2) to provide advice or services in a specialized field for a fee and, in both cases, work at the location specified and controlled by the contracting company or organization.

Full-time equivalent (FTE)

R&D may be carried out by persons who work solely on R&D projects or by persons who devote only part of their time to R&D, and the balance to other activities such as testing, quality control and production engineering. To arrive at the total effort devoted to R&D in terms of personnel, it is necessary to estimate the full-time equivalent of these persons working only part time in R&D.

FTE (full-time equivalent) = Number of persons who work solely on R&D projects + the time of persons working only part of their time on R&D.

Example calculation: If out of four scientists engaged in R&D work, one works solely on R&D projects and the remaining three devote only one quarter of their working time to R&D, then: FTE = 1 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 1.75 scientists.

Technology and technical assistant payments in 2016 (Q73 – Q75)

Definitions (equivalent to the Canadian Intellectual Property Office)

1. Patents
   Government grant giving the right to exclude others from making, using or selling an invention.
2. Copyright
   Provides protection for literary, artistic, dramatic or musical works (including computer programs), and three other subject matter known as: performance, sound recording, and communication signal.
3. Trademark
   Word, symbol or design (or any combination of these features) used to distinguish the wares and services of one person or organization from those of others in the marketplace.
4. Industrial design
   Visual features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament (or any combination of these features), applied to a finished article of manufacture.
5. Integrated circuittopography
   Three-dimensional arrangement of the electronic circuits in integrated circuit products or layout designs.
6. Original software
   Consist of computer programs and descriptive materials for both systems and applications. Original software can be created in-house or outsourced and includes packaged software with customization.
7. Packaged or off-the-shelf software
   Purchased for use by your organization and excludes customized software.
8. Databases
   Consist of files of data organized to permit effective access and use of the data.
9. Other
   Technical assistance, industrial processes and know-how.

Energy-related R&D by area of technology (Q22 – Q69)

1. Fossil Fuels

Crude oils and natural gas exploration, crude oils and natural gas production, oil sands and heavy crude oils surface and sub-surface production and separation of the bitumen, tailings management, refining, processing and upgrading, coal production, separation and processing, transportation of fossil fuels.

1. Crude oils and natural gas exploration
   Include development of advanced exploration methods (geophysical, geochemical, seismic, magnetic) for on-shore and off-shore prospecting.
2. Crude oil and natural gas production and storage, include enhanced recovery natural gas production
   Include on-shore and off-shore deep drilling equipment and techniques for conventional oil and gas, secondary and tertiary recovery of oil and gas, hydro fracturing techniques, processing and cleaning of raw product, storage on remote platforms (e.g., Arctic, off-shore), safety aspects of offshore platforms.
3. Oil sands and heavy crude oils surface and sub-surface production and separation of the bitumen, tailings management
   Include surface and in-situ production (e.g., SAGD); tailings management.
4. Refining, processing and upgrading of fossil fuels
   Include processing of natural gas to pipeline specifications, and refining of conventional crude oils to refined petroleum products (RPPs), and the upgrading of bitumen and heavy oils either to synthetic crude oil or to RPPs. Upgrading may be done at an oil sands plant, regional merchant upgraders or integrated into a refinery producing RPPs.
5. Coal production, separation and processing
   Include coal, lignite and peat exploration, deposit evaluation techniques, mining techniques, separation techniques, coking and blending, other processing such as coal to liquids, underground (in-situ) gasification.
6. Transportation of fossil fuels
   Include transport of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons via pipelines (land and submarine) and their network evaluation; safety aspects of LNG transport and storage.

2. Renewable energy resources

Solar photovoltaics (PV), solar thermal-power and high-temperature applications, solar heating and cooling, wind energy, bio-energy – biomass production, bio-energy – biomass conversion to fuels, bio-energy – biomass conversion to heat and electricity, and other bio-energy, small hydro (less than 10 MW), large hydro (greater than or equal to 10 MW), other renewable energy.

1. Solar photovoltaics (PV)
   Include solar cell development, PV-module development, PV-inverter development, building-integrated PV-modules, PV-system development, other.
2. Solar thermal-power and high-temperature applications
   Include solar chemistry, concentrating collector development, solar thermal power plants, high-temperature applications for heat and power.
3. Solar heating and cooling
   Include daylighting, passive and active solar heating and cooling, collector development, hot water preparation, combined-space heating, solar architecture, solar drying, solar-assisted ventilation, swimming pool heating, low-temperature process heating, other.
4. Wind energy
   Include technology development, such as blades, turbines, converters structures, system integration, other.
5. Bio-energy – Biomass production and transport
   Include improvement of energy crops, research on bio-energy production potential and associated land-use effects, supply and transport of bio-solids, bio-liquids, bio-gas and bio-derived energy products (e.g., ethanol, biodiesel), compacting and baling, other.
6. Bio-energy – Biomass conversion to transportation fuel
   Include conventional bio-fuels, cellulosic-derived alcohols, biomass gas-to-liquids, other energy-related products and by-products.
7. Bio-energy – Biomass conversion to heat and electricity
   Include bio-based heat, electricity and combined heat and power (CHP), exclude multi-firing with fossil fuels.
8. Other bio-energy
   Include recycling and the use of municipal, industrial and agricultural waste as energy not covered elsewhere.
9. Small-hydro (less than 10 MW)
   Include plants with capacity below 10 MW.
10. Large-hydro (greater than or equal to 10 MW)
    Include plants with capacity of 10 MW and above.
11. Other renewable energy
    Include hot dry rock, hydro-thermal, geothermal heat applications (including agriculture), tidal power, wave energy, ocean current power, ocean thermal power, other.

3. Nuclear fission and fusion

Materials exploration, mining and preparation, tailings management, nuclear reactors, other fission, fusion.

1. Nuclear materials exploration, mining and preparation, tailings management
   Include development of advanced exploration methods (geophysical, geochemical) for prospecting, ore surface and in-situ production, uranium and thorium extraction and conversion, enrichment, handling of tailings and remediation.
2. Nuclear reactors
   Include nuclear reactors of all types and related system components.
3. Other fission
   Include nuclear safety, environmental protection (emission reduction or avoidance), radiation protection and decommissioning of power plants and related nuclear fuel cycle installations, nuclear waste treatment, disposal and storage, fissile material recycling, fissile materials control, transport of radioactive materials.
4. Fusion
   Include all types (e.g., magnetic confinement, laser applications).

4. Electric Power

Generation in utility sector, combined heat and power in industry and in buildings, electricity transmission, distribution and storage of electricity.

1. Electric power generation in utility sector
   Include conventional and non-conventional technology (e.g., pulverised coal, fluidised bed, gasification-combined cycle, supercritical), re-powering, retrofitting, life extensions and upgrading of power plants, generators and components, super-conductivity, magneto hydrodynamic, dry cooling towers, co-firing (e.g., with biomass), air and thermal pollution reduction or avoidance, flue gas cleanup (excluding CO2 removal), CHP (combined heat and power) not covered elsewhere.
2. Electric power - combined heat and power in industry, buildings
   Include industrial applications, small scale applications for buildings.
3. Electricity transmission, distribution and storage
   Include solid state power electronics, load management and control systems, network problems, super-conducting cables, AC and DC high voltage cables, HVDC transmission, other transmission and distribution related to integrating distributed and intermittent generating sources into networks, all storage (e.g., batteries, hydro reservoirs, fly wheels), other.

5. Hydrogen and fuel cells

Hydrogen production for process applications, hydrogen production for transportation applications, hydrogen transport and storage, other hydrogen, fuel cells, both stationary and mobile.

1. Hydrogen production for process applications
2. Hydrogen production for transportation applications
3. Hydrogen transport and storage
4. Other hydrogen
   Include end uses (e.g., combustion), other infrastructure and systems R&D (refuelling stations).
5. Stationary fuel cells
   Include electricity generation, other stationary end-use.
6. Mobile fuel cells
   Include portable applications.

6. Energy efficiency

Industry, residential and commercial, transportation, other energy efficiency.

1. Energy efficiency applications for industry
   Include reduction of energy consumption through improved use of energy and/or reduction or avoidance of air and other emissions related to the use of energy in industrial systems and processes (excluding bio-energy-related) through the development of new techniques, new processes and new equipment, other.
2. Energy efficiency for residential, institutional and commercial sectors
   Include space heating and cooling, ventilation and lighting control systems other than solar technologies, low energy housing design and performance other than solar technologies, new insulation and building materials, thermal performance of buildings, domestic appliances, other.
3. Energy efficiency for transportation
   Include analysis and optimisation of energy consumption in the transport sector, efficiency improvements in light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, non-road vehicles, public transport systems, engine-fuel optimisation, use of alternative fuels (liquid and gaseous, other than hydrogen), fuel additives, diesel engines, Stirling motors, electric cars, hybrid cars, includes air emission reduction, other.
4. Other energy efficiency
   Include waste heat utilisation (heat maps, process integration, total energy systems, low temperature thermodynamic cycles), district heating, heat pump development, reduction of energy consumption in the agricultural sector.

7. Other energy-related technologies

Carbon capture, transportation and storage for fossil fuel production and processing, electric power generation, industry in end-use sector, energy systems analysis, all other energy-related technologies.

1. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to fossil fuel production and processing
2. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to electric power production
3. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to industry in end-use sector
   Include industry in the end-use sector, such as steel production, manufacturing, etc. (i.e. exclude fossil fuel production and processing and electric power production).
4. Energy system analysis
   Include system analysis related to energy R&D not covered elsewhere, sociological, economical and environmental impact of energy which are not specifically related to one technology area listed in the sections above.
5. All other energy technologies
   Include energy technology information dissemination, studies not related to a specific technology area listed above.

Integrated Business Statistics Program (IBSP)

Reporting Guide

This guide is designed to assist you as you complete the 2016 Annual Survey of Research and Development in Canadian Industry. If you need more information, please call the Statistics Canada Help Line at the number below.

Help Line: 1-800-972-9692

Your answers are confidential.

Statistics Canada is prohibited by law from releasing any information it collects which could identify any person, business, or organization, unless consent has been given by the respondent or as permitted by the Statistics Act.

Statistics Canada will use information from this survey for statistical purposes.

NOTE:

1. If this business performs in-house research and development (R&D) and outsources R&D, complete all questions.
2. If this business performs in-house (R&D) and does not outsource R&D, complete questions 1-5, 8-19.
3. If this business outsources (R&D) and does not perform in-house R&D, complete questions 1-3, 5-7, 12, 16-19.
4. If this business does not perform in-house (R&D) and does not outsource R&D, complete questions 1-3, 5, 12, 16, 17 and 19.

Difference between Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) tax incentive program and this survey

Include the following in this survey:

• capital R&D expenditures
• R&D expenditures in the social sciences and humanities
• payments for R&D performed by organizations outside Canada.

For this survey

'In-house R&D' refers to

Expenditures within Canada for R&D performed within this business by:

• employees (permanent, temporary or casual)
• self-employed individuals or contractors who are working on-site on this business's R&D projects.

'Outsourced R&D' refers to

Payments made within or outside Canada to other organizations, companies or individuals to fund R&D performance:

• grants
• fellowships
• contracts.

Reporting period information

Here are some examples of common fiscal periods that fall within the targeted dates:

• May 1, 2015 to April 30, 2016
• June 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016
• August 1, 2015 to July 31, 2016
• October 1, 2015 to September 30, 2016
• December 1, 2015 to November 30, 2016
• January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016
• February 1, 2016 to January 31, 2017
• March 1, 2016 to February 28, 2017
• April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017

Here are other examples of fiscal periods that fall within the required dates:

• September 18, 2015 to September 15, 2016 (e.g., floating year-end)
• June 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 (e.g., a newly opened business)

Definitions and Concepts

Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge

R&D is performed in the natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities. There are three types of R&D activities: basic research, applied research and experimental development.

Activities included and excluded from R&D

Inclusions

Prototypes

Include design, construction and operation of prototypes provided that the primary objective is to make further improvements or to undertake technical testing. Exclude if the prototype is for commercial purposes.

Pilot plants

Include construction and operation of pilot plants provided that the primary objective is to make further improvement or to undertake technical testing. Exclude if the pilot plant is intended to be operated for commercial purposes.

New computer software or significant improvements/modifications to existing computer software

Includes technological or scientific advances in theoretical computer sciences; operating systems e.g. improvement in interface management, developing new operating system of converting an existing operating system to a significantly different hardware environment; programming languages; and applications if a significant technological change occurs.

Contracts

Include all contracts which require R&D. Report only the R&D costs for contracts which include other work.

Research work in the social sciences

Include if projects are employing new or significantly different modelling techniques or developing new formulae, analyzing data not previously available or applying new research techniques, development of community strategies for disease prevention, or health education.

Exclude:

• Routine analytical projects using standard techniques and existing data
• Routine market research
• Routine statistical analysis intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Exclusions

Routine analysis in the social sciences including policy-related studies, management studies and efficiency studies

Exclude analytical projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies, principles and models of the related social sciences to bear on a particular problem (e.g. commentary on the probable economic effects of a change in the tax structure, using existing economic data; use of standard techniques in applied psychology to select and classify industrial and military personnel, students, etc., and to test children with reading or other disabilities).

Consumer surveys, advertising, market research

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for commercialization of the results of R&D.

Routine quality control and testing

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies not intended to create new knowledge even if carried out by personnel normally engaged in R&D.

Pre-production activities such as demonstration of commercial viability, tooling up, trial production, and trouble shooting

Exclude pre-production activities such as demonstration of commercial viability, tooling up, trial production, and trouble shooting. Although R&D may be required as a result of these steps, these activities are excluded from R&D.

Prospecting, exploratory drilling, development of mines, oil or gas wells

Include only if for R&D projects concerned with new equipment or techniques in these activities, such as in-situ and tertiary recovery research.

Engineering

Exclude engineering unless it is in direct support of R&D.

Design and drawing

Exclude design and drawing unless it is in direct support of R&D.

Patent and license work

Exclude all administrative and legal work connected with patents and licenses.

Cosmetic modifications or style changes to existing products

Exclude where no significant technical improvement or modification to the existing products.

General purpose or routine data collection

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Routine computer programming, systems maintenance or software application

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended to support on-going operations.

Routine mathematical or statistical analysis or operations analysis

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Activities associated with standards compliance

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended to support standards compliance.

Specialized routine medical care such as routine pathology services

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

In-house R&D expenditures within Canada (Q5 - Q7)

In-house R&D expenditures are composed of current in-house R&D expenditures and capital in-house R&D expenditures.

Current in-house R&D expenditures

Include:

• Wages, salaries, benefits and fringe benefits, materials and supplies
• Services to support R&D including on-site R&D consultants and contactors
• Necessary background literature
• Minor scientific equipment
• Associated administrative overhead costs.

1. Wages, salaries of permanent, temporary and casual R&D employees

Include benefits and fringe benefits of employees engaged in R&D activities. Benefits and fringe benefits include bonus payments, holiday or vacation pay, contributions to pension funds, other social security payments, payroll taxes, etc.

2. Services to support R&D

Include:

• Payments to on-site R&D consultants and contractors working under the direct control of your organization
• Other services including indirect services purchased to support in-house R&D such as security, storage, repair, maintenance and use of buildings and equipment, computer services, software licensing fees and dissemination of R&D findings.

3. R&D materials

Include:

• Water, fuel, gas and electricity
• Materials for creation of prototypes
• Reference materials (books, journals, etc.)
• Subscriptions to libraries and data bases, memberships to scientific societies, etc.
• Cost of outsourced (contracted out or granted) small R&D prototypes or R&D models
• Materials for laboratories (chemicals, animals, etc.)
• All other R&D-related materials.

4. All other current R&D costs including overhead

Include administrative and overhead costs (e.g. office, post and telecommunications, internet, insurance), prorated if necessary to exclude for non-R&D activities within the organization

Exclude:

• Interest charges
• Value added taxes (goods and services tax (GST) or harmonized sales tax (HST)).

Capital in-house R&D expenditures

Capital in-house R&D expenditures are the annual gross amount paid for the acquisition of fixed assets that are used repeatedly, or continuously in the performance of R&D for more than one year. Report capital in-house R&D expenditures in full for the period when they occurred.

Include costs for software, land, buildings and structures, equipment, machinery and other capital costs.

Exclude capital depreciation.

5. Software
   Include applications and systems software (original, customized and off-the-shelf software), supporting documentation and other software-related acquisitions.
6. Land acquired for R&D
   Include testing grounds, sites for laboratories and pilot plants.
7. Buildings and structures that are constructed or purchased for R&D activities or that have undergone major improvements, modifications, renovations and repairs for R&D activities.
8. Equipment, machinery and all other capital
   Include major equipment, machinery and instruments, including embedded software, acquired for R&D activities.

Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D expenditures (Q8 – Q11)

Include payments made through contracts, grants donations and fellowships to another organization, company or individual to purchase or fund R&D activities.

Exclude expenditures for on-site R&D contractors.

1. Companies include all incorporated for-profit businesses and government business enterprises providing products in the market at market rates.
2. Private non-profit organizations include voluntary health organizations, private philanthropic foundations, associations and societies and research institutes. They are not-for-profit organizations that serve the public interest by supporting activities related to public welfare (such as health, education, the environment).
3. Industrial research institutes or associations include all non-profit organizations that serve the business sector, with industrial associations frequently consisting of their membership.
4. Federal government includes all federal government ministries, departments and agencies. It excludes federal government business enterprises providing products in the market.
5. Provincial or territorial governments include all provincial or territorial government ministries, departments and agencies. It excludes provincial or territorial government business enterprises providing products in the market.
6. Provincial or territorial research organizations are organizations created under provincial or territorial law which conduct or facilitate research on behalf of the province or territory.
7. Other – individuals, non-university educational institutions, foreign governments including ministries, departments and agencies of foreign governments.

Sources of funds for in-house R&D expenditures in 2014 (Q16)

Include Canadian and foreign sources.

Exclude payments for outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D which should be reported in question 6 on Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D; capital depreciation.

1. Funds from this business
   Amount contributed by this unit to R&D performed within Canada (include amounts eligible for income tax purposes, e.g., Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) program, other amounts spent for projects not claimed through SR&ED, and funds for land, buildings, machinery and equipment (capital expenditures) purchased for R&D).
2. Funds from parent, affiliated and subsidiary companies
   Amount received from parent, affiliated and subsidiary companies used to perform R&D within Canada (include amounts eligible for income tax purposes, e.g., Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) program, other amounts spent for projects not claimed through SR&ED, and funds for land, buildings, machinery and equipment (capital expenditures) purchased for R&D).
3. Federal grants
   Funds from the federal government in support of R&D activities not connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
4. Federal contracts
   Funds from the federal government in support of R&D activities connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
5. R&D contract work for companies
   Funds received from other companies to perform R&D on their behalf.
6. Provincial or territorial grants or funding
   Funds from the provincial or territorial government in support of R&D activities not connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
7. Provincial or territorial contracts
   Funds from the provincial or territorial government in support of R&D activities connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
8. R&D contract work for private non-profit organizations
   Funds received from non-profit organizations to perform R&D on their behalf.
9. Other sources
   Funds received from all other sources not previously classified.

In-house R&D expenditures by fields of research and development in 2016 (Q18)

Exclude capital depreciation and payments for outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D, which should be reported in question 6 on Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D.

Natural and formal sciences

Mathematics, physical sciences, chemical sciences, earth and related environmental sciences, biological sciences, other natural sciences.

Exclude computer sciences, information sciences and bioinformatics (to be reported at lines s and t).

1. Mathematics: pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics and probability.
2. Physical sciences: atomic, molecular and chemical physics, interaction with radiation, magnetic resonances, condensed matter physics, solid state physics and superconductivity, particles and fields physics, nuclear physics, fluids and plasma physics (including surface physics), optics (including laser optics and quantum optics), acoustics, astronomy (including astrophysics, space science).
3. Chemical sciences: organic chemistry, inorganic and nuclear chemistry, physical chemistry, polymer science and plastics, electrochemistry (dry cells, batteries, fuel cells, metal corrosion, electrolysis), colloid chemistry, analytical chemistry.
4. Earth and related environmental sciences: geosciences, geophysics, mineralogy and palaeontology, geochemistry and geophysics, physical geography, geology and volcanology, environmental sciences, meteorology, atmospheric sciences and climatic research, oceanography, hydrology and water resources.
5. Biological sciences: cell biology, microbiology and virology, biochemistry, molecular biology and biochemical research, mycology, biophysics, genetics and heredity (medical genetics under medical biotechnology), reproductive biology (medical aspects under medical biotechnology), developmental biology, plant sciences and botany, zoology, ornithology, entomology and behavioural sciences biology, marine biology, freshwater biology and limnology, ecology and biodiversity conservation, biology (theoretical, thermal, cryobiology, biological rhythm), evolutionary biology.
6. Other natural sciences: other natural sciences.

Engineering and Technology

Civil engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering and communications technology, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, materials engineering, medical engineering, environmental engineering, environmental biotechnology, industrial biotechnology, nanotechnology, other engineering and technologies.

Exclude software engineering and technology (to be reported at line r).

7. Civil engineering: civil engineering, architecture engineering, municipal and structural engineering, transport engineering.
8. Electrical engineering, electronic engineering and communications technology: electrical and electronic engineering, robotics and automatic control, micro-electronics, semiconductors, automation and control systems, communication engineering and systems, telecommunications, computer hardware and architecture.
9. Mechanical engineering: mechanical engineering, applied mechanics, thermodynamics, aerospace engineering, nuclear-related engineering (nuclear physics under physical sciences), acoustical engineering, reliability analysis and non-destructive testing, automotive and transportation engineering and manufacturing, tooling, machinery and equipment engineering and manufacturing, heating, ventilation and air conditioning engineering and manufacturing.
10. Chemical engineering: chemical engineering (plants, products), chemical process engineering.
11. Materials engineering: materials engineering and metallurgy, ceramics, coating and films (including packaging and printing), plastics, rubber and composites (including laminates and reinforced plastics), paper and wood and textiles, construction materials (organic and inorganic).
12. Medical engineering: medical and biomedical engineering, medical laboratory technology (excluding biomaterials, which should be reported under industrial biotechnology).
13. Environmental engineering: environmental and geological engineering, petroleum engineering (fuel, oils), energy and fuels, remote sensing, mining and mineral processing, marine engineering, sea vessels and ocean engineering.
14. Environmental biotechnology: environmental biotechnology, bioremediation, diagnostic biotechnologies in environmental management (DNA chips and bio-sensing devices).
15. Industrial biotechnology: industrial biotechnology, bioprocessing technologies, biocatalysis and fermentation bioproducts (products that are manufactured using biological material as feedstock), biomaterials (bioplastics, biofuels, bioderived bulk and fine chemicals, bio-derived materials).
16. Nanotechnology: nano-materials (production and properties), nano-processes (applications on nano-scale).
17. Other engineering and technologies: food and beverages, oenology, other engineering and technologies.

Software-related sciences and technology

Software engineering and technology, computer sciences, information technology and bioinformatics.

18. Software engineering and technology: computer software engineering, computer software technology, and other related computer software engineering and technologies.
19. Computer sciences: computer science, artificial intelligence, cryptography, and other related computer sciences.
20. Information technology and bioinformatics: information technology, informatics, bioinformatics, biomathematics, and other related information technologies.

Medical and health sciences

Basic medicine, clinical medicine, health sciences, medical biotechnology, other medical sciences.

21. Basic medicine: anatomy and morphology (plant science under biological science), human genetics, immunology, neurosciences, pharmacology and pharmacy and medicinal chemistry, toxicology, physiology and cytology, pathology.
22. Clinical medicine: andrology, obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, cardiac and cardiovascular systems, haematology, anaesthesiology, orthopaedics, radiology and nuclear medicine, dentistry, oral surgery and medicine, dermatology, venereal diseases and allergy, rheumatology, endocrinology and metabolism and gastroenterology, urology and nephrology, and oncology.
23. Health sciences: health care sciences and nursing, nutrition and dietetics, parasitology, infectious diseases and epidemiology, occupational health.
24. Medical biotechnology: health-related biotechnology, technologies involving the manipulation of cells, tissues, organs or the whole organism, technologies involving identifying the functioning of DNA, proteins and enzymes, pharmacogenomics, gene-based therapeutics, biomaterials (related to medical implants, devices, sensors).
25. Other medical sciences: forensic science, other medical sciences.

Agricultural Sciences

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sciences, animal and dairy sciences, veterinary sciences, agricultural biotechnology, other agricultural sciences.

26. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sciences: agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, soil science, horticulture, viticulture, agronomy, plant breeding and plant protection.
27. Animal and dairy sciences: animal and dairy science, animal husbandry.
28. Veterinary sciences: veterinary science (all).
29. Agricultural biotechnology: agricultural biotechnology and food biotechnology, genetically modified (GM) organism technology and livestock cloning, diagnostics (DNA chips and biosensing devices), biomass feedstock production technologies and biopharming.
30. Other agricultural sciences: other agricultural sciences.

Social sciences and humanities

Psychology, educational sciences, economics and business, other social sciences, humanities.

31. Psychology: cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics, experimental psychology, psychometrics and quantitative psychology, and other fields of psychology.
32. Educational sciences: education, training and other related educational sciences.
33. Economics and business: micro-economics, macro-economics, econometrics, labour economics, financial economics, business economics, entrepreneurial and business administration, management and operations, management sciences, finance and all other related fields of economics and business
34. Other social sciences: anthropology (social and cultural) and ethnology, demography, geography (human, economic and social), planning (town, city and country), management, organization and methods (excluding market research unless new methods/techniques are developed), law, linguistics, political sciences, sociology, miscellaneous social sciences and interdisciplinary, and methodological and historical science and technology activities relating to subjects in this group.
35. Humanities: history (history, prehistory and history, together with auxiliary historical disciplines such as archaeology, numismatics, palaeography, genealogy, etc.), languages and literature (ancient and modern), other humanities (philosophy (including the history of science and technology)), arts (history of art, art criticism, painting, sculpture, musicology, dramatic art (excluding artistic "research" of any kind)), religion, theology, other fields and subjects pertaining to the humanities, and methodological, historical and other science and technology activities relating to the subjects in this group.

In-house R&D expenditures by nature of R&D activity in 2016 (Q20)

R&D is performed in the natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities. There are three types of R&D activities: basic research, applied research and experimental development.

1. Basic research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundation of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.
2. Applied research is original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific, practical aim or objective.
3. Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience and producing additional knowledge, which is directed to producing new products or processes or to improving existing products or processes.

In-house R&D personnel in 2016 (Q70 to Q72)

R&D personnel

Include:

• Permanent, temporary and casual R&D employees
• Independent on-site R&D consultants and contractors working in your organization's offices, laboratories, or other facilities
• Employees engaged in R&D-related support activities.

Researchers and research managers is composed of:

1. Scientists, social scientists, engineers and researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods. They may be certified by provincial educational authorities, provincial or national scientific or engineering associations.
2. Senior research managers plan or manage R&D projects and programs. They may be certified by provincial educational authorities, provincial or national scientific or engineering associations.

R&D technical, administrative and support staff is composed of:

1. Technicians and technologists and research assistants are persons whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in one or more fields of engineering, the physical and life sciences, or the social sciences, humanities and the arts. They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts, operational methods and the use of research equipment, normally under the supervision of researchers. They may be certified by provincial educational authorities, provincial or national scientific or engineering associations.
2. Other R&D technical, administrative support staff include skilled and unskilled craftsmen, and administrative, secretarial and clerical staff participating in R&D projects or directly associated with such projects.

On-site R&D consultants and contractors are individuals hired 1) to perform project-based work or to provide goods at a fixed or ascertained price or within a certain time or 2) to provide advice or services in a specialized field for a fee and, in both cases, work at the location specified and controlled by the contracting company or organization.

Full-time equivalent (FTE)

R&D may be carried out by persons who work solely on R&D projects or by persons who devote only part of their time to R&D, and the balance to other activities such as testing, quality control and production engineering. To arrive at the total effort devoted to R&D in terms of personnel, it is necessary to estimate the full-time equivalent of these persons working only part time in R&D.

FTE (full-time equivalent) = Number of persons who work solely on R&D projects + the time of persons working only part of their time on R&D.

Example calculation: If out of four scientists engaged in R&D work, one works solely on R&D projects and the remaining three devote only one quarter of their working time to R&D, then: FTE = 1 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 1.75 scientists.

Technology and technical assistant payments in 2016 (Q73 – Q75)

Definitions equivalent to the Canadian Intellectual Property Office
(http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf/eng/home)

1. Patents
   Government grant giving the right to exclude others from making, using or selling an invention.
2. Copyright
   Provides protection for literary, artistic, dramatic or musical works (including computer programs), and three other subject matter known as: performance, sound recording, and communication signal.
3. Trademark
   Word, symbol or design (or any combination of these features) used to distinguish the wares and services of one person or organization from those of others in the marketplace.
4. Industrial design
   Visual features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament (or any combination of these features), applied to a finished article of manufacture.
5. Integrated circuit topography
   Three-dimensional arrangement of the electronic circuits in integrated circuit products or layout designs.
6. Original software
   Consist of computer programs and descriptive materials for both systems and applications. Original software can be created in-house or outsourced and includes packaged software with customization.
7. Packaged or off-the-shelf software
   Purchased for use by your organization and excludes customized software.
8. Databases
   Consist of files of data organized to permit effective access and use of the data.
9. Other
   Technical assistance, industrial processes and know-how.

Energy-related R&D by area of technology (Q22 – Q69)

1. Fossil Fuels

Crude oils and natural gas exploration, crude oils and natural gas production, oil sands and heavy crude oils surface and sub-surface production and separation of the bitumen, tailings management, refining, processing and upgrading, coal production, separation and processing, transportation of fossil fuels.

1. Crude oils and natural gas exploration
   Include development of advanced exploration methods (geophysical, geochemical, seismic, magnetic) for on-shore and off-shore prospecting.
2. Crude oil and natural gas production and storage, include enhanced recovery natural gas production
   Include on-shore and off-shore deep drilling equipment and techniques for conventional oil and gas, secondary and tertiary recovery of oil and gas, hydro fracturing techniques, processing and cleaning of raw product, storage on remote platforms (e.g., Arctic, off-shore), safety aspects of offshore platforms.
3. Oil sands and heavy crude oils surface and sub-surface production and separation of the bitumen, tailings management
   Include surface and in-situ production (e.g., SAGD); tailings management.
4. Refining, processing and upgrading of fossil fuels
   Include processing of natural gas to pipeline specifications, and refining of conventional crude oils to refined petroleum products (RPPs), and the upgrading of bitumen and heavy oils either to synthetic crude oil or to RPPs. Upgrading may be done at an oil sands plant, regional merchant upgraders or integrated into a refinery producing RPPs.
5. Coal production, separation and processing
   Include coal, lignite and peat exploration, deposit evaluation techniques, mining techniques, separation techniques, coking and blending, other processing such as coal to liquids, underground (in-situ) gasification.
6. Transportation of fossil fuels
   Include transport of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons via pipelines (land and submarine) and their network evaluation; safety aspects of LNG transport and storage.

2. Renewable energy resources

Solar photovoltaics (PV), solar thermal-power and high-temperature applications, solar heating and cooling, wind energy, bio-energy – biomass production, bio-energy – biomass conversion to fuels, bio-energy – biomass conversion to heat and electricity, and other bio-energy, small hydro (less than 10 MW), large hydro (greater than or equal to 10 MW), other renewable energy.

1. Solar photovoltaics (PV)
   Include solar cell development, PV-module development, PV-inverter development, building-integrated PV-modules, PV-system development, other.
2. Solar thermal-power and high-temperature applications
   Include solar chemistry, concentrating collector development, solar thermal power plants, high-temperature applications for heat and power.
3. Solar heating and cooling
   Include daylighting, passive and active solar heating and cooling, collector development, hot water preparation, combined-space heating, solar architecture, solar drying, solar-assisted ventilation, swimming pool heating, low-temperature process heating, other.
4. Wind energy
   Include technology development, such as blades, turbines, converters structures, system integration, other.
5. Bio-energy – Biomass production and transport
   Include improvement of energy crops, research on bio-energy production potential and associated land-use effects, supply and transport of bio-solids, bio-liquids, bio-gas and bio-derived energy products (e.g., ethanol, biodiesel), compacting and baling, other.
6. Bio-energy – Biomass conversion to transportation fuel
   Include conventional bio-fuels, cellulosic-derived alcohols, biomass gas-to-liquids, other energy-related products and by-products.
7. Bio-energy – Biomass conversion to heat and electricity
   Include bio-based heat, electricity and combined heat and power (CHP), exclude multi-firing with fossil fuels.
8. Other bio-energy
   Include recycling and the use of municipal, industrial and agricultural waste as energy not covered elsewhere.
9. Small-Hydro (less than 10 MW)
   Include plants with capacity below 10 MW.
10. Large-Hydro (greater than or equal to 10 MW)
    Include plants with capacity of 10 MW and above.
11. Other renewable energy
    Include hot dry rock, hydro-thermal, geothermal heat applications (including agriculture), tidal power, wave energy, ocean current power, ocean thermal power, other.

3. Nuclear fission and fusion

Materials exploration, mining and preparation, tailings management, nuclear reactors, other fission, fusion.

1. Nuclear materials exploration, mining and preparation, tailings management
   Include development of advanced exploration methods (geophysical, geochemical) for prospecting, ore surface and in-situ production, uranium and thorium extraction and conversion, enrichment, handling of tailings and remediation.
2. Nuclear reactors
   Include nuclear reactors of all types and related system components.
3. Other fission
   Include nuclear safety, environmental protection (emission reduction or avoidance), radiation protection and decommissioning of power plants and related nuclear fuel cycle installations, nuclear waste treatment, disposal and storage, fissile material recycling, fissile materials control, transport of radioactive materials.
4. Fusion
   Include all types (e.g., magnetic confinement, laser applications).

4. Electric Power

Generation in utility sector, combined heat and power in industry and in buildings, electricity transmission, distribution and storage of electricity.

1. Electric power generation in utility sector
   Include conventional and non-conventional technology (e.g., pulverised coal, fluidised bed, gasification-combined cycle, supercritical), re-powering, retrofitting, life extensions and upgrading of power plants, generators and components, super-conductivity, magneto hydrodynamic, dry cooling towers, co-firing (e.g., with biomass), air and thermal pollution reduction or avoidance, flue gas cleanup (excluding CO2 removal), CHP (combined heat and power) not covered elsewhere.
2. Electric power - combined heat and power in industry, buildings
   Include industrial applications, small scale applications for buildings.
3. Electricity transmission, distribution and storage
   Include solid state power electronics, load management and control systems, network problems, super-conducting cables, AC and DC high voltage cables, HVDC transmission, other transmission and distribution related to integrating distributed and intermittent generating sources into networks, all storage (e.g., batteries, hydro reservoirs, fly wheels), other.

5. Hydrogen and fuel cells

Hydrogen production for process applications, hydrogen production for transportation applications, hydrogen transport and storage, other hydrogen, fuel cells, both stationary and mobile.

1. Hydrogen production for process applications
2. Hydrogen production for transportation applications
3. Hydrogen transport and storage
4. Other hydrogen
   Include end uses (e.g., combustion), other infrastructure and systems R&D (refuelling stations).
5. Stationary fuel cells
   Include electricity generation, other stationary end-use.
6. Mobile fuel cells
   Include portable applications.

6. Energy efficiency

Industry, residential and commercial, transportation, other energy efficiency.

1. Energy efficiency applications for industry
   Include reduction of energy consumption through improved use of energy and/or reduction or avoidance of air and other emissions related to the use of energy in industrial systems and processes (excluding bio-energy-related) through the development of new techniques, new processes and new equipment, other.
2. Energy efficiency for residential, institutional and commercial sectors
   Include space heating and cooling, ventilation and lighting control systems other than solar technologies, low energy housing design and performance other than solar technologies, new insulation and building materials, thermal performance of buildings, domestic appliances, other.
3. Energy efficiency for transportation
   Includes analysis and optimisation of energy consumption in the transport sector, efficiency improvements in light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, non-road vehicles, public transport systems, engine-fuel optimisation, use of alternative fuels (liquid and gaseous, other than hydrogen), fuel additives, diesel engines, Stirling motors, electric cars, hybrid cars, includes air emission reduction, other.
4. Other energy efficiency
   Include waste heat utilisation (heat maps, process integration, total energy systems, low temperature thermodynamic cycles), district heating, heat pump development, reduction of energy consumption in the agricultural sector.

7. Other energy-related technologies

Carbon capture, transportation and storage for fossil fuel production and processing, electric power generation, industry in end-use sector, energy systems analysis, all other energy-related technologies.

1. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to fossil fuel production and processing
2. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to electric power production
3. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to industry in end-use sector
   Include industry in the end-use sector, such as steel production, manufacturing, etc. (i.e. exclude fossil fuel production and processing and electric power production).
4. Energy system analysis
   Include system analysis related to energy R&D not covered elsewhere, sociological, economical and environmental impact of energy which are not specifically related to one technology area listed in the sections above.
5. All other energy technologies
   Include energy technology information dissemination, studies not related to a specific technology area listed above.