Statistics 101: Exploring measures of dispersion

Catalogue number: 892000062020003

Release date: May 3, 2021 Updated: February 7, 2023

How do we describe data in just a few simple terms? Two really important features of a dataset are the location of the centre―or balance point―and the size of the spread.

Try thinking of it this way: if we were to hold the data in our hands, would they be densely concentrated in one spot like a golf ball, or all over the place like cotton candy? The balance point of data is called the central tendency. But, the size of region the data cover and how spread out it is―is called dispersion. In this video, we will explore the concept of dispersion. However, as a prerequisite to this video, we highly recommend first watching our video called "Statistics 101: Exploring measures of central tendency" as some concepts such as the mean will be discussed in this video.

Data journey step
Explore, clean, describe
Data competency
  • Data exploration
  • Data interpretation
Audience
Basic
Suggested prerequisites
Statistics 101: Exploring measures of central tendency
Length
12:07
Cost
Free

Watch the video

Statistics 101: Exploring measures of dispersion - Transcript

Statistics 101: Exploring measures of dispersion - Transcript

(The Statistics Canada symbol and Canada wordmark appear on screen with the title: "Statistics 101 Exploring measures of dispersion")

Statistics 101: Exploring measures of dispersion

How do we describe data in just a few simple terms? Two really important features of a dataset are the location of the center, or balance point, and the size of the spread. Try thinking of it this way: if we were to hold data in our hands, would they be densely concentrated in one spot like a golf ball, or all over the place like cotton candy? The balance point of data is called the central tendency. But, the size of the region the data covers and how spread out it is, is called dispersion. In this video, we will explore the concept of dispersion. However, as a prerequisite to this video, we highly recommend first watching our video called "Exploring Measures of Central Tendency" as some concepts such as the mean will be discussed in this video.

Learning goals

By the end of this video, you should have a basic understanding of such measures of dispersion as range, interquartile range and standard deviation. This video is intended for learners looking to gain a basic understanding of the concept of dispersion, also called variability, what it means and some key related concepts that are used to explore data.

Measures of dispersion

In statistics, dispersion is the extent to which a distribution is stretched or squeezed. Imagine you are expecting a package in the mail. Usually, the mail arrives anytime between 8 a.m. and 4 p.m., which means, if you want to be there when it arrives, your whole day may be spent at home waiting. But, if you know that the mail usually arrives between 8 and 10 a.m., you have a better indication when to expect it. Measures of dispersion also give an indication of how well the measures of central tendency, such as the mean, describe the distribution of values in the dataset. This is useful when using sample data to draw conclusions about behaviors and characteristics of the entire population. Measures of dispersion are also important because they help us make informed decisions about how to analyze the data and how much uncertainty it contains.

Steps of a data journey

(Text on screen: Supported by a foundation of stewardship, metadata, standards and quality)

(Diagram of the Steps of the data journey: Step 1 - define, find, gather; Step 2 - explore, clean, describe; Step 3 - analyze, model; Step 4 - tell the story. The data journey is supported by a foundation of stewardship, metadata, standards and quality.)

This diagram is a visual representation of the data journey from collecting the data to cleaning, exploring, describing and understanding the data, to analyzing the data and lastly, to communicating with others the story the data tell.

Step 2: Explore, clean and describe

(Diagram of the Steps of the data journey with an emphasis on Step 2 - explore, clean and describe)

Exploring measures of dispersion is part of the explore, clean and describe step in the data journey.

What does the spread of data look like?

(Graph representing the number of pizza deliveries as a function of delivery times in a bell shape Normal distribution)

Before we begin, let's take a quick look at some common ways that data are spread, that is, are clustered together or spread out. The distribution of data is often represented using scatter plots or histograms. Their shape show the spread of the dataset. Data can be represented graphically in a symmetrical, bell shape, as can be seen here, where most of the values are clustered in the middle between 20 and 40 minutes, as we see here in a graph of pizza delivery times, while some pizza deliveries take less time and others take longer. This is what is called a normal distribution, and we will talk more about that later.

(2 seperate graphs on the left and right representing a Normal distribution that is positively and negatively skewed, respectively)

If the data set is not symmetrical, but instead has more values located to the left or right of the graph, the symmetrical shape becomes skewed, which creates a longer tail on one side or another. A dataset is considered to be skewed in the direction of the longer tail. When data are positively skewed, there is a large number of values located on the left side or "low end" of the graph, causing a tail stretched out to the right. When data are negatively skewed, we see a larger number of values located in the high end of the graph and the tail stretched out toward the left hand or low section of the graph.

Measures of dispersion

(Flowchart presenting the three common measures of dispersion: Range, Interquartile range and Standard deviation)

Now back to our measures of dispersion. In order to determine the dispersion, three commonly used measures are the range, the interquartile range and the standard deviation. The next few slides look at each individually.

Range

The range of the difference between the largest and the smallest values in a dataset. It provides a quick and easy measure of the spread of these values. The range is best used with data that do not have extreme values. Like our package delivery. If we know the package will be delivered between sometime at 10 a.m. and noon, we feel safe making plans to do other things in the day. This kind of range is a very useful information. However, if we are told the package will arrive between 8 a.m. and 8 p.m., well, how useful is this information really? How confident would you feel stepping out to run a quick errand at any point in the day and not missing your delivery? Probably not very.

Knowing that the range is the distance between the largest value and the smallest value, we will now put that into the form of an equation. The range is simply the highest value minus the lowest value. In this example, the lowest value is 1, while the highest value is 7. Therefore, the range is 7 minus 1, which is 6. Here, the range is an appropriate measure because the data points are clustered together.

Example

(Table presenting the exam scores of students. the columns, from left to right, are titled: # | Student | Exam score. The first line to the last contains the following: 1 | John | 80%; 2 | Amy | 85%; 3 | Tony | 85%; 4 | Moe | 86%; 5 | Ali | 87%; 6 | Sofia | 88%; 7 | Jose | 90%; 8 | Maria | 90%; 9 | Hugo | 92%; 10 | Louise | 94%; 11 | Sylvain | 95%; 12 | Jade | 95%)

Let's look at an example. Here we have exam scores from a group of 12 students. The highest exam score is 95%. To determine the range, we subtract the lowest exam score, which is 80%. This makes the range 15% which is quite narrow. An advantage of using the range as a measure of dispersion is that it is easy to calculate.

(Table presenting the exam scores of students. the columns, from left to right, are titled: # | Student | Exam score. The first line to the last contains the following: 1 | John | 10%; 2 | Amy | 85%; 3 | Tony | 85%; 4 | Moe | 86%; 5 | Ali | 87%; 6 | Sofia | 88%; 7 | Jose | 90%; 8 | Maria | 90%; 9 | Hugo | 92%; 10 | Louise | 94%; 11 | Sylvain | 95%; 12 | Jade | 95%)

Now, let's look at a similar example, but with one major difference. Here, we have exam scores from the same group of 12 students. The highest exam score is again 95%. To determine the range, we subtract the lowest exam score, which is now 10%. This makes the range 85%. This is a very wide spread. Upon closer inspection, we see one student, John, did quite poorly on the exam, while everyone else did very well. This makes John's score an outlier because 11 out of the 12 students scored between 85% and 95%. His single score is the main cause of this wide spread. And, because the range is the comparison of the smallest to the largest values, we see here, how the range can be a misleading measure of dispersion when there are outliers in the data.

Interquartile range

Similar to the range is the interquartile range, the interquartile range is also the distance between the largest and the smallest value, but only amongst the middle 50 percent of the whole distribution. This makes it slightly more stable than the full range because it does not consider the bottom and top 25% of the data helping insulate against the impact of most outliers.

Well it's true that the interquartile range is slightly more stable than the full range, it is important to know that when using the interquartile range as a measure of dispersion you will lose detail about what is happening at the ends of your distribution.

How to find the interquartile range?

(Text: Dataset= 3, 1, 8, 5, 3, 6, 4, 8, 6, 7)

To find the interquartile range, first, you need to order the data from least to greatest. After placing the 10 numbers that make up the dataset on this slide in a list from smallest to largest, and using the knowledge you obtained in this video on measures of central tendency, you would find the median of the entire dataset, which is the midpoint when you order all observations from smallest to largest and in this case, because there is an even number of observations, we add the two middle numbers and divide by two, which is 5.5. By calculating the median, we are able to break the data into two halves. This allows us to move on to our next step.

Next, you would again calculate the median, but this time for both the upper and lower halves of the data, which would be 3 for the lower half and 7 for the upper half. Then, you subtract the lower median from the upper. The interquartile range is the difference between those two numbers, which in this case equals 4. It is important to note that this method works well for simple and short list of values. But for more complicated datasets, Q1 and Q3 can easily be obtained using software such as Excel.

Knowledge check

(Table presenting the time it takes for pizza to be delivered for each household. the columns, from left to right, are titled: Household | Minutes taken for pizza to be delivered. The first line to the last contains the following: 1 | 15; 2 | 20; 3 | 25; 4 | 30; 5 | 30; 6 | 35; 7 | 35; 8 | 40; 9 | 45; 10 | 50)

Your turn. Imagine you have ordered a pizza and they tell you it should take around 30 minutes to be delivered. Then imagine 9 other households have done the same thing. What in this case does around "30 minutes" really mean? Here we have a table showing exactly how long each of the ten households had to wait to receive their pizza. To test your knowledge so far. Pause the video and try to calculate the range of time, in minutes, each household should expect their pizza to arrive. Then, calculate the interquartile range. Pause the video now and restart once you are ready to check your answers. Did you get 35 for the range and 15 for the interquartile range? If so, good for you! Now we can move on to our next measure of dispersion: standard deviation.

Standard deviation

(Table presenting the exam scores of students. the columns, from left to right, are titled: # | Student | Exam score. The first line to the last contains the following: 1 | John | 80%; 2 | Amy | 85%; 3 | Tony | 85%; 4 | Moe | 86%; 5 | Ali | 87%; 6 | Sofia | 88%; 7 | Jose | 90%; 8 | Maria | 90%; 9 | Hugo | 92%; 10 | Louise | 94%; 11 | Sylvain | 95%; 12 | Jade | 95%)

So far, this video has explained how both the range and interquartile range can give you a good idea of the median or average value in a dataset. But they do not tell you how close the rest of the numbers in the dataset are to that median. This can be very important information to know. For example, going back to a class of students. When the teacher adds up everyone's score, she gets a total of 907. And when she divides that number by the number of scores, which is 12, she gets a mean score of 76%. 76% could be a good score, but is everyone performing at that level? In a class of 12, it is not that difficult to see that a few are struggling. But what about in a class of 200?

(2 seperate graphs on the left and right representing a bell shaped Normal distribution with a low and high standard deviation, respectively)

The standard deviation tells you how spread out measurements for a group of values are from the average or mean. It is a number which can be quickly and easily calculated using software such as Microsoft Excel and is considered the most robust of the three different measures of dispersion. Therefore, it is the measure used most often when doing statistical analysis. A low standard deviation means that most of the numbers are close to the mean. So when it comes to a teacher determining how well each of her students is performing, a low standard deviation would tell her that most of her students are performing at around the same level. A high standard deviation would tell her that not everyone is performing at around the same level. So, if the class average were high, a high standard deviation would mean that some students are still struggling.

(2 seperate graphs on the left and right representing a bell shaped Normal distribution with a low and high standard deviation with their means remaining at the center of the distribution, respectively)

But in situations where you just observe and record data, a high standard deviation isn't necessarily a bad thing, it just reflects a large amount of variability in the group that is being studied. For example, if you look at all salaries with any large company, including everyone from the co-op students to the CEO, the standard deviation may be very high. On the other hand, if you narrow the group down by looking only at the co-op students, the standard deviation is lower, because the individuals within this group have salaries that are more similar. The second dataset isn't better, it simply has less variability.

Standard deviation and the Normal distribution

The Normal distribution is one example of a distribution that could help you better understand the concept of standard deviation. In the context of data, a distribution is a mathematical model that mimics how the data points are distributed or dispersed. We often visualize the Normal distribution as a curve shaped like a hilltop or bell. It represents the presence of small and big data points on the left- and right- hand side of the curve, respectively. While most of the data points are somewhere in the center, where the summit is found. In the Normal distribution, the data points fall in a symmetrical pattern that looks like the curve you see on this slide, which is called a bell curve.

Normal distribution

The Normal distribution is symmetrical, which causes the mean, median and mode to be the same number. These are represented by the line down the center of the bell curve.

(Graph representing a Normal distribution with the mean = median = mode at the sommet of the distribution)

For the standard normal distribution, the dispersion measurement method we call standard deviation, or SD on the slide, has some pretty neat properties. It tells us where to expect the data points to be in the distribution. Sampling theory and the Normal distribution tell us that approximately 68% percent of the data values in the whole population will fall between the mean +/-1 standard deviation. Similarly, approximately 95% of the data values will fall within the mean +/- 2 times the standard deviation, and approximately 99.7% of the data values will fall within the mean +/- 3 times the standard deviation.

Recap of key points

Measures of dispersions provide a quantitative indication of the degree to which data values are spread out or clustered together. In this video, we looked at three common measures of dispersion: range, interquartile range and standard deviation. And we learned that sometimes data can be bell shaped, with most values clustered in the middle, which is often called a Normal distribution.

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Statistics 101: Correlation and causality

Catalogue number: 892000062021002

Release date: May 3, 2021 Updated: December 1, 2021

In this video, you will learn how to prove the existence of a relationship, or lack thereof, between two variables. This is a very important part of data analysis.

By the end of this video, you will learn the answers to the following questions:

  • What is correlation?
  • How can you measure, quantify, or interpret correlation when analyzing your data?
  • What is causality?
  • And finally, what are the differences between the two?
Data journey step
Analyze, model
Data competency
  • Data analysis
  • Data driven decision making
  • Data interpretation
  • Data visualisation
Audience
Basic
Suggested prerequisites
N/A
Length
17:27
Cost
Free

Watch the video

Statistics 101: Correlation and causality - Transcript

Statistics 101: Correlation and causality - Transcript

(The Statistics Canada symbol and Canada wordmark appear on screen with the title: "Statistics 101: Correlation and causality")

Statistics 101: Correlation and causality

This video is intended for viewers who wish to gain a basic understanding of correlation and causality. As a prerequisite, before beginning this video, we highly recommend having already completed our videos titled "What is Data" and "Types of Data".

Learning goals

By the end of this video, you will learn the answers to the following questions: What is correlation? How can you measure, quantify or interpret correlation when analyzing your data? What is causality? And finally, what are the differences between the two?

Steps of a data journey

(Diagram of the Steps of the data journey: Step 1 - define, find, gather; Step 2 - explore, clean, describe; Step 3 - analyze, model; Step 4 - tell the story. The data journey is supported by a foundation of stewardship, metadata, standards and quality.)

This diagram is a visual representation of the data journey, from collecting the data to cleaning, exploring, describing and understanding the data to analyzing the data, and lastly, to communicating with others the story the data tell.

Step 3 and 4: Analyze, model and tell the story

(Diagram of the Steps of the data journey with an emphasis on Step 3 - analyze, model and Step 4 - tell the story)

Correlation and causality fall under the final two steps of the data journey: analysis and modeling, and telling the story.

Patterns and relationships

(Image combining a hockey stick and a toilet that equals a Stanley Cup with a question mark)

Have you ever noticed the way the human mind really likes patterns? So much so in fact, that the mind will often create patterns. When two variables appear to be so closely associated, it can seem that one is dependent on the other. For example, Ottawa Senators hockey player Bruce Gardiner, was so superstitious, he was convinced the only way he could break the occasional slump in his performance was to dunk his hockey stick in a toilet bowl. Superstitions like this are a great example of how the brain likes to perceive relationships between two things, even when in reality, no such relationships exist. In this video, you will learn how to prove the existence of a relationship, or lack thereof, between two variables. This is a very important part of data analysis.

Correlation in data analysis

In the world of data, correlation refers to the existence of a relationship between two variables. Correlation plays a big part in data analysis. When studying a potential relationship between two variables, it is important to ask yourself the following questions: Does a relationship exist between the two variables? If so, is the relationship positive or negative? What is the strength of this relationship? Is it a strong correlation, a weak correlation, or somewhere in the middle? Correlation can exist between all types of variables, but in statistics, correlation can only be calculated for numeric variables.

What is correlation?

(Table containing data on the change in water temperature in a kettle over time)

Let's start by talking about correlation in everyday life. When we say two or more things are correlated, this means there is a mutual relationship between them. This relationship can be either positive or negative. In a positive correlation, the values of the two related items move in the same direction. Take a kettle full of water, for example: the longer the kettle is on, the hotter the temperature of the water inside the kettle will get. In a negative correlation, the values move in opposite directions. Meaning as one variable increases, the other decreases, and vice versa. For example, imagine you've taken a freshly brewed cup of tea outside on a winter day. The more time you spend outside, the colder your tea will become. In this case, as the time variable increases, the temperature decreases.

Visualizing our data

(Scatter plot visualizing data from the previous slide on water temperature in a kettle over time)

Using a scatterplot is an effective way to show the relationship between two different variables. Here, we used Microsoft Excel to plot the seven points in the table from the previous slide. You can do the same in many other spreadsheet applications. The number of seconds the water is in the kettle or plotted along the horizontal x-axis. And the water temperature is plotted along the vertical y-axis. We can clearly see here that, as the x value increases, so do the Y values. This verifies that we have a strong positive correlation.

(scatter plot visualizing the water temperature slide data in a kettle over time with a trend line intercepting the data)

This positive correlation is more clearly seen with the addition of a linear trend line. A trend line is a straight line we draw over the data which gets as close as possible to all of the data points. This can be automatically generated using your choice of software. As shown in the scatter plot, it provides an even clearer visualization, which allows us to see how strongly our variables are correlated. In this example, the line is very obviously trending upwards, which represents a positive correlation. If the line was trending downwards, it would represent a negative correlation.

Measuring correlation

For numeric variables, correlation is measured by a correlation coefficient. Where a scatter plot or trend line can help you visualize your data, a correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength of the linear relationship between two variables and is represented by "r". The value of r is always between a minimum of -1 and a maximum of 1. The correlation coefficient, or r, can be calculated easily in Excel by using the Pearson function. This function is available in multiple spreadsheets or statistical applications. Use the one you know and trust!

When r is equal to 1, we are saying that two variables have a perfectly positive relationship, meaning, the two variables always increase or decrease together. When r is equal to -1, the variables have a perfectly negative relationship. This would mean that one variable always increases while the other one decreases. Finally, when r is equal to zero, there is no linear relationship between the two variables.

Interpreting the correlation coefficient

(Table containing information on the interpretation of the value of the correlation coefficient. The columns, from left to right, are named as follows: Value of r | Correlation | Direction | Force. From the first to the last line: 1 | Yes | Positive | Perfect; 0.99 to 0.6 | Yes | Positive | Strong our very strong; 0.59 to 0.20 | Yes | Positive | Low to moderate; 0.19 to -0.19 | No | - | -; -0.2- to -0.59 | Yes | Negative | Low to moderate; -0.6- to -0.99 | Yes | Negative | Strong or very strong; -1 | Yes | Negative | Perfect)

The correlation coefficient, or r, provides information about the existence, direction and strength of a relationship between two variables. In reality, and r value is rarely equal to exactly -1 or 1. This table provides general guidelines about the strength of a relationship between two variables. If an r value is -0.6 or lower, we have a strong negative relationship. Likewise, if its value is 0.6 or higher, we have a strong positive relationship. If an r value is between -0.59 and -0.2, we have a weak negative relationship. Likewise, if its value is between 0.2 and 0.59, we have a weak, positive relationship. Finally, if the correlation coefficient is between -0.19 and 0.19, we do not have enough evidence to say that the two variables are correlated.

Example 1

(Table containing data on the change in water temperature in a kettle over time. the columns, from left to right, are named as follows: Time in the kettle (seconds) | Water temperature (Celsius). From the first line to the last: 30 sec | 20 C; 60 sec | 35 C; 90 sec | 50 C; 120 | 65 C; 150 | 80 C; 180 sec | 90 C; 210 sec | 100C;)

Let's go back to our example of water boiling in a kettle. This data table provides the temperature of water in a kettle at seven equally spaced moments in time. After the first 30 seconds, the water is at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. At the final moment, the water has reached its boiling point of 100 degrees Celsius. Using the value of r, we can prove there is a positive correlation between time and temperature through both the correlation coefficient and data visualization.

Calculating the correlation coefficient

(Table containing the same data as the previous slide)

(Scatter plot with a trend line viewing data from the same table)

(Text: Use Pearson function --> r-0.997)

As we mentioned earlier, the correlation coefficient, or r, can be calculated easily by using the Pearson function. The values in the first column represent the first variable: number of seconds spent in the kettle. The values in the second column represent the water temperature at each point in time. Here, we see that the r value turns out to be greater than 0.99. Remember, an r value of one would have indicated a perfect positive correlation. This means that our r value indicates a positive correlation that is close to perfect. In other words, for these two variables, there is a strong positive correlation between time and temperature, which is visible on the scatter plot and trend line.

Example 2

(Scatter plot representing the rate of Cybercrime per 100,000 population as a function of the Growth Rate (%) in 2017-2018. The trend line rises slightly)

In reality, the relationship between two values is unlikely to be as obvious as the link between the amount of time in a kettle and water temperature. Let's look at a real life example that compares population growth with cybercrime in 2018. What does the scatterplot tell us? First, on the X-axis we see that, as the population growth rate values increase, so do the cybercrime rate values on the Y axis. This implies that we should have a positive correlation. At the same time, we noticed that the data points are well spread out. It's hard to draw a straight line through these data points, while keeping each data point close to the line. This would lead us to believe that there is not a strong correlation. To be sure, we decide to use software to calculate our correlation coefficient and we see that r equals 0.3, this signifies a weak positive correlation. Therefore, after visualizing the data and determining the correlation coefficient, we can conclude that in 2018, there was a weak positive correlation between population growth and cybercrime.

Knowledge check

(Scatter plot representing where the data points appear to decrease in value depending on the X-axis)

Let's take a break to test your knowledge about correlation. Take a look at the scatter plot on the right hand side of the slide. What is it telling us? Is there A) positive correlation between these two variables? B) A negative correlation? Or C) no correlation at all? The answer is B! This scatterplot is visualizing a strong negative correlation between these two variables.

Next, imagine that you are analyzing three pairs of variables. The correlation coefficient for these three pairs are -0.8; 0.03 and 0.42. Which r value indicates the strongest relationship? The answer is a), r equals -0.8. This indicates a strong negative relationship. The weakest of these three options is b), r equals 0.03, which indicates no relationship between the variables.

Correlation =/= Causality

Now, let's move on to causality. In fact, if there is one key message you take away from this video, let it be this: Correlation and causality, though sometimes use incorrectly as interchangeable concepts, are anything but. So far, we've learned that the correlation coefficient tells us how strongly a pair of variables are linearly related and change together. However, it does NOT tell us the reason why or how. Causality does. Causality is when there is a real world explanation for WHY this is logically happening. You may have also heard this referred to as "cause and effect".

Causality

Causality is a relationship between two events, or variables, in which one event or process causes an effect on the other event or process. For example, research tells us that there is a positive correlation between ice cream sales and sunburns. Meaning, as ice cream sales increase, so do instances of sunburns. But this doesn't mean that buying an ice cream cone causes a sunburn now does it? Of course not. Causality adds real world context and meaning to the correlation.

(Series of images showing that ice cream sales and the number of sunburns are correlated but that each is caused by the sun)

Causality refers to a relationship between two events, or variables, which has a valid explanation. Unlike correlation, with causality, this valid explanation turns possibility into actuality. To say something causes an effect on another variable means the result of one event is directly influenced by the other. Either the cause precedes the effect, or the effect changes when the cause changes. For example, dry, hot and sunny weather will cause people to buy more ice cream than in cold weather. Dry, hot and sunny weather will also cause an increase in sunburns when compared to colder, rainy weather. This can make it appear that buying ice cream causes sunburns, but this is just not true. When it comes to hot, sunny weather, ice cream sales and sunburns, all three are correlated, but the only causal relationships in this scenario are between the weather and ice cream sales and the weather and sunburnt people.

Beware the confirmation bias!

Similar to how the human mind loves to see patterns, it also tends to more easily accept evidence that agrees with existing beliefs, rather than that which refutes them. This is called confirmation bias. So, when analyzing your data, it is very important to scrutinize conclusions you like just as rigorously as ones you don't, in order to avoid claiming a causal relationship exists between two things when in fact, it does not.

How to determine a causal relationship

There isn't an easy statistical test to test for causal relationship, statistical confirmation of causality typically requires advanced modeling techniques. However, when trying to establish whether causality is present, typically, if the following 4 criteria are met, the greater the chance of causality between your two variables. First, just as with correlation, the two variables must vary together, meaning, a positive or negative correlation coefficient has been shown to exist. Next, that relationship must be plausible. And really, what this is saying is that the relationship needs to make sense. Third, the cause must precede the effect in time. Meaning, the cause must take place first, in order for the effect to occur. And finally, the relationship must not be due to a third variable. A relationship that appears to be between two variables but could also be explained by third is also referred to as spurious relationship. We previously saw this in our example referring to increased ice cream sales being correlated with increased instances of sunburns, but really, both increases were the effect of a third variable, the sun.

Knowledge check: Is this relationship causal?

(Scatter plot representing the hours before the person eats again based on the weight of the cake consumed (kg). The trend line is rising)

Now let's take a look at the scatter plot and try to determine whether or not there is a causal relationship between the amount of cake a person eats and how how full they feel, which we measure by the amount of time that passes before the person eats again. In this example, we will assume that all respondents are similar except for the amount of cake they have consumed. Think about the four criteria we just went through: do the two variables vary together? Is the relationship plausible? Does the cause precede the effect in time? And is the relationship due to a third variable?

(Text: Yes - r = 0.918; Yes - digestion processes; Yes - cake is eaten first; Not likely - if controlled for other food eaten)

After addressing the four criteria we established to help determine whether the relationship is causal, we have determined that first, the variables do indeed vary together. Yes, there is a plausible relationship. Yes, the cake is eaten first and that's what causes the effect of fullness. And, in this instance, it is unlikely that the feeling of fullness has been caused by third variable, since we have controlled for all non-cake-based foods.

The importance of knowing the difference

(Scatter plot representing the Grade Point Average (GPA) as a function of the years of music lesson. The trend line appears to be rising)

A common problem occurs when two correlated trends are presented as one phenomenon causing the other. For example, this scatter plot shows a relationship between taking music lessons and achieving a high grade point average, or GPA. The graph seems to indicate that there is a correlation between the years of music lessons and average GPA. But do music lessons directly impact or cause an increase in GPA? Social research shows these high performing students are also more likely to have grown up in an environment with large emphasis on education and the resources needed to succeed academically. It is therefore possible that these students would have higher academic achievements with or without music lessons, and that their socio-economic status would actually explain the relationship. So while music lessons and academic achievements are correlated, there are other factors that should prevent us from establishing causality.

Recap of key points

Here is a review of the key points we've covered in this video. First, correlation refers to the relationship between two variables. It is important to look for the existence, direction, and strength of the relationship. Then, we learned how to assess the strength and direction of a correlation by calculating the correlation coefficient, r. Data visualization also provides us with a quick way to identify correlations. Next, we explained how causality refers to a relationship between two events or variables, which has a valid explanation. And finally, it is important to remember that correlation does not always imply causation. Even if two variables are strongly correlated, it could just be a coincidence.

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Integrated Business Statistics Program (IBSP)

Reporting Guide

This guide is designed to assist you as you complete the 2020 Annual Survey of Research and Development in Canadian Industry. If you need more information, please call the Statistics Canada Help Line at the number below.

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NOTE:

  1. If this business performs in-house research and development (R&D) and outsources R&D, complete all questions.
  2. If this business performs in-house R&D and does not outsource R&D, complete questions 1-5, 8-21.
  3. If this business outsources R&D and does not perform in-house R&D, complete questions 1-3, 5-7, 12 & 16-21.
  4. If this business does not perform in-house R&D and does not outsource R&D, complete questions 1-3, 5, 12, 16, 17 & 19-21.

Difference between Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) tax incentive program and this survey

Include the following expenditures in this survey:

  • capital R&D expenditures
  • R&D expenditures in the social sciences and humanities
  • payments for R&D performed by other organizations outside Canada.

For this survey

'In-house R&D' refers to

Expenditures within Canada for R&D performed within this business by:

  • employees (permanent, temporary or casual)
  • self-employed individuals or contractors who are working on-site on this business's R&D projects.

'Outsourced R&D' refers to

Payments made within or outside Canada to other businesses, organizations or individuals to fund R&D performance:

  • grants
  • fellowships
  • contracts.

Reporting period information

Here are some examples of fiscal periods that fall within the targeted dates:

  • May 1, 2019 to April 30, 2020
  • July 1, 2019 to June 30, 2020
  • October 1, 2018 to September 30, 2020
  • January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020
  • February 1, 2020 to January 31, 2021
  • April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021

Here are other examples of fiscal periods that fall within the targeted dates:

  • September 18, 2019 to September 15, 2020 (e.g., floating year-end)
  • June 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 (e.g., a newly opened business)

Definitions and Concepts

Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge.

R&D is performed in the natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities. There are three types of R&D activities: basic research, applied research and experimental development.

Activities included and excluded from R&D

Inclusions

Prototypes

Include design, construction and operation of prototypes, provided that the primary objective is to make further improvements or to undertake technical testing. Exclude if the prototype is for commercial purposes.

Pilot plants

Include construction and operation of pilot plants, provided that the primary objective is to make further improvements or to undertake technical testing. Exclude if the pilot plant is intended to be operated for commercial purposes.

New computer software or significant improvements/modifications to existing computer software

Includes technological or scientific advances in theoretical computer sciences; operating systems e.g., improvement in interface management, developing new operating system or converting an existing operating system to a significantly different hardware environment, programming languages, and applications if a significant technological change occurs.

Contracts

Include all contracts which require R&D. For contracts which include other work, report only the R&D costs.

Research work in the social sciences

Include if projects are employing new or significantly different modelling techniques or developing new formulae, analyzing data not previously available or applying new research techniques, development of community strategies for disease prevention, or health education.

Exclude:

  • routine analytical projects using standard techniques and existing data
  • routine market research
  • routine statistical analysis intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Exclusions

Routine analysis in the social sciences including policy-related studies, management studies and efficiency studies

Exclude analytical projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies, principles and models of the related social sciences to bear on a particular problem (e.g., commentary on the probable economic effects of a change in the tax structure, using existing economic data; use of standard techniques in applied psychology to select and classify industrial and military personnel, students, etc., and to test children with reading or other disabilities).

Consumer surveys, advertising, market research

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for commercialization of the results of R&D.

Routine quality control and testing

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies not intended to create new knowledge, even if carried out by personnel normally engaged in R&D.

Pre-production activities such as demonstration of commercial viability, tooling up, trial production, and trouble shooting

Although R&D may be required as a result of these steps, these activities are excluded.

Prospecting, exploratory drilling, development of mines, oil or gas wells

Include only if for R&D projects concerned with new equipment or techniques in these activities, such as in-situ and tertiary recovery research.

Engineering

Exclude engineering unless it is in direct support of R&D.

Design and drawing

Exclude design and drawing unless it is in direct support of R&D.

Patent and license work

Exclude all administrative and legal work connected with patents and licenses.

Cosmetic modifications or style changes to existing products

Exclude if no significant technical improvement or modification to the existing products has occurred.

General purpose or routine data collection

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Routine computer programming, systems maintenance or software application

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended to support on-going operations.

Routine mathematical or statistical analysis or operations analysis

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Activities associated with standards compliance

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended to support standards compliance.

Specialized routine medical care such as routine pathology services

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

In-house R&D expenditures within Canada (Q4 - Q7)

In-house R&D expenditures are composed of current in-house R&D expenditures and capital in-house R&D expenditures.

Current in-house R&D expenditures

Include:

  • wages, salaries, benefits and fringe benefits, materials and supplies
  • services to support R&D, including on-site R&D consultants and contactors
  • necessary background literature
  • minor scientific equipment
  • associated administrative overhead costs.

a. Wages, salaries of permanent, temporary and casual R&D employees

Include benefits and fringe benefits of employees engaged in R&D activities. Benefits and fringe benefits include bonus payments, holiday or vacation pay, pension fund contributions, other social security payments, payroll taxes, etc.

b. Services to support R&D

Include:

  • payments to on-site R&D consultants and contractors working under the direct control of your business
  • other services including indirect services purchased to support in-house R&D such as security, storage, repair, maintenance and use of buildings and equipment
  • computer services, software licensing fees and dissemination of R&D findings.

c. R&D materials

Include:

  • water, fuel, gas and electricity
  • materials for creation of prototypes
  • reference materials (books, journals, etc.)
  • subscriptions to libraries and data bases, memberships to scientific societies, etc.
  • cost of outsourced (contracted out or granted) small R&D prototypes or R&D models
  • materials for laboratories (chemicals, animals, etc.)
  • all other R&D-related materials.

d. All other current R&D costs including overhead

Include administrative and overhead costs (e.g., office, post and telecommunications, internet, insurance), prorated if necessary to allow for non-R&D activities within the business.

Exclude:

  • interest charges
  • value-added taxes (goods and services tax (GST) or harmonized sales tax (HST)).

Capital in-house R&D expenditures

Capital in-house R&D expenditures are the annual gross amount paid for the acquisition of fixed assets that are used repeatedly, or continuously in the performance of R&D for more than one year. Report capital in-house R&D expenditures in full for the period when they occurred.

Include costs for software, land, buildings and structures, equipment, machinery and other capital costs.

Exclude capital depreciation.

e. Software

Include applications and systems software (original, customized and off-the-shelf software), supporting documentation and other software-related acquisitions.

f. Land acquired for R&D including testing grounds, sites for laboratories and pilot plants.

g. Buildings and structures that are constructed or purchased for R&D activities or that have undergone major improvements, modifications, renovations and repairs for R&D activities.

h. Equipment, machinery and all other capital

Include major equipment, machinery and instruments, including embedded software, acquired for R&D activities.

Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D expenditures (Q8 - Q11)

Include payments made through contracts, grants donations and fellowships to another company, organization or individual to purchase or fund R&D activities.

Exclude expenditures for on-site R&D contractors.

  1. Parent and subsidiary companies are companies connected to each other through majority ownership of the subsidiary company by the parent company. Affiliated companies are companies connected to a parent through minority ownership of the affiliated companies by the parent.
  2. Companies include all incorporated for-profit businesses and government business enterprises providing products in the market at market rates.
  3. Private non-profit organizations include voluntary health organizations, private philanthropic foundations, associations and societies and research institutes. They are not-for-profit organizations that serve the public interest by supporting activities related to public welfare (such as health, education, the environment).
  4. Industrial research institutes or associations include all non-profit organizations that serve the business sector, with industrial associations frequently consisting of their membership.
  5. Federal government includes all federal government departments and agencies. It excludes federal government business enterprises providing products in the market.
  6. Provincial or territorial governments include all provincial or territorial government ministries, departments and agencies. It excludes provincial or territorial government business enterprises providing products in the market.
  7. Provincial or territorial research organizations are organizations created under provincial or territorial law which conduct or facilitate research on behalf of the province or territory.
  8. Other organizations – individuals, non-university educational institutions, foreign governments including ministries, departments and agencies of foreign governments.

Sources of funds for in-house R&D expenditures in 2020 (Q16)

Include Canadian and foreign sources.

Exclude:

  • payments for outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D, which should be reported in question 9
  • capital depreciation.
  1. Funds from this business

    Amount contributed by this business to R&D performed within Canada (include amounts eligible for income tax purposes, e.g., Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) program, other amounts spent for projects not claimed through SR&ED, and funds for land, buildings, machinery and equipment (capital expenditures) purchased for R&D).

  2. Funds from parent, affiliated and subsidiary companies

    Amount received from parent, affiliated and subsidiary companies used to perform R&D within Canada (include amounts eligible for income tax purposes, e.g., Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) program, other amounts spent for projects not claimed through SR&ED, and funds for land, buildings, machinery and equipment (capital expenditures) purchased for R&D).

  3. Federal government grants or funding

    Funds received from the federal government in support of R&D activities not connected to a specific contractual deliverable.

  4. Federal government contracts

    Funds received from the federal government in support of R&D activities connected to a specific contractual deliverable.

  5. R&D contract work for other companies

    Funds received from other companies to perform R&D on their behalf.

  6. Provincial or territorial government grants or funding

    Funds received from the provincial or territorial government in support of R&D activities not connected to a specific contractual deliverable.

  7. Provincial or territorial government contracts

    Funds received from the provincial or territorial government in support of R&D activities connected to a specific contractual deliverable.

  8. R&D contract work for private non-profit organizations

    Funds received from non-profit organizations to perform R&D on their behalf.

  9. Other sources

    Funds received from all other sources not previously classified.

Fields of R&D for in-house R&D expenditures within Canada in 2020 (Q18)

Exclude:

  • payments for outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D, which should be reported in question 9
  • capital depreciation.

Natural and formal sciences

Mathematics, physical sciences, chemical sciences, earth and related environmental sciences, biological sciences, other natural sciences.

Exclude computer sciences, information sciences and bioinformatics (to be reported at lines s. and t.)

  1. Mathematics: pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics and probability.
  2. Physical sciences: atomic, molecular and chemical physics, interaction with radiation, magnetic resonances, condensed matter physics, solid state physics and superconductivity, particles and fields physics, nuclear physics, fluids and plasma physics (including surface physics), optics (including laser optics and quantum optics), acoustics, astronomy (including astrophysics, space science).
  3. Chemical sciences: organic chemistry, inorganic and nuclear chemistry, physical chemistry, polymer science and plastics, electrochemistry (dry cells, batteries, fuel cells, metal corrosion, electrolysis), colloid chemistry, analytical chemistry.
  4. Earth and related environmental sciences: geosciences, geophysics, mineralogy and palaeontology, geochemistry and geophysics, physical geography, geology and volcanology, environmental sciences, meteorology, atmospheric sciences and climatic research, oceanography, hydrology and water resources.
  5. Biological sciences: cell biology, microbiology and virology, biochemistry, molecular biology and biochemical research, mycology, biophysics, genetics and heredity (medical genetics under medical biotechnology), reproductive biology (medical aspects under medical biotechnology), developmental biology, plant sciences and botany, zoology, ornithology, entomology and behavioural sciences biology, marine biology, freshwater biology and limnology,  ecology and biodiversity conservation, biology (theoretical, thermal, cryobiology, biological rhythm), evolutionary biology.
  6. Other natural sciences: other natural sciences.

Engineering and Technology

Civil engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering and communications technology, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, materials engineering, medical engineering, environmental engineering, environmental biotechnology, industrial biotechnology, nanotechnology, other engineering and technologies.

Exclude software engineering and technology (to be reported at line r).

  1. Civil engineering: civil engineering, architecture engineering, municipal and structural engineering, transport engineering.
  2. Electrical engineering, electronic engineering and communications technology: electrical and electronic engineering, robotics and automatic control, micro-electronics, semiconductors, automation and control systems, communication engineering and systems, telecommunications, computer hardware and architecture.
  3. Mechanical engineering: mechanical engineering, applied mechanics, thermodynamics, aerospace engineering, nuclear-related engineering (nuclear physics under Physical sciences), acoustical engineering, reliability analysis and non-destructive testing, automotive and transportation engineering and manufacturing, tooling, machinery and equipment engineering and manufacturing, heating, ventilation and air conditioning engineering and manufacturing.
  4. Chemical engineering: chemical engineering (plants, products), chemical process engineering.
  5. Materials engineering: materials engineering and metallurgy, ceramics, coating and films (including packaging and printing), plastics, rubber and composites (including laminates and reinforced plastics), paper and wood and textiles, construction materials (organic and inorganic).
  6. Medical engineering: medical and biomedical engineering, medical laboratory technology (excluding biomaterials, which should be reported under Industrial biotechnology).
  7. Environmental engineering: environmental and geological engineering, petroleum engineering (fuel, oils), energy and fuels, remote sensing, mining and mineral processing, marine engineering, sea vessels and ocean engineering.
  8. Environmental biotechnology: environmental biotechnology, bioremediation, diagnostic biotechnologies in environmental management (DNA chips and bio-sensing devices).
  9. Industrial biotechnology: industrial biotechnology, bioprocessing technologies, biocatalysis and fermentation bioproducts (products that are manufactured using biological material as feedstock), biomaterials (bioplastics, biofuels, bioderived bulk and fine chemicals, bio-derived materials).
  10. Nanotechnology: nano-materials (production and properties), nano-processes (applications on nano-scale).
  11. Other engineering and technologies: food and beverages, oenology, other engineering and technologies.

Software-related sciences and technology

Software engineering and technology, computer sciences, information technology and bioinformatics.

  1. Software engineering and technology: computer software engineering, computer software technology, and other related computer software engineering and technologies.
  2. Computer sciences: computer science, artificial intelligence, cryptography, and other related computer sciences.
  3. Information technology and bioinformatics: information technology, informatics, bioinformatics, biomathematics, and other related information technologies.

Medical and health sciences

Basic medicine, clinical medicine, health sciences, medical biotechnology, other medical sciences.

  1. Basic medicine: anatomy and morphology (plant science under Biological science), human genetics, immunology, neurosciences, pharmacology and pharmacy and medicinal chemistry, toxicology, physiology and cytology, pathology.
  2. Clinical medicine: andrology, obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, cardiac and cardiovascular systems, haematology, anaesthesiology, orthopaedics, radiology and nuclear medicine, dentistry, oral surgery and medicine, dermatology, venereal diseases and allergy, rheumatology, endocrinology and metabolism and gastroenterology, urology and nephrology, and oncology.
  3. Health sciences: health care sciences and nursing, nutrition and dietetics, parasitology, infectious diseases and epidemiology, occupational health.
  4. Medical biotechnology: health-related biotechnology, technologies involving the manipulation of cells, tissues, organs or the whole organism, technologies involving identifying the functioning of DNA, proteins and enzymes, pharmacogenomics, gene-based therapeutics, biomaterials (related to medical implants, devices, sensors).
  5. Other medical sciences: forensic science, other medical sciences.

Agricultural Sciences

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sciences, animal and dairy sciences, veterinary sciences, agricultural biotechnology, other agricultural sciences.

  1. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sciences: agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, soil science, horticulture, viticulture, agronomy, plant breeding and plant protection.
  2. Animal and dairy sciences: animal and dairy science, animal husbandry.
  3. Veterinary sciences: veterinary science (all).
  4. Agricultural biotechnology: agricultural biotechnology and food biotechnology, genetically modified (GM) organism technology and livestock cloning, diagnostics (DNA chips and biosensing devices), biomass feedstock production technologies and biopharming.
  5. Other agricultural sciences: other agricultural sciences.

Social sciences and humanities

Psychology, educational sciences, economics and business, other social sciences, humanities.

  1. Psychology: cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics, experimental psychology, psychometrics and quantitative psychology, and other fields of psychology.
  2. Educational sciences: education, training and other related educational sciences.
  3. Economics and business: micro-economics, macro-economics, econometrics, labour economics, financial economics, business economics, entrepreneurial and business administration, management and operations, management sciences, finance and all other related fields of economics and business.
  4. Other social sciences: anthropology (social and cultural) and ethnology, demography, geography (human, economic and social), planning (town, city and country), management, organization and methods (excluding market research unless new methods/techniques are developed), law, linguistics, political sciences, sociology, miscellaneous social sciences and interdisciplinary, and methodological and historical science and technology activities relating to subjects in this group.
  5. Humanities: history (history, prehistory and history, together with auxiliary historical disciplines such as archaeology, numismatics, palaeography, genealogy, etc.), languages and literature (ancient and modern), other humanities (philosophy (including the history of science and technology)), arts (history of art, art criticism, painting, sculpture, musicology, dramatic art excluding artistic "research" of any kind), religion, theology, other fields and subjects pertaining to the humanities, and methodological, historical and other science and technology activities relating to the subjects in this group.

In-house R&D personnel in 2020 (Q70 - Q72)

Include:

  • permanent, temporary and casual R&D employees
  • independent on-site R&D consultants and contractors working in your business's offices, laboratories, or other facilities
  • employees engaged in R&D-related support activities.

Researchers and research managers are composed of:

  1. Scientists, social scientists, engineers and researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods. They may be certified by provincial or territorial educational authorities, provincial, territorial or national scientific or engineering associations.
  2. Senior research managers plan or manage R&D projects and programs. They may be certified by provincial or territorial educational authorities, provincial, territorial or national scientific or engineering associations.

R&D technical, administrative and support staff are composed of:

  1. Technicians and technologists and research assistants are persons whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in one or more fields of engineering, the physical and life sciences, or the social sciences, humanities and the arts. They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts, operational methods and the use of research equipment, normally under the supervision of researchers. They may be certified by provincial or territorial educational authorities, provincial, territorial or national scientific or engineering associations.
  2. Other R&D technical, administrative support staff include skilled and unskilled craftsmen, and administrative, secretarial and clerical staff participating in R&D projects or directly associated with such projects.

On-site R&D consultants and contractors are individuals hired 1) to perform project-based work or to provide goods at a fixed or ascertained price or within a certain time or 2) to provide advice or services in a specialized field for a fee and, in both cases, work at the location specified and controlled by the contracting company or organization.

Full-time equivalent (FTE)

R&D may be carried out by persons who work solely on R&D projects or by persons who devote only part of their time to R&D, and the balance to other activities such as testing, quality control and production engineering. To arrive at the total effort devoted to R&D in terms of personnel, it is necessary to estimate the full-time equivalent of these persons working only part-time in R&D.

Full-time equivalent (FTE) = Number of persons who work solely on R&D projects + the time of persons working only part of their time on R&D.

Example calculation: If out of four scientists engaged in R&D work, one works solely on R&D projects and the remaining three devote only one quarter of their working time to R&D, then: FTE = 1 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 1.75 scientists.

Technology and technical assistant payments in 2020 (Q73 - Q75)

Definitions (equivalent to the Canadian Intellectual Property Office: Canadian Intellectual Property Office)

  1. Patent

    Government grant giving the right to exclude others from making, using or selling an invention.

  2. Copyright

    Legal protection for literary, artistic, dramatic or musical works, computer programs, performer's performances, sound recordings, and communication signals.

  3. Trademark

    A word, symbol or design, or combination of these, used to distinguish goods or services of one person or organization from those of others in the marketplace.

  4. Industrial design

    Legal protection against imitation of the shape, pattern, or ornamentation of an object.

  5. Integrated circuit topography

    Three-dimensional configurations of the elements and interconnections embodied in an integrated circuit product.

  6. Original software

    Computer programs and descriptive materials for both systems and applications. Original software can be created in-house or outsourced and includes packaged software with customization.

  7. Packaged or off-the-shelf software

    Packaged software purchased for organizational use and excludes software with customization.

  8. Databases

    Data files organized to permit effective access and use of the data.

  9. Other

    Technical assistance, industrial processes and know-how.

Energy-related R&D by area of technology (Q22 - Q69)

Fossil Fuels

Crude oils and natural gas exploration, crude oils and natural gas production, oil sands and heavy crude oils surface and sub-surface production and separation of the bitumen, tailings management, refining, processing and upgrading, coal production, separation and processing, transportation of fossil fuels.

  1. Crude oils and natural gas exploration

    Include development of advanced exploration methods (geophysical, geochemical, seismic, magnetic) for on-shore and off-shore prospecting.

  2. Crude oil and natural gas production and storage, include enhanced recovery natural gas production

    Include on-shore and off-shore deep drilling equipment and techniques for conventional oil and gas, secondary and tertiary recovery of oil and gas, hydro fracturing techniques, processing and cleaning of raw product, storage on remote platforms (e.g., Arctic, off-shore), safety aspects of offshore platforms.

  3. Oil sands and heavy crude oils surface and sub-surface production and separation of the bitumen, tailings management

    Include surface and in-situ production (e.g., SAGD), tailings management.

  4. Refining, processing and upgrading of fossil fuels

    Include processing of natural gas to pipeline specifications, and refining of conventional crude oils to refined petroleum products (RPPs), and the upgrading of bitumen and heavy oils either to synthetic crude oil or to RPPs. Upgrading may be done at an oil sands plant, regional merchant upgraders or integrated into a refinery producing RPPs.

  5. Coal production, separation and processing

    Include coal, lignite and peat exploration, deposit evaluation techniques, mining techniques, separation techniques, coking and blending, other processing such as coal to liquids, underground (in-situ) gasification.

  6. Transportation of fossil fuels

    Include transport of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons via pipelines (land and submarine) and their network evaluation, safety aspects of LNG transport and storage.

Renewable energy resources

Solar photovoltaics (PV), solar thermal-power and high-temperature applications, solar heating and cooling, wind energy, bio-energy – biomass production, bio-energy – biomass conversion to fuels, bio-energy – biomass conversion to heat and electricity, other bio-energy, small hydro (less than 10 MW), large hydro (greater than or equal to 10 MW), other renewable energy.

  1. Solar photovoltaics (PV)

    Include solar cell development, PV-module development, PV-inverter development, building-integrated PV-modules, PV-system development, other.

  2. Solar thermal-power and high-temperature applications

    Include solar chemistry, concentrating collector development, solar thermal power plants, high-temperature applications for heat and power.

  3. Solar heating and cooling

    Include daylighting, passive and active solar heating and cooling, collector development, hot water preparation, combined-space heating, solar architecture, solar drying, solar-assisted ventilation, swimming pool heating, low-temperature process heating, other.

  4. Wind energy

    Include technology development, such as blades, turbines, converters structures, system integration, other.

  5. Bio-energy – Biomass production and transport

    Include improvement of energy crops, research on bio-energy production potential and associated land-use effects, supply and transport of bio-solids, bio-liquids, biogas and bio-derived energy products (e.g., ethanol, biodiesel), compacting and baling, other.

  6. Bio-energy – Biomass conversion to transportation fuel

    Include conventional bio-fuels, cellulosic-derived alcohols, biomass gas-to-liquids, other energy-related products and by-products.

  7. Bio-energy – Biomass conversion to heat and electricity

    Include bio-based heat, electricity and combined heat and power (CHP), exclude multi-firing with fossil fuels.

  8. Other bio-energy

    Include recycling and the use of municipal, industrial and agricultural waste as energy not covered elsewhere.

  9. Small hydro – (less than 10 MW)

    Include plants with capacity below 10 MW.

  10. Large hydro – (greater than or equal to 10 MW)

    Include plants with capacity of 10 MW and above.

  11. Other renewable energy

    Include hot dry rock, hydro-thermal, geothermal heat applications (including agriculture), tidal power, wave energy, ocean current power, ocean thermal power, other.

Nuclear fission and fusion

Materials exploration, mining and preparation, tailings management, nuclear reactors, other fission, fusion.

  1. Nuclear materials exploration, mining and preparation, tailings management

    Include development of advanced exploration methods (geophysical, geochemical) for prospecting, ore surface and in-situ production, uranium and thorium extraction and conversion, enrichment, handling of tailings and remediation.

  2. Nuclear reactors

    Include nuclear reactors of all types and related system components.

  3. Other fission

    Include nuclear safety, environmental protection (emission reduction or avoidance), radiation protection and decommissioning of power plants and related nuclear fuel cycle installations, nuclear waste treatment, disposal and storage, fissile material recycling, fissile materials control, transport of radioactive materials.

  4. Fusion

    Include all types (e.g., magnetic confinement, laser applications).

Electric Power

Generation in utility sector, combined heat and power in industry and in buildings, electricity transmission, distribution and storage of electricity.

  1. Electric power generation in utility sector

    Include conventional and non-conventional technology (e.g., pulverised coal, fluidised bed, gasification-combined cycle, supercritical), re-powering, retrofitting, life extensions and upgrading of power plants, generators and components, super-conductivity, magneto hydrodynamic, dry cooling towers, co-firing (e.g., with biomass), air and thermal pollution reduction or avoidance, flue gas cleanup (excluding CO2 removal), CHP (combined heat and power) not covered elsewhere.

  2. Electric power - combined heat and power in industry, buildings

    Include industrial applications, small scale applications for buildings.

  3. Electricity transmission, distribution and storage

    Include solid state power electronics, load management and control systems, network problems, super-conducting cables, AC and DC high voltage cables, HVDC transmission, other transmission and distribution related to integrating distributed and intermittent generating sources into networks, all storage (e.g., batteries, hydro reservoirs, fly wheels), other.

Hydrogen and fuel cells

Hydrogen production for process applications, hydrogen production for transportation applications, hydrogen transport and storage, other hydrogen, fuel cells, both stationary and mobile.

  1. Hydrogen production for process applications
  2. Hydrogen production for transportation applications
  3. Hydrogen transport and storage
  4. Other hydrogen

    Include end uses (e.g., combustion), other infrastructure and systems R&D (refuelling stations).

  5. Stationary fuel cells

    Include electricity generation, other stationary end-use.

  6. Mobile fuel cells

    Include portable applications.

Energy efficiency

Industry, residential and commercial, transportation, other energy efficiency.

  1. Energy efficiency applications for industry

    Include reduction of energy consumption through improved use of energy and/or reduction or avoidance of air and other emissions related to the use of energy in industrial systems and processes (excluding bio-energy-related) through the development of new techniques, new processes and new equipment, other.

  2. Energy efficiency for residential, institutional and commercial sectors

    Include space heating and cooling, ventilation and lighting control systems other than solar technologies, low energy housing design and performance other than solar technologies, new insulation and building materials, thermal performance of buildings, domestic appliances, other.

  3. Energy efficiency for transportation

    Includes analysis and optimisation of energy consumption in the transport sector, efficiency improvements in light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, non-road vehicles, public transport systems, engine-fuel optimisation, use of alternative fuels (liquid and gaseous, other than hydrogen), fuel additives, diesel engines, Stirling motors, electric cars, hybrid cars, air emission reduction, other.

  4. Other energy efficiency

    Include waste heat utilisation (heat maps, process integration, total energy systems, low temperature thermodynamic cycles), district heating, heat pump development, reduction of energy consumption in the agricultural sector.

Other energy-related technologies

Carbon capture, transportation and storage for fossil fuel production and processing, electric power generation, industry in end-use sector, energy systems analysis, all other energy-related technologies.

  1. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to fossil fuel production and processing
  2. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to electric power production
  3. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to industry in end-use sector

    Include industry in the end-use sector, such as steel production, manufacturing, etc. (exclude fossil fuel production and processing and electric power production).

  4. Energy system analysis

    Include system analysis related to energy R&D not covered elsewhere, sociological, economical and environmental impact of energy which are not specifically related to one technology area listed in the sections above.

  5. All other energy technologies

    Include energy technology information dissemination, studies not related to a specific technology area listed above.

Environmental and clean technology products in 2020

Air pollution management

Activities aimed at reducing the emissions of pollutants (including greenhouse gases) to the atmosphere. Include pollution abatement and control (e.g., end-of-pipe processes) and pollution prevention (e.g., integrated processes), as well as related measurement, control, laboratories and the like.

Solid waste management

Activities related to the collection, treatment, storage, disposal, and recycling of all domestic, industrial, non-hazardous and hazardous waste (including low-level radioactive waste). Include monitoring activities. Exclude radioactive waste and mine tailings handling and treatment (to be reported under Protection against radiation and Wastewater management, respectively).

Wastewater management

Activities aimed at pollution reduction or prevention through the abatement of pollutants or the reduction of the release of wastewater. Include measures aimed at reducing pollutants before discharge, reducing the release of wastewater, septic tanks, treatment of cooling water, handling and treatment of mine tailings, etc.

Protection and remediation of soil, groundwater and surface water

Activities aimed at the prevention of pollution infiltration: remediation or cleaning up of soils and water bodies; protection of soil from erosion, salinization and physical degradation; monitoring, control, laboratories and the like. Exclude management of wastewater released to surface waters, municipal sewer systems or soil, or injected underground (to be reported under Wastewater management) and protection of biodiversity and habitat (to be reported under Protection of biodiversity and habitat).

Protection of biodiversity and habitat

Activities related to protecting wildlife and habitat from the effects of economic activity, and to restoring wildlife or habitat that has been adversely affected by such activity. Include related environmental measurements, monitoring, control, laboratories and the like.

Noise and vibration abatement

Activities aimed at controlling or reducing industrial and transport noise and vibration for the sole purpose of protecting the environment. Include preventive in-process modifications at the source, construction of anti-noise/vibration facilities, measurement, control, laboratories and the like.

Protection against radiation

Activities aimed at preventing, reducing, or eliminating the negative consequences of radiation on the environment. This includes all handling, transportation, and treatment of radioactive waste (i.e. waste that requires shielding during normal handling and transportation due to high radionuclide content), the protection of ambient media, measurement, control, laboratories and the like, as well as any other activities related to the containment of radioactive waste. Exclude activities and measures related to low-level radioactive waste (to be reported under Solid waste management), the prevention of technological hazards (e.g., external safety of nuclear power plants), and measures taken to protect workers.

Heat or energy savings and management

Activities aimed at reducing the intake of energy through in-process modifications (such as adjustment of production processes or heat and electricity co-generation), as well as reducing heat and energy losses. This includes insulation activities, energy recovery, measurement, control, laboratories and the like.

Renewable energy

Energy obtained from resources that naturally replenish or renew within a human lifespan (i.e. the resource is a sustainable source of energy). This includes wind, solar, aero-thermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases.

Introduction

Statistics Canada has implemented an Electronic File Transfer (EFT) service (available on the Internet only) to enable organizations outside of Statistics Canada to exchange electronic files in a secure manner using the Internet. The RTRA makes use of this application to receive and disseminate files to external users. Login to the EFT and submit programs.

Estimation

Estimation

Users must include the relevant weight variable in their program. Weights themselves cannot be accessed directly. The Real Time Remote Access (RTRA) system will provide users with indicators of data quality for surveys that have bootstrap weights associated with the files. "Bootstrap" weights themselves are not accessible to the RTRA user.

Disclosure control

Disclosure control

Data is protected by a method of controlled rounding. Only weighted data can be produced. Minimum threshold suppression rules do not apply to RTRA [not true for Mean].

Details on master file

Details on master file

Users interested in obtaining more detailed information regarding master files can view the Real Time Remote Access Data page. File names, deleted variables, renamed variables and the applied rounding base are given for each survey. All unique record identifiers are named 'ID'. Only RTRA account holders are able to download this document through their electronic file transfer account.

Dummy codebooks and datasets

Dummy codebooks and datasets

RTRA account holders have access to dummy datasets and codebooks that do not contain frequency counts. To access survey metadata, users should search in the Survey Documentation section of their DAD_RTRA_REP_ADTR_DAD folder on the Electronic File Transfer site. If you have difficulty accessing RTRA products, please contact the RTRA team.

Results

Results

Warning! Results from RTRA may differ from those obtained from other sources.

RTRA SAS program submissions

RTRA SAS program submissions

RTRA is designed for analysts who are capable of programming SAS. The user is fully and entirely responsible for developing and testing his/her programs before submission.

Project relevance

Project relevance

As per the terms and conditions agreed to by researchers‚ any submissions must be directly related to the application submitted to Statistics Canada. Periodic reviews will be conducted on submitted programs to ensure that this condition is met. Researchers must follow the terms and conditions for the RTRA system in their application.

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Monthly Survey of Manufacturing: National Level CVs by Characteristic - February 2021

National Level CVs by Characteristic
Month Sales of goods manufactured Raw materialsand components inventories Goods / work inprocess inventories Finished goods manufactured inventories Unfilled Orders
%
February 2020 0.63 1.02 1.22 1.36 1.08
March 2020 0.68 0.99 1.17 1.41 1.10
April 2020 0.87 0.99 1.20 1.41 1.10
May 2020 0.80 1.04 1.13 1.37 1.06
June 2020 0.69 1.05 1.19 1.38 1.06
July 2020 0.69 1.02 1.15 1.43 1.10
August 2020 0.64 1.05 1.23 1.50 1.20
September 2020 0.67 1.05 1.22 1.54 1.20
October 2020 0.69 1.02 1.18 1.53 1.15
November 2020 0.72 1.09 1.20 1.46 1.33
December2020 0.69 1.04 1.22 1.46 1.37
January 2021 0.80 1.00 1.23 1.58 1.49
February 2021 0.76 1.00 1.53 1.68 1.37

Canadian COVID-19 Antibody and Health Survey
COVID-19 Antibodies: Frequently asked questions

  • 1. What do the results mean?

    1. What do the results mean?

    DBS

    • Positive – you were likely exposed to the COVID-19 virus or received the vaccine, and your body made antibodies against the virus.
    • Negative – antibodies against the COVID-19 virus were not found in your blood.
    • Inconclusive – your test result does not tell us if you have or do not have antibodies against the COVID-19 virus. This may be due to a problem with the test.

    PCR-Saliva test

    Positive – RNA specific to the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 infection was detected in your saliva specimen.

    Negative – RNA specific to the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 infection was not detected in your saliva specimen.

    Inconclusive – Your test result does not tell us if you have or do not have RNA specific to the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 infection in your saliva specimen. This may be due to a problem with the test.

    If you have questions about the results of your test(s), please speak with your health care provider.

  • 2. If my COVID-19 antibody and/or PCR-saliva result is positive, do I need to do anything?

    2. If my COVID-19 antibody and/or PCR-saliva result is positive, do I need to do anything?

    DBS

    No, you don't need to do anything. A positive result tells you about an infection that happened in the past or that you received the vaccine. It does not mean you are currently infected. Please continue to follow public health measures.

    PCR Saliva Test

    A positive result tells you about an active COVID-19 infection at the time you provided your saliva specimen. Even if you tested negative for the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 infection, you should still follow all recommendations from Public Health on how to keep yourself and others safe.

  • 3. How accurate is the DBS test?

    3. How accurate is the DBS test?

    From our experience with the tests so far, positive results are correct approximately 95% of the time. Negative results are correct approximately 99% of the time. No laboratory test is perfect.

  • 4. What is the benefit of having antibodies to COVID-19?

    4. What is the benefit of having antibodies to COVID-19?

    At this time, there are known benefits to having antibodies to the COVID-19 virus, but experts are not sure how long the antibodies last or if they offer protection against future COVID-19 infections. More research is being done around the world, including in Canada, to try to answer these questions

  • 5. If I have antibodies can I get COVID-19 again?

    5. If I have antibodies can I get COVID-19 again?

    We don't know yet. For some infections, having antibodies protects people from getting the infection again. For other infections, it doesn't. More research is being done around the world to try to answer these questions.

  • 6. Why do some people have a positive DBS test and others have a negative DBS test?

    6. Why do some people have a positive DBS test and others have a negative DBS test?

    Some people may be more likely to get infected than others. This may depend on the amount of virus they were exposed to. People who become infected may make different amounts of antibodies. If a person only makes a very small amount of antibodies, the test may not be able to measure it. Whether a person who gets infected shows symptoms or not depends on age, underlying health conditions, and other factors that we are still learning about.

  • 7. What does it mean if I tested positive for COVID-19 from the saliva PCR test but my antibody test is negative?

    7. What does it mean if I tested positive for COVID-19 from the saliva PCR test but my antibody test is negative?

    Different people produce different amounts of antibodies. If you had a positive result from the saliva PCR test but a negative antibody test now, this may be because you did not produce a lot of antibodies to the infection. This does not mean that your saliva PCR test result was wrong.

  • 8. What does it mean if I tested negative from the saliva PCR test but my antibody test is positive?

    8. What does it mean if I tested negative from the saliva PCR test but my antibody test is positive?

    The saliva PCR test may have been done when the virus was not present in your saliva, so the virus was not detected. A positive antibody test result shows that you were exposed to the virus or received the vaccine, and your body made antibodies. It does not tell you about how the virus has affected you.

  • 9. What should I do if I have questions about my test results?

    9. What should I do if I have questions about my test results?

    If you have any questions or concerns about your test results, we recommend you talk to your health care provider.

  • 10. Do I still need to get vaccinated even if my results show I tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies?

    10. Do I still need to get vaccinated even if my results show I tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies?

    Yes. Those who have tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies should still be vaccinated. At this time, experts do not know how long someone might be protected from getting sick again after recovering from COVID-19.

  • 11. I received my vaccine but received a negative antibody result. What does this mean?

    11. I received my vaccine but received a negative antibody result. What does this mean?

    This could mean that you received your vaccine after you performed the dried blood spot test, or you performed the test soon after receiving the vaccine which didn't allow your body enough time to produce a sufficient amount of antibodies to be detected in the test. These are two possibilities, among others.

  • 12. Where can I find more information on the Canadian COVID-19 Antibody and Health Survey (CCAHS)?

    11. Where can I find more information on the Canadian COVID-19 Antibody and Health Survey (CCAHS)?

    For more information on the CCAHS, please visit our website at Canadian COVID-19 Antibody and Health Survey (CCAHS).

  • 13. Can participants withdraw their consent to the storage of their biospecimens in the Biobank?

    13. Can participants withdraw their consent to the storage of their biospecimens in the Biobank?

    Yes. During sample collection, participants are asked whether they consent to the storage of their samples. At any time, during or after sample submission, participants can ask to have their samples removed from storage and destroyed by calling 1-888-253-1087, or by email to statcan.biobankinfo-infobiobanque.statcan@statcan.gc.ca

  • 14. What kind of analyses are performed on samples stored at the Biobank?

    14. What kind of analyses are performed on samples stored at the Biobank?

    Samples stored at the Statistics Canada Biobank are used in health studies. Health studies include:

    • Research looking for past exposures to new environmental contaminants
    • New ways to monitor human nutrition
    • Past prevalence of infectious diseases, discovery, and validation of new biomarkers to diagnose diseases
    • Genetic research to assess the health status and susceptibility of Canadians to diseases, infections, or exposures to environmental contaminants.
  • 15. Will my dried blood spot and saliva samples be used in genetic testing?

    15. Will my dried blood spot and saliva samples be used in genetic testing?

    Yes, it is possible that your sample will used for genetic testing. Genetic testing could include genome wide association studies, or genotyping.

    Two Biobank projects have used genetic information from Biobank samples to link genetic data to health status outcomes. The first project, completed by the Public Health Agency of Canada, looked at how differences in the genetic code between Canadians could influence how those Canadians absorbed nutrients. The second project, in progress at McGill University, is looking at how differences in the genetic code influence health outcomes after exposure to environmental contaminants and metals.

    At no point will Statistics Canada release your genome to the public. Statistics Canada, or any other Federal Department, which abides by Canada's Privacy Act, would never allow your DNA to be used in this way.

    It is possible to withdraw consent for genetic testing specifically while keeping your samples in the Statistics Canada Biobank for other projects. A participant can withdraw consent at any time by using the contact information found here: Biobank participants.

  • 16. How long will you keep my samples?

    16. How long will you keep my samples?

    Samples are stored in the Statistics Canada Biobank until they are no longer scientifically viable. Samples are removed when they are used for an approved research project or when a participant requests that their samples be removed and destroyed.

  • 17. Where can I get more information about the Biobank?

    17. Where can I get more information about the Biobank?

    Additional information such as the descriptions of approved Biobank studies are posted on the Biobank webpage. You can also access the website by entering 'Statistics Canada Biobank' in your preferred search engine.

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Backgrounder for the 2021 Census

Ottawa, April 6, 2021

Every five years, the Census of Population paints a portrait of Canada's changing mosaic. Now more than ever, trusted and reliable data, insights and analysis on socio-economic trends are important decision-making tools that governments, businesses, organizations and individuals rely on to understand where we came from, where we are, and where we are heading.

Like data from past censuses, information from the 2021 Census will be key to understand our communities and our country. This data will also be critical in the context of COVID-19. Information from the 2021 Census will provide important facts to help policy- and decision-makers assist communities, provinces, territories, and the country to recover from the pandemic.

In 2016, Canadians set a record overall response rate of 98.4% for the Census of Population. When collection for the next census begins in May 2021, Statistics Canada challenges Canadians to achieve nearly 100% participation once again.

Statistics Canada is striving for a contact-free approach, as every reasonable attempt will be made to collect the information without coming into contact with respondents. The safest way to respond to the census will be to do so online, or by completing it on paper or over the phone. In-person visits will take place only when other options (e.g., online, by phone) are not available.

The census questions have been translated into 25 other languages, including 13 Indigenous languages. Census collection staff are also available to assist in responding to questions.

Statistics Canada has a duty and a legal obligation to protect the rightful privacy of Canadians. Safeguarding Canadians' information and privacy guides our decisions and drives our work. We have rigorous processes in place to ensure personal information is kept private and confidential, and all information we collect is strictly protected. As part of our ongoing commitment to transparency, Statistics Canada publishes information in the Trust Centre section of our website on how we protect Canadians' privacy, as we provide them with the data they have come to rely on.

Statistics Canada has adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic. We have taken pro-active steps to ensure that the 2021 Census is conducted throughout the country in the best possible way. Procedures for the census have been redesigned to keep respondents and census employees are safe by limiting the amount of contact needed to participate in this important exercise.

Census enumerators, while working from home, will seek to contact respondents by phone to encourage them to complete the census online, on paper or by phone. In rare situations where in-person follow up is needed, the enumerator will wear masks, use hand sanitizer, observe physical distancing and abide by health authority guidelines. Statistics Canada is aware that COVID-19 may have an impact on the way Canadians answer some of the census questions, and has been developing helpful guidelines to assist them in responding to these specific questions.

Recruitment for the 2021 Census is going well. Statistics Canada is still hiring locally in all communities across Canada to ensure we have a robust workforce. Those interested in taking part in this vital national exercise can apply on the 2021 Census website.

Canadians are invited to find out more information on the census by visiting our 2021 Census website which provide a full suite of information. Visitors will have the opportunity to review Painting a Portrait of Canada: The 2021 Census of Population. This comprehensive document outlines Statistics Canada's planned approach to the 2021 Census of Population, including historical, legal, operational and content aspects.

As well, as of May 3, 2021, Canadians can call a Census Help Line 1-855-340-2021 for assistance in completing the census.

Decisions on the 2021 Census have been made in collaboration with Canadians and for Canadians. The 2021 Census content was published in the Canada Gazette on July 18, 2020. The 2021 Census of Population questionnaire will have returning content from 2016 and previous censuses to allow for ongoing trend analysis, and it will include new questions to continue to measure Canada's growing diversity.

The following five fact sheets—and their enclosed topics—explain the new and updated content of the 2021 Census of Population questionnaire:

Associated links

Why do we conduct this survey?

This survey is conducted by Statistics Canada in order to collect the necessary information to support the Integrated Business Statistics Program (IBSP). This program combines various survey and administrative data to develop comprehensive measures of the Canadian economy.

The statistical information from the IBSP serves many purposes, including:

  • Obtaining information on the supply of and/or demand for energy in Canada
  • Enabling governmental agencies to fulfill their regulatory responsibilities in regards to public utilities
  • Enabling all levels of government to establish informed policies in the energy area
  • Assisting the business community in the corporate decision-making process.

Your information may also be used by Statistics Canada for other statistical and research purposes.

Your participation in this survey is required under the authority of the Statistics Act.

Other important information

Authorization to collect this information

Data are collected under the authority of the Statistics Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, Chapter S-19.

Confidentiality

By law, Statistics Canada is prohibited from releasing any information it collects that could identify any person, business, or organization, unless consent has been given by the respondent, or as permitted by the Statistics Act. Statistics Canada will use the information from this survey for statistical purposes only.

Record linkages

To enhance the data from this survey and to reduce the reporting burden, Statistics Canada may combine the acquired data with information from other surveys or from administrative sources.

Data-sharing agreements

To reduce respondent burden, Statistics Canada has entered into data-sharing agreements with provincial and territorial statistical agencies and other government organizations, which have agreed to keep the data confidential and use them only for statistical purposes. Statistics Canada will only share data from this survey with those organizations that have demonstrated a requirement to use the data.

Section 11 of the Statistics Act provides for the sharing of information with provincial and territorial statistical agencies that meet certain conditions. These agencies must have the legislative authority to collect the same information, on a mandatory basis, and the legislation must provide substantially the same provisions for confidentiality and penalties for disclosure of confidential information as the Statistics Act. Because these agencies have the legal authority to compel businesses to provide the same information, consent is not requested and businesses may not object to the sharing of the data.

For this survey, there are Section 11 agreements with the provincial and territorial statistical agencies of Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Québec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia and the Yukon. The shared data will be limited to information pertaining to business establishments located within the jurisdiction of the respective province or territory.

Section 12 of the Statistics Act provides for the sharing of information with federal, provincial or territorial government organizations. Under Section 12, you may refuse to share your information with any of these organizations by writing a letter of objection to the Chief Statistician, specifying the organizations with which you do not want Statistics Canada to share your data and mailing it to the following address:

Chief Statistician of Canada
Statistics Canada
Attention of Director, Enterprise Statistics Division
150 Tunney's Pasture Driveway
Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 0T6

You may also contact us by email at statcan.esdhelpdesk-dsebureaudedepannage.statcan@statcan.gc.ca or by fax at 613-951-6583.

For this survey, there are Section 12 agreements with the statistical agencies of Prince Edward Island, Northwest Territories and Nunavut as well as with the Ministère de l'énergie et des ressources naturelles du Québec, Alberta Energy, the British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, the British Columbia Ministry of Natural Gas Development, the Canada Energy Regulator, Natural Resources Canada and Environment Canada.

For agreements with provincial and territorial government organizations, the shared data will be limited to information pertaining to business establishments located within the jurisdiction of the respective province or territory.

Business or organization and contact information

1. Verify or provide the business or organization's legal and operating name and correct where needed.

Note: Legal name modifications should only be done to correct a spelling error or typo.

Legal Name

The legal name is one recognized by law, thus it is the name liable for pursuit or for debts incurred by the business or organization. In the case of a corporation, it is the legal name as fixed by its charter or the statute by which the corporation was created.

Modifications to the legal name should only be done to correct a spelling error or typo.

To indicate a legal name of another legal entity you should instead indicate it in question 3 by selecting 'Not currently operational' and then choosing the applicable reason and providing the legal name of this other entity along with any other requested information.

Operating Name

The operating name is a name the business or organization is commonly known as if different from its legal name. The operating name is synonymous with trade name.

  • Legal name
  • Operating name (if applicable)

2. Verify or provide the contact information of the designated business or organization contact person for this questionnaire and correct where needed.

Note: The designated contact person is the person who should receive this questionnaire. The designated contact person may not always be the one who actually completes the questionnaire.

  • First name
  • Last name
  • Title
  • Preferred language of communication
    • English
    • French
  • Mailing address (number and street)
  • City
  • Province, territory or state
  • Postal code or ZIP code
  • Country
    • Canada
    • United States
  • Email address
  • Telephone number (including area code)
  • Extension number (if applicable)
  • The maximum number of characters is 10.
  • Fax number (including area code)

3. Verify or provide the current operational status of the business or organization identified by the legal and operating name above.

  • Operational
  • Not currently operational (e.g., temporarily or permanently closed, change of ownership)
    Why is this business or organization not currently operational?
    • Seasonal operations
      • When did this business or organization close for the season?
        • Date
      • When does this business or organization expect to resume operations?
        • Date
    • Ceased operations
      • When did this business or organization cease operations?
        • Date
      • Why did this business or organization cease operations?
        • Bankruptcy
        • Liquidation
        • Dissolution
        • Other
      • Specify the other reasons why the operations ceased
    • Sold operations
      • When was this business or organization sold?
        • Date
      • What is the legal name of the buyer?
    • Amalgamated with other businesses or organizations
      • When did this business or organization amalgamate?
        • Date
      • What is the legal name of the resulting or continuing business or organization?
      • What are the legal names of the other amalgamated businesses or organizations?
    • Temporarily inactive but will re-open
      • When did this business or organization become temporarily inactive?
        • Date
      • When does this business or organization expect to resume operations?
        • Date
      • Why is this business or organization temporarily inactive?
    • No longer operating due to other reasons
      • When did this business or organization cease operations?
        • Date
      • Why did this business or organization cease operations?

4. Verify or provide the current main activity of the business or organization identified by the legal and operating name above.

Note: The described activity was assigned using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

This question verifies the business or organization's current main activity as classified by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is an industry classification system developed by the statistical agencies of Canada, Mexico and the United States. Created against the background of the North American Free Trade Agreement, it is designed to provide common definitions of the industrial structure of the three countries and a common statistical framework to facilitate the analysis of the three economies. NAICS is based on supply-side or production-oriented principles, to ensure that industrial data, classified to NAICS , are suitable for the analysis of production-related issues such as industrial performance.

The target entity for which NAICS is designed are businesses and other organizations engaged in the production of goods and services. They include farms, incorporated and unincorporated businesses and government business enterprises. They also include government institutions and agencies engaged in the production of marketed and non-marketed services, as well as organizations such as professional associations and unions and charitable or non-profit organizations and the employees of households.

The associated NAICS should reflect those activities conducted by the business or organizational units targeted by this questionnaire only, as identified in the 'Answering this questionnaire' section and which can be identified by the specified legal and operating name. The main activity is the activity which most defines the targeted business or organization's main purpose or reason for existence. For a business or organization that is for-profit, it is normally the activity that generates the majority of the revenue for the entity.

The NAICS classification contains a limited number of activity classifications; the associated classification might be applicable for this business or organization even if it is not exactly how you would describe this business or organization's main activity.

Please note that any modifications to the main activity through your response to this question might not necessarily be reflected prior to the transmitting of subsequent questionnaires and as a result they may not contain this updated information.

The following is the detailed description including any applicable examples or exclusions for the classification currently associated with this business or organization.

Description and examples

  • This is the current main activity
    • Provide a brief but precise description of this business or organization's main activity
    • e.g., breakfast cereal manufacturing, shoe store, software development
  • This is not the current main activity

Main activity

5. You indicated that is not the current main activity.

Was this business or organization's main activity ever classified as: ?

  • Yes
    • When did the main activity change?
    • Date
  • No

6. Search and select the industry classification code that best corresponds to this business or organization's main activity.

Select this business or organization's activity sector (optional)

  • Farming or logging operation
  • Construction company or general contractor
  • Manufacturer
  • Wholesaler
  • Retailer
  • Provider of passenger or freight transportation
  • Provider of investment, savings or insurance products
  • Real estate agency, real estate brokerage or leasing company
  • Provider of professional, scientific or technical services
  • Provider of health care or social services
  • Restaurant, bar, hotel, motel or other lodging establishment
  • Other sector

7. You have indicated that the current main activity of this business or organization is:

Main activity

Are there any other activities that contribute significantly (at least 10%) to this business or organization's revenue?

  • Yes, there are other activities
    • Provide a brief but precise description of this business or organization's secondary activity
    • e.g., breakfast cereal manufacturing, shoe store, software development
  • No, that is the only significant activity

8. Approximately what percentage of this business or organization's revenue is generated by each of the following activities?

When precise figures are not available, provide your best estimates.

Approximately what percentage of this business or organization's revenue is generated by each of the following activities?
  Percentage of revenue
Main activity  
Secondary activity  
All other activities  
Total percentage  

Method of collection

1. Indicate whether you will be answering the remaining questions or attaching files with the required information.

  • Answering the remaining questions
  • Attaching files

Attach files

2. Please attach the files that will provide the information required for the Annual Oil and Gas Extraction Survey.

To attach files

  • Press the Attach files button.
  • Choose the file to attach. Multiple files can be attached.

Note:

  • Each file must not exceed 5 MB .
  • All attachments combined must not exceed 50 MB .
  • The name and size of each file attached will be displayed on the page.

Accounting Standards and Methods

1. What accounting standard is used for this report?

  • IFRS
  • GAAP
  • ASPE
  • Other
    • Specify other accounting standard

2. What method is used in accounting for exploration expenditures?

  • Successful efforts
  • Full cost
  • Other
    • Specify other method

North American Industry Classification System

3. Which of the following methods were used by this business to extract oil and gas?

Select all that apply.

Oil and gas extraction (except oil sands)

Formerly classified as 211113, Conventional oil and gas extraction, this Canadian industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in the exploration for, and/or production of, petroleum or natural gas from wells in which the hydrocarbons will initially flow or can be produced using normal pumping techniques.

Oil sands extraction

Formerly classified as 211114, Non-conventional oil extraction, this industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in producing crude oil from oil sands or from reservoirs in which the hydrocarbons are semisolids and conventional production methods are not possible.

Oil and Gas Extraction (except oil sands)

This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in the exploration for, and/or production of, petroleum or natural gas from wells in which the hydrocarbons will initially flow or can be produced using normal pumping techniques. Include gas plants.

Oil Sands Extraction

This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in producing crude oil from oil sands or from reservoirs in which the hydrocarbons are semisolids and conventional production methods are not possible. Include in-situ and mined oil sands projects.

Revenues and expenses, deductions and net income

4. What was this business's gross revenue from each of the following sources?

Gross revenues

a. Sales

Report the sales or transfer value of produced goods or services before any adjustment or intersegment elimination. Please include royalties and taxes that are imposed at the time of sale. Exclude GST.

b. Other production revenue

Include all other production revenue not reported in 4a. Include sales of services related to the oil and gas industry such as gas processing and well operating fees. Amount reported here should equal (question 6).

c. Other non-production revenue

Include all revenue not reported in sales of crude oil and natural gas (4a) or other production revenue (4b) such as foreign currency gains and losses, dividends. The amount reported here should equal (question 8).

The total gross revenues equal the sum of question 4a., 4b. and 4c.

What was this business's gross revenue from each of the following sources?
  CAN$ '000
a. Sales of crude oil and natural gas
Include all revenue associated with the sale of extracted oil and gas.
Exclude royalties, taxes and other charges.		  
b. Other production revenue
e.g., sales of services related to the oil and gas industry such as gas processing and well operating fees.
A breakdown of this revenue by provincial and territorial jurisdiction will be asked later in this questionnaire (question 6).		  
c. Other non-production revenue
Include all revenue not reported in 4a or 4b, such as foreign currency gains and losses, dividends.
A breakdown of this revenue by provincial and territorial jurisdiction will be asked later in this questionnaire (question 8).		  
Total gross revenue (a + b + c)  

5. For which of the following provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions did this business have any other production revenue?

Select all that apply.

  • Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only
  • Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only
  • Prince Edward Island
  • Nova Scotia — offshore only
  • Nova Scotia — mainland only
  • New Brunswick
  • Quebec
  • Ontario
  • Manitoba
  • Saskatchewan
  • Alberta
  • British Columbia
  • Yukon
  • Northwest Territories
  • Nunavut

6. For the [amount] reported as other production revenue, what is the breakdown by provincial and/or territorial jurisdiction?

Only include revenue associated to the oil and gas industry

Total of this question should sum to value reported in Q4 (b).

Other production revenue

Please provide a provincial breakdown of values reported in question 4b.

Include sales of services related to the oil and gas industry such as gas processing and well operating fees.

For the [amount] reported as other production revenue, what is the breakdown by provincial and/or territorial jurisdiction?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total - other production revenue  

7. For which of the following provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions did this business have any other non-production revenue?

Select all that apply.

  • Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only
  • Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only
  • Prince Edward Island
  • Nova Scotia — offshore only
  • Nova Scotia — mainland only
  • New Brunswick
  • Quebec
  • Ontario
  • Manitoba
  • Saskatchewan
  • Alberta
  • British Columbia
  • Yukon
  • Northwest Territories
  • Nunavut

8. For the [amount] reported as other non-production revenue, what is the breakdown by provincial and/or territorial jurisdiction?

Include all revenue such as foreign currency gains and losses, dividends

Total of this question should sum to value reported in Q4 (c).

Other non-production revenue

Please provide a provincial breakdown of values reported in question 4c.

Include all non-production revenue such as foreign currency gains and losses, dividends.

For the [amount] reported as other non-production revenue, what is the breakdown by provincial and/or territorial jurisdiction?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total - other non-production revenue  

9. What were this business's expenses and deductions for the following items?

Exclude capitalised expenditures, which are to be reported later in the questionnaire.

Note: regarding partnerships and joint venture activities or projects, report the expenditures reflecting your company's net interest in such projects or ventures, as applicable.

Expenses, deductions and net income

a. Royalties and Similar Payments

The value reported here should equal the sum of provincial and freehold royalties for the Oil Sands Extraction sector plus the federal crown, provincial, and non-crown royalties for the Oil and Gas Extraction (except oil sands) sector, as applicable.

b. Operating expenditures

Include cost of materials and supplies used in production, surface lease rentals, lifting costs and all other expenditures which are related to producing operations. All general and administrative costs related to producing activities and charged to current year operations should also be included here.

The value reported here should equal the sum of total operating expenditures for the Oil Sands Extraction sector plus the sum of total operating expenditures for the Oil and Gas Extraction (except oil sands) sector, as applicable. The breakdown of the operating expenditures will be requested later in the questionnaire.

Exclude any non-cash charges and royalties.

c. Salaries, wages and benefits

Include the cost of salaries and wages (including bonuses and commissions, employer contributions to pension, medical, unemployment insurance plans, etc. ) paid to your own workforce during the reporting period.

d. Other operating expenditures

Include only costs associated with non-producing operations and other expense items not reported elsewhere, e.g., a natural gas processing fee paid to other companies.

e. Interest expense

Include interest paid on bank loans, bonds, etc.

f. Federal income tax

Include federal income tax pertaining to the current period and assumed to be currently due.

g. Provincial income tax

Include provincial income tax pertaining to the current period and assumed to be currently due. The amount reported should include the Saskatchewan Corporate Capital Tax Surcharge if applicable.

h. Deferred income tax

Include accrued tax obligations reflected as an expense in the income statement, but not payable in the current reporting period.

i. Exploration and development charged to current operations

Include exploration and development expenses charged to current operations.

j. Amortization and depreciation expense

The systematic charge-off to expense of costs for depreciable assets that had been initially capitalised or deferred. Write-downs of depreciable assets resulting from impairments should be included in this category. However, write-offs arising from unusual dispositions and gains and/or losses on sales of assets should be reported in question 9l. and 9m. respectively.

k. Depletion

Include the current depletion charges for costs subject to such deduction. Write-offs resulting from the application of ceiling tests should be reported in question 9l., 'Write-offs and amortization of deferred charges'. Gains and losses on disposal of properties should be reported in question 9m., 'Other non-cash expenses and deductions'.

l. Write-offs and amortization of deferred charges

Adjustments may be made for non-operating items which the company ordinarily eliminates from its reported 'Internal cash flow'.

m. Other non-cash expenses and deductions

Include non-cash items not reported elsewhere such as unrealised losses on currency transactions, non-controlling shareholders' interest in earnings of consolidated subsidiaries, and the equity portion of losses of unconsolidated affiliates. This item should be reduced by such non-cash revenue items as unrealised currency gains, non-controlling shareholders' interest in losses of consolidated subsidiaries, and equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates.

The subtotal of expenses and deductions equals the sum of question 9a. to 9m.

The total net income equals the total gross revenues minus the subtotal of expenses and deductions.

What were this business's expenses and deductions for the following items?
  CAN$ '000
a. Royalties and similar payments  
b. Operating expenses
Figures reported here should equal the sum reported for the oil sands extraction sector (question 33) plus the sum reported for the oil and gas extraction sector (questions 35 to 38).		  
c. Salaries, wages and benefits  
d. Other operating expenses  
e. Interest expense  
f. Federal income tax  
g. Provincial income tax  
h. Deferred income tax  
i. Exploration and development charged to current operations  
j. Amortization and depreciation expense  
k. Depletion  
l. Write-offs and amortization of deferred charges  
m. Other non-cash expenses and deductions  
Subtotal expenses and deductions  
Total gross revenue
Previously reported in question 4.		  
Total net income
Total gross revenues minus total expenses and deductions.		  

10. How many employees did this business have?

Provide the number of employees associated with the expenses for salaries, wages and benefits (item 9c.).

Number of employees

Balance Sheet

11. What were this business's upstream assets?

Balance sheet

a. Total current assets

Include such items as cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable, inventories, etc.

b. Net capital assets

Include land not held for the purpose of re-sale, amortizable assets such as buildings, machinery and equipment, etc.

c. Other assets

Include all assets not reported as either current or capital assets.

Total assets equals the sum of questions 11a. to c.

What were this business's upstream assets?
  CAN$ '000
a. Total current assets  
b. Net capital assets  
c. Other assets  
Total assets  

12. What were this business's upstream liabilities and equity?

Balance sheet

a. Current liabilities

Include such items as current portion of long-term debt, accounts payable, notes payable, etc.

b. Long-term debt

Include all debt with a maturity of greater than one year.

c. Other liabilities

Include all liabilities not reported as either a current liability or long-term debt.

d. Equity

Include common shares, preferred shares, retained earnings and all other equity.

Total liabilities and equity equal the sum of questions 12a. to d.

What were this business's upstream liabilities and equity?
  CAN$ '000
a. Current liabilities  
b. Long term debt  
c. Other liabilities  
d. Equity  
Total liabilities and equity  

Abandonment and reclamation costs

13. Did this business have any associated abandonment and reclamation costs?

Include all costs such as well plugging and abandonment and remediation.

  • Yes
  • No

14. What were the associated abandonment and reclamation costs for your operations?

Include all costs such as well plugging and abandonment and remediation.

Figures reported here should equal to the sum reported for abandonment and reclamation costs by provincial and territorial jurisdictions (question 16).

Abandonment and Reclamation

Include costs such as well plugging and abandonment, well suspension, casing removal, zone abandonments, plug backs, reclamation and remediation.

CAN$ '000

15. For which of the following provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions did this business have abandonment and reclamation costs?

Select all that apply.

  • Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only
  • Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only
  • Prince Edward Island
  • Nova Scotia — offshore only
  • Nova Scotia — mainland only
  • New Brunswick
  • Quebec
  • Ontario
  • Manitoba
  • Saskatchewan
  • Alberta
  • British Columbia
  • Yukon
  • Northwest Territories
  • Nunavut

16. For the [amount] reported as abandonment and reclamation costs, what is the breakdown by provincial and/or territorial jurisdiction?

Abandonment and Reclamation

Include costs such as well plugging and abandonment, well suspension, casing removal, zone abandonments, plug backs, reclamation and remediation.

For which of the following provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions did this business have abandonment and reclamation costs?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total - abandonment and reclamation costs  

Capital expenditures for crude oil in-situ, mining or upgraders

17. Which of the following methods of crude oil extraction are employed by this business?

Include this business's own operations as well as partnerships and joint venture activities or projects as applicable. In the next section of the questionnaire, report the expenditures reflecting your company's net interest in such oil sands projects or ventures.

Select all that apply.

Capital expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Note: Regarding partnerships and joint venture activities or projects, report the expenditures reflecting your company's net interest in such oil sands projects or ventures.

In situ:

In situ refers to extraction employing techniques of drilling wells and then injecting steam, combustion or other sources of heat into the reservoir to warm the bitumen so it can be pumped to the surface.

Mining:

Mining is the use of machinery and equipment to extract deposits that are close to the surface.

Upgraders:

Upgraders convert heavy bitumen into lighter crude oil.

  • In-situ
    • i.e., drilling wells and then injecting steam, combustion or other sources of heat into the reservoir to warm the bitumen so it can be pumped to the surface
  • Mining
    • i.e., the use of machinery and equipment to extract deposits that are close to the surface
  • Upgraders
    • i.e., converting heavy bitumen into lighter crude oil

18. In the oil sands extraction sector, what capital expenditures did this business have?

Note: regarding partnerships and joint venture activities or projects, report the expenditures reflecting your company's net interest in such oil sands projects or ventures.

Select all that apply.

  • Capital expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders
  • Oil rights acquisition and retention costs
  • Include all fees associated with using land agents.
  • Land and leases purchased from others
  • Include all fees associated with using land agents.
  • Machinery and Equipment
  • Include items such as boilers, compressors, motors, pumps and any other items that may be termed manufacturing or mining equipment as opposed to a fixed installation such as a building.
  • Housing
  • Value of residential structures and related infrastructures within a company town-site.
  • Drilling and pre-mining expenditures
  • Drilling expenditures include core hole and delineation drilling. Include the cost of casing and other materials and equipment left in place, core analysis, logging, road building, and other directly related services. Pre-mining costs include overburden removal and other pre-production expenditures.
  • Cost of capitalised overhead
  • Report the cost of capitalised overhead not allocated in questions 19-23. These overhead charges should exclude any amounts to be reported later in the questionnaire for the Oil and Gas Extraction (except oil sands) sector.
  • Research and other capital expenditures
  • Include all research costs associated with oil sands extraction and/or natural gas extraction, such as laboratory work, consultants' fees, performance evaluations and experimental pilot plants (including any capitalised operating expenditures). Other costs include items such as drainage systems, roadways, tankages, anti-pollution equipment and fixed installations not including machinery and equipment included in question 21.

Note: On the paper version of this questionnaire, these capital expenditures were reported in Schedule II, lines 1-6.

  • Oil rights acquisition, fees and retention
  • Land and leases purchased from others
  • Machinery and equipment
  • Housing
  • Drilling and pre-mining
  • Include over burden removal.
  • Capitalised overhead
  • Exclude operating expenditures and royalties.
  • Research and other expenditures

19. What were the capital expenditures for the acquisition of oil rights, fees and retention for the following operations?

Capital expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Expenditures associated with land and lease acquisition relating to oil rights, fees and retention.

Include all fees associated with using land agents.

Note: Regarding partnerships and joint venture activities or projects, report the expenditures reflecting your company's net interest in such oil sands projects or ventures.

What were the capital expenditures for the acquisition of oil rights, fees and retention for the following operations?
  CAN$ '000
In-situ  
Mining  
Upgraders  
Total capital expenditures for the acquisition of oil rights, fees and retention  

20. What were the capital expenditures for land and leases purchased from other businesses for the following operations?

Capital expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Expenditures associated with the purchase of land and lease from others.

Include all fees associated with using land agents.

Note: Regarding partnerships and joint venture activities or projects, report the expenditures reflecting your company's net interest in such oil sands projects or ventures.

What were the capital expenditures for land and leases purchased from other businesses for the following operations?
  CAN$ '000
In-situ  
Mining  
Upgraders  
Total capital expenditures for land and leases purchased from other businesses  

21. What were the capital expenditures for machinery and equipment for the following operations?

Capital expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Include items such as boilers, compressors, motors, pumps and any other items that may be termed manufacturing or mining equipment as opposed to a fixed installation such as a building.

Note: Regarding partnerships and joint venture activities or projects, report the expenditures reflecting your company's net interest in such oil sands projects or ventures.

What were the capital expenditures for machinery and equipment for the following operations?
  CAN$ '000
In-situ  
Mining  
Upgraders  
Total capital expenditures for machinery and equipment  

22. What were the capital expenditures for housing for the following operations?

Capital expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Value of residential structures and related infrastructures within a company town-site.

Note: Regarding partnerships and joint venture activities or projects, report the expenditures reflecting your company's net interest in such oil sands projects or ventures.

What were the capital expenditures for housing for the following operations?
  CAN$ '000
In-situ  
Mining  
Upgraders  
Total capital expenditures for housing  

23. What were the capital expenditures for drilling and pre-mining for the following operations?

Include overburden removal.

Capital expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Drilling expenditures include core hole and delineation drilling. Include the cost of casing and other materials and equipment left in place, core analysis, logging, road building, and other directly related services. Pre-mining costs include overburden removal and other pre-production expenditures.

Note: Regarding partnerships and joint venture activities or projects, report the expenditures reflecting your company's net interest in such oil sands projects or ventures.

What were the capital expenditures for drilling and pre-mining for the following operations?
  CAN$ '000
In-situ  
Mining  
Upgraders  
Total capital expenditures for drilling and pre-mining  

24. What were the capital expenditures for capitalised overhead for the following operations?

Exclude operating expenditures and royalties.

Capital expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Report the cost of capitalised overhead not allocated in questions 19-23. These overhead charges should exclude any amounts to be reported later in the questionnaire for the Oil and Gas Extraction (except oil sands) sector.

Note: Regarding partnerships and joint venture activities or projects, report the expenditures reflecting your company's net interest in such oil sands projects or ventures.

What were the capital expenditures for capitalised overhead for the following operations?
  CAN$ '000
In-situ  
Mining  
Upgraders  
Total capital expenditures for capitalised overhead  

25. What were the capital expenditures for research and other expenditures for the following operations?

Exclude operating expenditures and royalties.

Capital expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Include all research costs associated with oil sands extraction oil and/or natural gas extraction, such as laboratory work, consultants' fees, performance evaluations and experimental pilot plants (including any capitalised operating expenditures). Other costs include items such as drainage systems, roadways, tankages, anti-pollution equipment and fixed installations not including machinery and equipment included in question 21.

What were the capital expenditures for research and other expenditures for the following operations?
  CAN$ '000
In-situ  
Mining  
Upgraders  
Total capital expenditures for research and other expenditures  

Summary of capital expenditure for crude oil in-situ, mining or upgraders

26. This is a summary of your business's capital expenditures in the oil sands extraction sector.

Please review the values and if needed, click the Previous button at the bottom of the page to navigate to the previous pages to make any modifications.

This is a summary of your business's capital expenditures in the oil sands extraction sector.
  CAN$ '000
Total capital expenditures for in-situ  
Total capital expenditures for mining  
Total capital expenditures for upgraders  
Total capital expenditures  

Operating expenses for crude oil in-situ, mining or upgraders

27. What operating expenses did this business have?

Select all that apply.

Operating expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Field, well or plant expenditures

Include all direct operating expenses and any other expenses directly related to the mining, stimulation, processing, upgrading and delivery of the product, and cost of purchased fuel and electricity.

Taxes

Include taxes to federal, provincial and municipal governments such as property taxes, commodity tax, and carbon tax but exclude royalties, income taxes, and taxes that are part of the list price of purchases.

Fuel and purchased electricity

Include costs for fuel and electricity for all sites.

Water handling and disposal

Include all costs pertaining to water handling and disposal.

Operating overhead

Include all remaining general and administrative expenses related to crude oil in situ, mining, upgraders or natural gas production, including any corporate allocation to this segment. (These overhead charges should exclude any reported at question 24 for capitalised overheads.)

  • Field, well and/or plant
  • Taxes
  • Exclude income taxes and royalties.
  • Purchased fuel and electricity
  • Water handling and disposal
  • Operating overhead

28. What were the field, well and/or plant expenses for the following operations?

Operating expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Include all direct operating expenses and any other expenses directly related to the mining, stimulation, processing, upgrading and delivery of the product, and cost of purchased fuel and electricity.

What were the field, well and/or plant expenses for the following operations?
  CAN$ '000
In-situ  
Mining  
Upgraders  
Total operating expenses for field, well and/or plant  

29. What were the taxes incurred for the following operations?

Exclude income taxes and royalties.

Operating expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Include taxes to federal, provincial and municipal governments such as property taxes, commodity tax, and carbon tax but exclude royalties, income taxes, and taxes that are part of the list price of purchases.

What were the taxes incurred for the following operations?
  CAN$ '000
In-situ  
Mining  
Upgraders  
Total taxes incurred from operations  

30. What were the purchased fuel and electricity expenses for the following operations?

Operating expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Include costs for fuel and electricity for all sites.

What were the purchased fuel and electricity expenses for the following operations?
  CAN$ '000
In-situ  
Mining  
Upgraders  
Total operating expenses for purchased fuel and electricity  

31. What were the water handling and disposal expenses for the following operations?

Exclude operating expenditures and royalties.

Operating expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Include all costs pertaining to water handling and disposal.

What were the water handling and disposal expenses for the following operations?
  CAN$ '000
In-situ  
Mining  
Upgraders  
Total operating expenses for water handling and disposal  

32. What were the operating overhead expenses for the following operations?

Exclude operating expenditures and royalties.

Operating expenditures for crude oil in situ, mining or upgraders

Include all remaining general and administrative expenses related to crude oil in situ, mining, upgraders or natural gas production, including any corporate allocation to this segment. (These overhead charges should exclude any reported at question 24 for capitalised overheads).

What were the operating overhead expenses for the following operations?
  CAN$ '000
In-situ  
Mining  
Upgraders  
Total operating expenses for overhead  

Summary of operating expenses for crude oil in-situ, mining or upgraders

33. This is a summary of operating expenses for crude oil in-situ, mining or upgraders.

Please review the values and if needed, click the Previous button at the bottom of the page to navigate to the previous pages to make any modifications.

This is a summary of operating expenses for crude oil in-situ, mining or upgraders.
  CAN$ '000
Total operating expenses for crude oil in-situ  
Total operating expenses for crude oil mining  
Total operating expenses for crude oil upgraders  
Total operating expenses  

Operating expenses by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions - Oil and gas extraction sector (except oil sands)

34. For which of the following provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions did this business incur operating expenses?

Select all that apply.

Operating expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Operating costs include all direct operating expenses such as wages and salaries, materials and supplies, fuel and power, well conditioning costs, municipal taxes, other direct operating expenses, maintenance and repairs expensed and contract services. Also include the non-capitalised cost of purchased injection materials used in enhanced recovery projects.

  • Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only
  • Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only
  • Prince Edward Island
  • Nova Scotia — offshore only
  • Nova Scotia — mainland only
  • New Brunswick
  • Quebec
  • Ontario
  • Manitoba
  • Saskatchewan
  • Alberta
  • British Columbia
  • Yukon
  • Northwest Territories
  • Nunavut

Did not incur operating expenses within Canada

35. What were this business's operating expenses for field, well and gathering operations by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Operating expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Include primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery and pressure maintenance facilities, gathering systems and other well site facilities, surface lease rentals, and cost of purchased fuel and electricity.

What were this business's operating expenses for field, well and gathering operations by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total operating expenses for field, well and gathering operations  

36. What were this business's operating expenses for natural gas processing plants by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Operating expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Include expenses associated with field processing plants as well as reprocessing activities, recycling projects, and cost of purchased fuel and electricity.

What were this business's operating expenses for natural gas processing plants by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total operating expenses for natural gas processing plants  

37. What were this business's operating expenses for taxes by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Exclude income tax and royalties.

Operating expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Include taxes to federal, provincial and municipal governments, but exclude royalties, income taxes, and taxes that are part of the list price of purchases.

What were this business's operating expenses for taxes by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total operating expenses for taxes  

38. What were this business's operating expenses for overhead by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Operating expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Include all remaining general and administrative expenses related to upstream operations, including any corporate allocation to this segment.

What were this business's operating expenses for overhead by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total operating expenses for overhead  

Upstream expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions — Oil and gas extraction sector (except oil sands)

39. For which provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions did this business incur upstream capital expenditures in exploration, development and production?

Select all that apply.

  • Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only
  • Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only
  • Prince Edward Island
  • Nova Scotia — offshore only
  • Nova Scotia — mainland only
  • New Brunswick
  • Quebec
  • Ontario
  • Manitoba
  • Saskatchewan
  • Alberta
  • British Columbia
  • Yukon
  • Northwest Territories
  • Nunavut

Did not incur capital expenditures within Canada

40. What were this business's upstream exploration expenditures for oil and gas rights acquisition and retention by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Include overhead.

Upstream exploration expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Acquisition and retention costs and fees for oil and gas rights. Include bonuses, legal fees and filing fees. Exclude inter-company sales or transfers.

Include all fees associated with using land agents.

What were this business's upstream exploration expenditures for oil and gas rights acquisition and retention by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total upstream expenditures for oil and gas rights acquisition and retention  

41. What were this business's upstream exploration expenditures for land and leases purchased from other petroleum companies by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Upstream exploration expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Purchases from companies that are engaged primarily in petroleum activities.

Include all fees associated with using land agents.

What were this business's upstream exploration expenditures for land and leases purchased from other petroleum companies by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total upstream expenditures for land and leases purchased from other petroleum companies  

42. What were this business's upstream exploration expenditures for geological and geophysical services by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Upstream exploration expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Include such activities as seismic crew expenses, both company owned and contract. Include camp, bulldozing and dirt work, flying crews in and out, seismograph, velocity survey, gravity meter, magnetometer, core drilling, photo geological digital processing, magnetic playback and bottom hole contributions and environmental impact studies and other similar pre-exploration expenditures. All seismic or geological and geophysical expenditures (including stratigraphic tests) should be reported here, whether such activity is deemed exploration or development by the company.

What were this business's upstream exploration expenditures for geological and geophysical services by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total upstream expenditures for geological and geophysical services  

43. What were this business's upstream exploration expenditures for exploration drilling by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

What were this business's upstream exploration expenditures for geological and geophysical services by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Drilling outside a proven area or within a proven area, but to a previously untested horizon, in order to determine whether oil or gas reserves exist rather than to develop proven reserves discovered by previous drilling. Include costs of dry wells, casing and other materials and equipment abandoned in place; productive wells, including capped wells; and wells still in progress at year-end. Also include costs incurred in fighting blow-outs, runaways, and in replacing damaged equipment.

What were this business's upstream exploration expenditures for exploration drilling by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total upstream expenditures for exploration drilling  

44. What were this business's upstream development expenditures for development drilling by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Upstream development expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Drilling within the proven area of an oil or gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known to be productive for the purpose of extracting oil or gas reserves. This will cover costs of dry wells, including casing and other materials and equipment abandoned in place; productive wells, including capped well; and wells still in progress at year end. Include costs incurred in fighting blow-outs, runaways, and in replacing damaged equipment. Exclude costs associated with service wells.

Note: There should be no development expenditures until a development plan has been approved.

What were this business's upstream development expenditures for development drilling by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total upstream expenditures for development drilling  

45. What were this business's upstream development expenditures for proven reserves purchased by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Upstream development expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Purchases from those companies that are engaged primarily in petroleum activities.

What were this business's upstream development expenditures for proven reserves purchased by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total upstream expenditures for proven reserves purchased  

46. What were this business's upstream production expenditures for production and non-production facilities, contract drilling rigs and supply boats by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Upstream production expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Production facilities

Include tangible well and lease equipment comprising casing, tubing, wellheads, pumps, flowlines, separators, treaters, dehydrators. Include gathering pipelines, lease and centralized tank batteries and associated facilities prior to delivery to trunk pipelines terminals, and other production facilities. Also include costs associated with intangibles such as pre-production studies costs, and those expenditures that you consider to be pre-development.

Non-production facilities

Include automotive, aeroplane, communication, office and miscellaneous equipment not otherwise provided.

Drilling rigs and supply boats

Report expenditures including progress payments for the purchase of new and imported used and new drilling rigs (on and offshore) and supply boats.

What were this business's upstream production expenditures for production and non-production facilities, contract drilling rigs and supply boats by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total upstream expenditures for production and non-production facilities, contract drilling rigs and supply boats  

47. What were this business's upstream production expenditures for enhanced recovery projects by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Upstream production expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Include only expenditures on facilities in tertiary projects involving steam injection, miscible flooding, etc. Include service wells, both tangible and intangible, including the costs of drilling and equipping injection wells and also the cost of capitalised injection fuel (miscible fluid) costs, but exclude non-recoverable injection fluids charged to current operations.

What were this business's upstream production expenditures for enhanced recovery projects by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total upstream expenditures for production and non-production facilities, contract drilling rigs and supply boats  

48. What were this business's upstream production expenditures for natural gas processing plants by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Upstream production expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Report only the capitalised amounts of the plants, including structures, measuring, regulating and related equipment.

What were this business's upstream production expenditures for natural gas processing plants by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total upstream expenditures for natural gas processing plants  

49. What were this business's upstream overhead expenditures for exploration by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Upstream overhead expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Allocate capitalised upstream overhead to the categories indicated. These overhead charges should exclude any reported in question 38 (operating expenditures for overhead).

What were this business's upstream overhead expenditures for exploration by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total upstream expenditures for exploration  

50. What were this business's upstream overhead expenditures for development by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Upstream overhead expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Allocate capitalised upstream overhead to the categories indicated. These overhead charges should exclude any reported in question 38 (operating expenditures for overhead).

What were this business's upstream overhead expenditures for development by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total upstream expenditures for development  

51. What were this business's upstream overhead expenditures for production by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?

Upstream overhead expenditures by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions

Allocate capitalised upstream overhead to the categories indicated. These overhead charges should exclude any reported in question 38 (operating expenditures for overhead).

What were this business's upstream overhead expenditures for production by provincial and/or territorial jurisdictions?
  CAN$ '000
Newfoundland and Labrador — offshore only  
Newfoundland and Labrador — mainland only  
Prince Edward Island  
Nova Scotia — offshore only  
Nova Scotia — mainland only  
New Brunswick  
Quebec  
Ontario  
Manitoba  
Saskatchewan  
Alberta  
British Columbia  
Yukon  
Northwest Territories  
Nunavut  
Total upstream expenditures for production  

Changes or events

1. Indicate any changes or events that affected the reported values for this business or organization, compared with the last reporting period.

Select all that apply.

  • Strike or lock-out
  • Exchange rate impact
  • Price changes in goods or services sold
  • Contracting out
  • Organizational change
  • Price changes in labour or raw materials
  • Natural disaster
  • Recession
  • Change in product line
  • Sold business or business units
  • Expansion
  • New or lost contract
  • Plant closures
  • Acquisition of business or business units
  • Other
  • Specify the other changes or events:
  • No changes or events

Contact person

1. Statistics Canada may need to contact the person who completed this questionnaire for further information.

Is the provided given names and the provided family name the best person to contact?

  • Yes
  • No

Who is the best person to contact about this questionnaire?

  • First name:
  • Last name:
  • Title:
  • Email address:
  • Telephone number (including area code):
  • Extension number (if applicable):
  • The maximum number of characters is 5.
  • Fax number (including area code):

Feedback

1. How long did it take to complete this questionnaire?

Include the time spent gathering the necessary information.

  • Hours:
  • Minutes:

2. Do you have any comments about this questionnaire?

Data Liberation Initiative (DLI) – Membership Agreement

Data Liberation Initiative (DLI) – Membership Agreement (PDF, 232.41 KB)

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Affirmation

I acknowledge that I have read and understand the terms and conditions under which the data products are supplied. I agree to abide by these conditions and to take all reasonable measures required to enforce and administer them within my institution.

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Statistics Canada: Final Approval

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Approved by: Chief, Data Access Division

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