Background

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the rate at which the prices of representative goods and services in a fixed consumer basket change over time. In order to accurately reflect changes in the market and in the behaviour of consumers, Statistics Canada periodically reviews and updates the concepts and methods applied to the various components of the CPI program.

The Travel Tours Index, part of the CPI, was updated with the September 2013 CPI release on October 18, 2013. The Travel Tours component accounts for 0.80% of the 2011 CPI basket by weight and belongs to the Recreation, education and reading index, which is a major component of the CPI.

Prior to this methodology review, the most popular holiday packages were priced according to travel agents’ records in three months of the year, from January to March. The index in other months carried forward the March value and did not change as no pricing was done in those months. The methodology review determined that a significant number of the most popular holiday packages change between March (which ends one collection period) and January (which begins the next collection period) for a given destination. This required a high rate of replacement of holiday packages in the pricing sample. Moreover, based on recent International Travel Survey results, it was clear that the nature of and level of expenditure on Canadians’ leisure trips abroad change significantly from season to season throughout the year.

The aims of this methodology review of the Travel Tours index were a reduction in the replacement rate during data collection and a more accurate reflection of the habits of consumers regarding the timing and nature of their holiday package trip purchases.

The Travel Tours Index Review

On October 18, 2013 with the release of the September 2013 CPI, the following changes were made to the index:

1. Pricing of holiday packages will occur every month so that the Travel Tours index better reflects the year-round pattern of travel tours purchases.
2. The sample of destinations was updated to better represent the most popular destinations of leisure trips purchased by Canadians. These destinations were identified using recent International Traveller Survey data (2005-2011). The destination regions  were extended from the United States, Mexico and the Caribbean to include European destinations; furthermore, two more U.S. destinations were added.
3. The pattern of pricing was changed to better reflect the time at which Canadians actually book their travel tours. Previously, prices were collected one month and four months prior to the departure date for each destination. This pattern was used to reflect the fact that consumers usually book and pay for their holiday packages ahead of time. This general strategy will be carried forward into the new methodology, with an important modification: an examination of booking patterns has indicated that it is better to collect prices two months in advance for American and Caribbean destinations and four months in advance for European destinations and cruise packages.
4. The outlet sample was reviewed and changed to be more representative of where consumers make their travel tour purchases. The new outlet sample is selected from Statistics Canada's Business Register (BR) from a target population of businesses classified by industry, using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS 2012) in code 561510 (Travel agencies).
5. The new outlet sample has increased in size. As before, an outlet sample of travel agencies is drawn from six major Canadian cities with an international airport. Holiday packages will also be priced through Internet databases to provide better coverage. For the Internet price collection, holiday packages will be selected separately from those chosen for travel agencies, allowing a much more diverse product sample to be used in the index calculation.

The updated methodology better reflects the changing consumption patterns and product characteristics of travel tours. It should be noted that the introduction of monthly pricing to a series that has previously been stationary for a large part of the year brings with it increased volatility. In particular, the indicators of change (either 1-month change or 12-month change) no longer remain at the same values for each of the months in the April to December period. Destinations and outlets are now updated more frequently. This regular update process is more effective in capturing changes to the products purchased by consumers, in a more timely fashion.

Statistics Canada

Demography Division
Statistics Canada
demography@statcan.gc.ca

October 2013

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Introduction
Section I — The Data
Section II — The Data Tables
Section III — Glossary of Terms
Section IV — Geography

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Migration Estimates From Tax Records For Census Divisions/Census Metropolitan Areas

Introduction

This report presents migration estimates by census division (CD) and/or by census metropolitan area (CMA).  Five-year comparisons as shown on our printed standard tables enable users to see the pattern of movement by Canadians, as well as immigration and emigration flows to and from Canada. The data tables are updated on a yearly basis.  Migration estimates by CMA are available since 1992-93.

Section I — The Data

Data Source

The migration estimates are derived from a comparison of addresses from individual income tax returns for two consecutive years.  The period of reference extends from April of one year to April of the following year.  A summary of the methodology is provided later in this document.

For the most current data release in October 2013, migration data for 2011 – 2012 were derived by comparing addresses supplied on personal income tax returns filed in the spring of 2011 and 2012. 

Timeliness

Migration estimates are available by census division from 1976‑77 (and by census metropolitan area from 1992-93).  Data on international migration and on internal migration are normally available from 15 to 18 months after the income tax deadline. 

The international migration data exclude net temporary emigrants, returning emigrants and non-permanent residents who did not file an income tax return.

An Outline of the Methodology

The data developed from the taxation records are estimates of migration flows between census divisions or census metropolitan areas by gender and broad age groups (under 18, 18 to 24, 25 to 44, 45 to 64 and 65 and over).  Starting with 2011-2012 migration estimates are produced for 2011 census division boundaries For 2006-07 through 2010-11 migration, estimates are produced for 2006 census division boundaries. For 2001-02 through 2005-06 migration, estimates are produced for 2001 census division boundaries. For 1996-97 through to 2000-01, estimates are produced for 1996 census division boundaries. From 1992-93 through to 1995-96, the data were produced for 1991 census division boundaries. For the 1986‑87 through 1991-92 periods, the census division boundaries corresponded to those defined in the 1986 Census. For the years 1981-82 to 1985-86, the boundaries used are those defined in the 1981 Census and in the previous years the 1976 census boundaries are used.

Migration flows for census metropolitan areas are available since 1992-93, and the boundaries of the 26 CMAs are based on 1991 Census definitions for the period 1992-93 to 1995-96.  CMA boundaries based on the 1996 Standard Geographic Coding (SGC) were used in the creation of 1996-97 to 2000-01 estimates.  Beginning with 2001-02, CMA boundaries are based on 2001 SGC.  The CMAs of Kingston (Ontario) and Abbotsford-Mission (British Columbia) were introduced with this new SGC system. Therefore, the 2001-02 to 2005-06, migration data are available for a total of 28 CMAs. For the 2006-07 to 2010-11 period, CMA boundaries are based on 2006 SGC. The CMAs of Moncton (N.B.), Barrie (Ont.), Brandford (Ont.), Guelph (Ont.), Peterborough (Ont.), and Kelowna (B.C.) were introduced with the 2006 SGC system. Therefore, migration data for that period are available for a total of 34 CMAs.  For the 2011-12 estimates, CMA boundaries are based on 2011 SGC.  No new CMA has been introduced with the 2011 SGC therefore migration data are available for a total of 34 CMAs.

The development of these data involves four main steps:

1. Geocoding of tax records;
2. Estimation of non‑filing dependents of taxfilers, by age group and gender;
3. Identification of the number, age group and gender of migrant taxfilers; and
4. Adjustment for the population not covered by the Canada Revenue Agency Taxation system.

Step 1 ─ Geocoding

The geographic coding of census divisions and census metropolitan areas on the tax records is done primarily on the basis of the Postal Code, which is part of the mailing address.  In some cases, other pieces of information were used in place of a missing postal code.  Since the 1989 tax files, over 99% of the records could be assigned a census division code.

Step 2 ─ Estimation of Dependents

Since the source file has no direct information on the number and characteristics of non-filing dependents, this information must be imputed.  Up to the 1987-88 period, this was based on the relationship between the dollar value of the total personal exemptions claimed and the number of dependents.  A reference table was established relating an estimate of the average number of dependents by age group and gender to filers in a given age‑gender‑marital status‑total personal exemption class.  This table was produced each year using a sample file of taxfilers containing information on the exact number of dependents and their relationship to the filer in addition to the characteristics of the filer.  Other demographic information such as gender ratios and the age distributions of husbands and wives were also used to distribute dependents by age and gender.

The current system uses the estimation of taxfilers' dependents from the T1 family file (T1FF).  The family system creates families by linking all filing family members together and estimates non-filing members from information on the taxfilers' returns,^Note1 based on such information as deductions/tax credits for dependents.  For example, the family system imputes a non-filing spouse wherever a filer has declared him/herself married but was not linked with a filing spouse.^Note2

Step 3 ─ Migrant Taxfilers and Dependents

The main source file used contains the basic demographic and geographic information on each taxfiler (and dependent) and covers approximately 95% of the total population.  The migrant taxfilers are identified by comparing current and previous census divisions or census metropolitan areas of residence.

Taxfilers' non-filing dependents are assumed to have the same migration behaviour as that of the filer to whom they are assigned.

Step 4 ─ Coverage Correction

The final step in the estimation process is an adjustment for coverage, done by age and gender at the census division/census metropolitan area level.  Population estimates by CD/CMA are used to create coverage ratios.  For migration estimates up to 2000-01, provincial adjustment ratios were used in place of the CD/CMA ratio in the few cases where coverage was abnormally high or low,  Beginning with 2001-02 migration data, high and low coverage were identified with a new methodology and a Canadian adjustment ratio was used in place of the CD/CMA ratio. Starting with 2006-2007 migration data, adjustment ratios use the CD/CMA ratio.

The adjustment ratios are applied to the counts of out‑migrants derived in Step 3 to obtain an estimate of total migration.  The basic assumption is that the population not covered by the taxation system has the same migration rate as that covered by it.

The estimates of international migration are prorated to agree with provincial estimates provided by the Demography Division of Statistics Canada.

Data Quality

Based on a detailed evaluation of the estimates for the intercensal period of 1986-91, a number of observations can be made regarding migration estimates for Census divisions:

(a) Overall, the estimates of migration are of good quality.  It is, however, difficult to make exact comparisons to other annual estimates of migration flows at the census division level.  The estimates of net migration have been used to produce population estimates and these have been compared to the 1991 Census counts.  The average absolute difference for 1991 was 2.3%.  In 12 of 182 cases (6%)^Note3 the deviation exceeded 5% and in 3 cases, the deviation exceeded 10% (this does not include Quebec census divisions).  These deviations are smaller than those obtained from other estimation methodologies and indirectly indicate the quality of the net migration data.  It has not been possible to do much evaluation of the flow data.

(B)   In addition to the estimates of migration based on tax records, Demography Division of Statistics Canada also produces estimates of interprovincial migration which are based on Child Tax Benefit records.  The concepts underlying these estimates differ from the concepts used in the tax-based estimates.  More specifically, the Child Tax Benefit data estimates monthly moves while the tax data tracks annual moves.

No comparable study has yet been done to examine the CMA coverage.

Availability of Data

Migration estimates are available by census division from 1976‑77, and by census metropolitan area from 1992-93.

For the 1976‑81 period, no preliminary migration flows between census divisions were calculated.  Adjustments were not made at the international level although evaluations indicated the estimates of international migration were too low.

For the period from 1981‑82 to 1984‑85, migration estimates from tax records were produced twice a year, the first time using a preliminary tax file from the Canada Revenue Agency (available with a 6‑9 month time delay) and the second with a more complete tax file (available with a 12‑15 month time delay).  Because the differences between the two sets of estimates were not large, beginning with the 1985‑86 estimates, only one series of estimates was produced.  The final file has been used since 1985-86.

Beginning with the 1981‑82 estimates, the data on immigration and emigration have been prorated to make them consistent with the most currently available estimates produced at the provincial level by Demography Division of Statistics Canada.

Section II — The Data Tables

Number of Tables

There are four standard data tables. The tables provide a five-year comparison of migration:

Table A:  By Province of Origin/Destination
Table B:  By Age Group
Table C:  By Type of Migration and Gender
Table D:  Flows by Census division of Origin/Destination, or by CMA/non-CMA of Origin/Destination

Note: A five-year comparison is not always possible for census divisions due to boundary changes over time.

Data Table Contents

Table A ─ By Census Division or Census Metropolitan Area of Origin and of Destination
Each page of this table highlights flows: in, out and net flows for a specific province, a specific census division (CD) or any one of the 34 census metropolitan areas (CMAs), including non-CMA areas for each province.

Provincial totals provided include intraprovincial migration.

Tables B and C ─ Age Group, Type of Migration, and Gender
Both Tables B and C list in, out and net migration for the highlighted CD or CMA for a five-year period.  Table B shows migration by age group while Table C shows migration by type (interprovincial, intraprovincial and international) and by gender.

Provincial totals provided include intraprovincial migration.

Table D ─ Flows by Census Division/Census Metropolitan Area of Origin/Destination
Table D gives details of the flows for a particular CD or CMA.  A list is given of the CDs or CMAs with which the selected CD or CMA exchanged any people.  The flows are ranked in the table by net migration.  The flows for the past five years are shown on the printed tables, though the ranking is according to the most recent period.

Section III — Glossary of Terms

Age
Is calculated as of December 31 of the reference year (i.e., tax year minus year of birth).

Census division (CD)
Group of neighbouring municipalities joined together for the purposes of regional planning and managing common services (such as police or ambulance services). These groupings are established under laws in effect in certain provinces of Canada. For example, a census division might correspond to a county, une municipalité régionale de comté or a regional district. In other provinces and the territories where laws do not provide for such areas, Statistics Canada defines equivalent areas for statistical reporting purposes in cooperation with these provinces and territories.

Census metropolitan area (CMA)
Area consisting of one or more neighbouring municipalities situated around a core. A census metropolitan area must have a total population of at least 100,000 of which 50,000 or more live in the core.

Dependent
For the purpose of these databanks, dependents are the non-filing members of a family.  We do not attempt to measure dependency in any way, but are able to identify certain non-filing family members, and include these in the total counts of people in a given area.

Emigration
Movement from an area in Canada to another country.

Gross migration flow
Sum of the number of migrants between two geographic areas.  It is obtained by adding the number of in‑migrants to the number of out‑migrants.

Index
Is a comparison of the variable for the given area with either the province (province = 100) or with Canada (Canada = 100).

Immigration
Movement to an area in Canada from another country.

In‑migration
Movement to a census division or census metropolitan area from elsewhere inside or outside Canada.

Internal migration
Movement between two census divisions or census metropolitan areas within Canada.  Internal migration is divided in two categories: interprovincial and intraprovincial migration.

International migration
Movement between an area in Canada and another country.  International migration is divided in two categories: immigration and emigration.

Interprovincial migration
Movement between census divisions or census metropolitan areas located in two different provinces.  The province of departure is the “province of origin” and the province of arrival is the “province of destination”.

Intraprovincial migration
Movement between two census divisions or census metropolitan areas located within the same province.  The CD/CMA of departure is the CD/CMA of “origin” and the CD/CMA of arrival is the CD/CMA of “destination”.

Median
Is the middle number in a group of numbers.

Migration
Movement between two geographic areas during the period covered by the estimates. Within Canada, the geographic area of reference is the census division or the census metropolitan area.  Other countries are considered as one geographic area.

Net migration
Difference between the number of in‑migrants and the number of out‑migrants.

Out‑migration
Movement out of a census division or census metropolitan area to elsewhere inside or outside Canada.

Taxfiler
Most taxfilers are people who filed a tax return for the reference year and were alive at the end of the year.  Starting with the 1993 tax year, those taxfilers who died within the tax year and who had a non-filing spouse had their income and their filing status attributed to the surviving spouse.

Section IV — Geography

The data are available for census divisions and census metropolitan areas.  The mailing address at the time of filing is the basis for the geographic information in the tables.

The following table shows the coded designators for each level of geography, as well as a brief description of each. 

Table 1
Table summary
This table displays the results of table 1 . The information is grouped by level of geography (appearing as row headers), name and description (appearing as column headers).

Level of Geography	Name	Description
41	Census Metropolitan Area	There are 34 CMAs in the 2011 databanks: 001, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador 205, Halifax, Nova Scotia 305, Moncton, New Brunswick 310, Saint John, New Brunswick 408, Saguenay, Québec 421, Québec, Québec 433, Sherbrooke, Québec 442, Trois-Rivières, Québec 462, Montréal, Québec 505, Ottawa-Gatineau (Québec part) 505, Ottawa-Gatineau (Ontario part) 521, Kingston, Ontario 529, Peterborough, Ontario 532, Oshawa, Ontario 535, Toronto, Ontario 537, Hamilton, Ontario 539, St-Catharines-Niagara, Ontario 541, Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo, Ontario 543, Brantford, Ontario 550, Guelph, Ontario 555, London, Ontario 559, Windsor, Ontario 568, Barrie, Ontario 580, Greater Sudbury, Ontario 595, Thunder Bay, Ontario 602, Winnipeg, Manitoba 705, Regina, Saskatchewan 725, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 825, Calgary, Alberta 835, Edmonton, Alberta 915, Kelowna, British Columbia 932, Abbotsford-Mission, British Columbia 933, Vancouver, British Columbia 935, Victoria, British Columbia
21	Census Division	The 2011 databanks contain 293 Census Divisions.

Data in many forms

Statistics Canada disseminates data in a variety of forms.  In addition to publications, both standard and special tabulations are offered.  Data are available on the Internet, compact disk, diskette, computer printouts, microfiche and microfilm and magnetic tape.  Maps and other geographic reference materials are available for some types of data.  Direct online access to aggregated information is possible through CANSIM, Statistics Canada's machine-readable database and retrieval system.

How to obtain more information

Inquiries about these data and related statistics or services should be directed to:

Client Services
Demography Division
Statistics Canada
Main Building, 1st Floor
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0T6
Telephone; (613) 951-2320
Fax: (613) 951-2307
demography@statcan.gc.ca

Advisory Services provides a wide range of services: identification of your needs, establishing sources or availability of data, consolidation and integration of data coming from different sources and development of profiles, analysis of highlights or tendencies and, finally, training on products, services, Statistics Canada concepts and also the use of statistical data.

National enquiries line: 1-800-263-1136
National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired: 1-800-363-7629
Order-only line (Canada and the United States): 1-800-267-6677
National Toll-free Fax line: 1-877-287-4369

You can also visit us on the web:  http://www.statcan.gc.ca.

Standards of service to the public

Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, reliable and courteous manner and in the official language of their choice. To this end, the Agency has developed standards of service that its employees observe in serving its clients. To obtain a copy of these service standards, please contact Statistics Canada toll free at 1 800 263-1136. The service standards are also published on www.statcan.gc.ca under About Statistics Canada > Providing services to Canadians.

Notes

1. See report "Description of the Methodology Used to Create Migration Data from Tax Records" updated by Judy Reid, Small Area and Administrative Data Division: February 1998.

2. See Lucaciu, Daniela and Harris, Shelley, "Overview of T1FF Processing", SAADD: 1999.

3. Montgomery, March 1993: p 15

Linking Data for the Survey of Household Survey Spending to Income Tax Records File (T1)
2006 Farm Environmental Management Survey (FEMS): Linkage to the 2006 Census of Agriculture
Analysis of Business Behaviour
Commercial and Institutional Consumption of Energy Survey (CICES) Data Linkage: 2007 CICES
Small– and Medium–sized Enterprise Statistics (SMEStats) Data Warehouse
Omnibus Record Linkage Authority for Economic Statistics Programs
Socioeconomic Influences on the Use of Physician Services in Ontario
Self-perceived Unmet Need and Use of Health Care in Ontario
Linking Telephone Numbers to the Living in Canada Survey- Pilot Sample File
Living in Canada Survey-Pilot: Personal Income Tax Files and Pension Plans in Canada File Linkages
Census of Agriculture: Feasibility Study of Linkage to Tax Data for Replacement of Farm Financial Questions
Using 2006 Census of Population Data to Improve the Quality of the Estimates for the Access and Support to Education and Training Survey
Evaluation of the Census Internet Response Option: Linking 2006 Census Data to the Evaluation Surveys Data
Longitudinal Immigration Database and Immigrant Information in the Longitudinal Administrative Databank: 2005 to 2009 Updates
Omnibus Record Linkage Authority for Improving the Population and Household Survey Programs

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Linking Data for the Survey of Household Survey Spending to Income Tax Records File (T1)

Purpose: The purpose of this linkage is to obtain income data and reduce respondent burden, interview time and collection costs for the Survey of Household Spending.  Carried out on a voluntary basis, the Survey of Household Spending gathers detailed information amounts spent on food, clothing, shelter, transportation, health care and other items in order to understand spending habits of households in Canada.  Information is also collected about dwelling characteristics and household furnishings and equipment.

The linkage allows obtaining information on income variables without burdening respondents with detailed questions about their income.  The income data is important for the Survey of Household Spending and allows analysis of the relationship between spending and income. This survey is the only Statistics Canada survey that releases information on this relationship.

Information from the Survey of Household Spending is used in the development of the Consumer Prix Index, in the System of National Accounts and is widely used in developing various federal and provincial policies and programs.

Description: The Survey of Household Spending databaseand the T1 File will be linked using the address, city, date of birth, first name, surname, sex, province, NYSIIS and SNDX code for surname, postal code, marital status, telephone number and first initial. This information will be removed from the linked file as soon as the linkage is completed, and stored separately. Access to these files will be restricted to Statistics Canada employees whose assigned work activities require access.

Output: No information containing personal identifiers will be released outside of Statistics Canada from this linkage activity. Only aggregate statistics and analysis conforming to the confidentiality provisions of the Statistics Act will be released outside of Statistics Canada.

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2006 Farm Environmental Management Survey (FEMS): Linkage to the 2006 Census of Agriculture

Purpose: To provide current information on national agri-environmental conditions and risks and to improve our understanding of on-farm environment management practices. While the FEMS data themselves can be used to meet this objective, the linked file permits a broader range of analytical studies.

Findings will aid in understanding the uptake of beneficial management practices (BMPs) and under what conditions they are being implemented. The BMPs are practices scientifically proven to reduce the impact of agricultural activities on soil and water resources while maintaining the economic viability of the industry.

The linked data are a key input into Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada’s National Agri-Environmental Health Analysis and Reporting Program (NAHARP) which, through models, provides the agriculture industry, decision-makers and the Canadian public with information on the environmental performance of Canadian agriculture. Findings may influence industry initiatives as well as federal and provincial programs and policies aimed at encouraging the sustainable agri-environmental management of air, land, manure, biodiversity and water.

The linked file will contribute to the reduction of response burden; certain important information items collected on the Census of Agriculture were deliberately left off the FEMS questionnaire. Thus, the FEMS was designed to be used along with important information collected on the Census of Agriculture

Description: To obtain information on farm operations (i.e., area farmed, number of livestock, expenditures for fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) and socio-economic factors, the 2006 FEMS will be linked to the 2006 Census of Agriculture. Only records for which consent was given by the 2006 FEMS respondents will be linked. The files will be linked using the Farm Register number and will not contain any direct identifiers such as name, address or telephone number.

Output: Only aggregate data that conform to the confidentiality provisions of the Statistics Act will be released outside of Statistics Canada. Findings will be published in Statistics Canada’s “Agriculture and Rural Working Paper Series” (Catalogue no. 21-601-M). Aggregate statistics at the eco-region/farm type/province cross-classified levels will be produced for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. The linked file, without identifiers, will be retained indefinitely.

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Analysis of Business Behaviour

Purpose: In order to improve the business environment and thereby enhance competitive advantage, policy makers need better information on the behaviour of businesses across the economy and over time. Administrative databases are being used to support this analysis without increasing reporting burden. These analyses will examine changes in employment, research and development expenditure, value of exports and other corporate financial data as part of a bigger project to look at business strategies and their outcomes over time. As businesses will be followed over time, changes in their characteristics will be monitored and examined in relation to changes in government programs, such as taxation, support for entrepreneurial activity, knowledge transfer, and opportunity for the highly skilled. This work will lead to the development of a longitudinal business panel survey that will be used by policy departments, such as Industry Canada, to develop government policies in a range of areas.

Description: This project links the Business Register (BR), the Longitudinal Employment Analysis Program (BR, LEAP), the Research and Development in Canadian Industry Survey, the Exporter Register and the General Index of Financial Information (GIFI) databases. The LEAP database will provide a longitudinal source of information on employment, salaries, births and deaths of enterprises. A deterministic record linkage procedure will be used to link the BR, LEAP, RDCI, Exporter Registry and GIFI datasets. The Business Number (BN) and the Business Register Identification Number (BRID) will be used as the key identifiers. The databases will be linked, starting with the 2001 data year to the 2005 data year.

Output: Only aggregate data conforming to the confidentiality provisions of the Statistics Act will be released outside of Statistics Canada. Reports will be published in the Working Paper series of the Science, Innovation and Electronic Information Division (SIEID) at Statistics Canada and an article highlighting the key findings will be published in the Innovation Analysis Bulletin of SIEID. The linked files will be retained until January 2011, at which time they will be destroyed. The linkage keys, such as BN and BRID, will be removed from the linked file and stored separately. This will allow future linkages, but removes the possibility of direct identification of a business by analysts. The linkage keys will also be destroyed by January 2011.

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Commercial and Institutional Consumption of Energy Survey (CICES) Data Linkage: 2007 CICES

Purpose: The purpose of the survey is to analyze energy consumption patterns and assess how well Canada is fulfilling its commitments to increasing energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. These data will be used to develop and refine programs available to help businesses, institutions and organizations increase their own energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To increase the quality of the survey data, energy consumption information from a knowledgeable third party is linked to the survey data when the primary respondent cannot provide this information directly.

Description: Survey respondents who cannot supply the energy data directly provide written consent to Statistics Canada to obtain their energy consumption data from a knowledgeable third party (such as their landlord or property manager), and for their data to be combined with the energy consumption data provided by the third party. The third–party contact identified by the respondent also provides written consent to combine the energy consumption data they provide with the data provided by the respondent.

This linkage covers the survey conducted for the 2007 reference year.  Linkage is only done when both the primary respondent and the third party consent.

Output: The resulting linked file, stripped of identifiers, will be retained by Statistics Canada for five years until December 2013. Information from respondents and third parties who consent both to linking and to sharing of their data will be provided, without identifiers, to Natural Resources Canada and Environment Canada, who will keep this information confidential and for an indefinite period.

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Small– and Medium–sized Enterprise Statistics (SMEStats) Data Warehouse

Purpose: Small businesses have long been recognized as a key component of the Canadian economy. The SMEStats Data Warehouse will profile small– and medium–sized enterprises (SMEs) in Canada by making available key demographic statistics and performance indicators. Information of this kind is essential for policymakers to identify sectors and regions in distress and in the formulation and evaluation of tax and other policies as they impact on small– and medium–sized business in Canada. Some important policy questions this data warehouse will be used to answer include:

• What is the continuing role of SME businesses in economic and employment growth at the provincial and sub–provincial level? In what regions and sectors are pressures on SMEs emerging?
• What are the attributes and characteristics of the most successful of the SME businesses, the so–called “gazelles”?
• How do SMEs compare with other businesses in terms of profit and profitability, cost structures and productivity?
• What is the role of SMEs in job and revenue creation?
• Do SMEs take equal or relative advantage of tax credits offered to all businesses, for example, credits intended to improve the energy efficiency of businesses?
• Is globalization contributing to convergent or divergent growth among businesses? Is there a growing divide between large and small businesses?
• How do Canadian businesses perform in comparison to businesses in other countries, based on internationally–accepted performance indicators?

Description: The SMEStats Data Warehouse is a cross–sectional and longitudinal linkage of Statistics Canada’s Business Register, the Longitudinal Employment Analysis Program (LEAP), Payroll Deductions file (PD7), and income and balance sheet information from T1 and T2 tax returns filed by businesses with Canada Revenue Agency, on an annual basis, for data years 2000 to 2007. This information is linked using the Business Number (BN), Statistical Enterprise Number (SNUM) and Legal/Operating Name and Postal Code.

Output: Only aggregate data conforming to the confidentiality provisions of the Statistics Act will be released outside of Statistics Canada. A brief methodology report will also be prepared explaining the database creation processes, constraints and key issues related to the quality of the data and comparisons with other data.

Outputs will include SME profiles consisting of counts of enterprises by employment and revenue size grouping by industry (NAICS) and geography down to fine sub–provincial areas; and age of business. SME performance indicators will focus on issues related to firms, employment and wealth. Additional ad hoc analyses may also take place. The linked files will be retained until January 2011, at which time they will be destroyed.

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Omnibus Record Linkage Authority for Economic Statistics Programs

Purpose: To facilitate the efficient and effective production of high-quality statistical outputs from Statistics Canada’s economic statistics programs.

Statistics Canada’s strategy for its economic statistics programs is heavily reliant on the mix of survey data and administrative data. This approach yields higher quality statistics, for less cost and with less burden on Canadian businesses, as information reported for administrative purposes to public or private organizations is also used by Statistics Canada for statistical purposes.

Record linkages can be for three purposes:

• Data production:  Use already collected data for a statistical program rather than re-collect.  It also includes frame creation, preparation of contact material, imputation for item non-response.
• Analysis to support production:  Analysis for purposes of data certification and data quality evaluation, such as evaluating trends in one data set by examining the reports of the same businesses in another data set.
• Analysis to provide information:  Making use of combined datasets to support analysis that is not possible by a single existing data set. In most cases, the outputs from these projects are officially released.

Statistics Canada has adopted this strategy following consultation with a wide range of businesses.  Generally, record linkages are approved on a project-by-project basis.  However, given the fundamental importance of linkage in the economic statistics programs, linkages are approved under this omnibus authority, subject to the following considerations:

• No linkage should damage Statistics Canada’s relationship with respondent businesses.
• No privacy-invasive linkages shall be carried out without a demonstrated public good. Privacy concerns are present when information from unincorporated businesses is linked.
• If the linkage involves client-specified group of businesses, no files are to be linked if the results might harm the interests of that group.

The following are excluded from the umbrella of the omnibus record linkage authority:

• Linkages that would have significant privacy implications, including all activities of the Agriculture Division, and targeted linkages related to small and/or unincorporated businesses
• Linkages that involve client-supplied lists of businesses
• Linkages that present a significant risk of residual disclosure

Description: For a particular program, linkages can be one or more of the following:

• Survey data to administrative data for the same time period.
• Survey data for a specific time period to the same survey data from a different time period.
• Survey data for a specific time period to data from another survey for the same time period.
• Administrative data to another administrative file.

In this manner, both cross-sectional and longitudinal linkages are possible.

Survey data refer to data collected directly from businesses by Statistics Canada.  Administrative data refer to data collected by other organizations as part of their mandate.  Statistics Canada uses administrative data for statistical purposes.  Although not the only such files, the primary administrative files used for these purposes are tax files collected by the Canada Revenue Agency.

Usually, linkage is conducted using Business Numbers and other similar identifiers.

Output: All outputs will conform to the legal/confidentiality requirements of the Statistics Act, and any other federal legislation that may apply. Retention periods for linked files vary from project to project. Files that are produced for survey-production purposes generally have indefinite retention.  On the other hand, files linked for a specific project will be retained only until the end of the project. Direct identifiers (such as names, addresses) are usually not be maintained on linked files, but will be maintained separately. As of July 1, 2008, Statistics Canada will maintain an inventory of all linkages conducted under this omnibus authority.

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Socioeconomic Influences on the Use of Physician Services in Ontario

Purpose: To examine whether the socioeconomic status of patients influences their use of general practitioner (GP) services, their referral patterns to specialists, and their joint use of different physicians’ services. Actual, rather than self-reported, measures of physician utilization will be employed. More specifically, the research will:

1. assess whether use of GP services, measured by the number of visits, the type of services and the related expenditures, varies with  patients’ socioeconomic status (measured by income and education), after taking health care needs (measured by self-reported health status) into account;
2. model the pathway between patients’ use of GP services and their use of specialist services, taking into account socioeconomic status differences and health care needs; and,
3. determine whether certain categories of survey respondents systematically over- or under-report the number of physician visits they made in the year prior to the survey.

This study is part of a PhD candidate’s dissertation and findings will provide valuable information to the medical community and to health policy makers. The results may indicate that certain population groups are disadvantaged by the current delivery of health care, in which case the study will indicate where changes should be made

Description: Data from respondents to the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), cycle 1.1 (2000-2001) will be linked to administrative information on visits to physicians and health services received in Ontario. Only those cases where informed consent was received from survey respondents will be linked.

The administrative databases used in this research project are the Medical Services files – based on Ontario Health Insurance Program (OHIP) claims for three fiscal years: 1999-2000, 2000-2001, and 2001-2002.

The data will be linked using deterministic matching on an encrypted health number. A validation procedure, carried out by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC), has made sure only valid health card numbers for CCHS records are found on the cohort file, and are encrypted. Health card numbers have been similarly encrypted on the health administrative databases. Personal identifiers will be removed from the files and a number assigned by Statistics Canada will be appended to records in the administrative databases that link to CCHS records.

The study is part of a pilot project between Statistics Canada, the MOHLTC and McMaster University, aimed at enhancing access to Ontario health information by the research community. The creation of an analytical file, as well as aggregation and analysis of the data, will be carried out in the Statistics Canada Research Data Centre (RDC) at McMaster University. The researcher accessing the data in the RDC will do so as a deemed employee of Statistics Canada.

Output: Only aggregate statistical outputs conforming to the confidentiality provisions of the Statistics Act will be released outside of Statistics Canada. Research findings will be disseminated through a release in The Daily, research papers, peer-reviewed journal articles or through presentations at national or international conferences. Statistics Canada will retain the linked files for a period of five years, that is, until September 2013, at which time they will be destroyed.

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Self-perceived Unmet Need and Use of Health Care in Ontario

Purpose: The study will show what types of Ontario residents experience unmet health care needs, and examine the relationship between the reasons for the unmet need and the use of health care services. The overall objective of this study is to characterize how the use of physician and hospital care by those who report an unmet health care need compares to similar individuals who do not report an unmet health care need.

The relationship between reporting an unmet health care need and overall physician and hospital use will be examined. As well, the relationship between the reason for the unmet need, that is, due to personal choice, to system barriers, to wait times, or for other reasons, and the amount and type of physician or hospital services received will also be examined. Findings may be used by the health care system to better focus its resources to address needs that come from system limitations.

Description: Data from respondents to the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), cycle 1.1 (2000/2001) will be linked to administrative information on diagnoses, health care services received, and expenditures for those respondents who visited physicians, stayed in hospitals or underwent outpatient procedures in Ontario hospitals. Only those cases where informed consent was received from survey respondents will be linked.

Two administrative databases are used in this research project: 1) the Medical Services files – based on Ontario Health Insurance Program (OHIP) claims for 1999/2000, 2000/2001 and 2001/2002; and the Discharge Abstract Database (DAD) inpatients and day procedures for 1999/2000, 2000/2001 and 2001/2002.

The data will be linked using deterministic matching on an encrypted health number. A validation procedure, carried out by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC), has made sure only valid health card numbers for CCHS records are found on the cohort file, and are encrypted. Health card numbers have been similarly encrypted on the health administrative data files. Personal identifiers will be removed from the files and a number assigned by Statistics Canada will be appended to records in the administrative databases that link to CCHS records.

The study is part of a pilot project between Statistics Canada, the Ontario MOHLTC and McMaster University, aimed at enhancing access to Ontario health information by the research community. The creation of an analytical file, as well as aggregation and analysis of the data, will be carried out in the Statistics Canada Research Data Centre (RDC) at McMaster University. Researchers accessing the data in the RDC will do so as deemed employees of Statistics Canada.

Output: Only aggregate statistical outputs conforming to the confidentiality provisions of the Statistics Act will be released outside of Statistics Canada. Research findings will be disseminated through a release in The Daily, working papers, articles in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at national and international conferences. Statistics Canada will retain the linked files for a period of five years, that is, until September 2013, at which time they will be destroyed.

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Linking Telephone Numbers to the Living in Canada Survey- Pilot Sample File

Purpose: To improve response rates and population coverage for the pilot survey and to reduce costs.

The Living in Canada Survey-Pilot (LCS-Pilot) is a longitudinal survey that will test the survey content of the Living in Canada Survey (LCS). The LCS is Canada’s first comprehensive long-run socio-economic panel survey of households. The information collected will serve as the basis for a better understanding of Canadian society in the 21st century.  It emphasizes the relationships between four major domains of people’s lives—work, family, education and health—and allows for research in areas important to Canadians. Moreover, the results of this survey will be used by different levels of government in order to help them develop better policies and programs. Surveys such as this one have already proven to be valuable in other countries, enabling Canada to compare itself internationally on many important issues.

This data linkage activity will associate telephone numbers with the addresses of dwellings selected for the LCS-Pilot sample. These linked telephone numbers will be used during collection activities to contact households. This linkage activity will facilitate contact, improve response rates and reduce interviewing costs for the LCS-Pilot.

Description: The sample file for the LCS-Pilot will be linked to local telephone company files (also called billing files) and to the InfoDirect database. Addresses (including street number, street name, unit number, city, province and postal code) will be matched on these files, and the telephone number will be extracted to facilitate contact with dwellings. Only publicly available telephone numbers will be used in this linkage activity. This linkage will be performed once in the fall of 2008.

Output: The output from this linkage activity will only be used within Statistics Canada for collection purposes for the LCS-Pilot. Results of this linkage will be retained for the life of the LCS-Pilot field period (up to 2014 in the current plans) to facilitate contact with households in subsequent waves of this panel survey.

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Living in Canada Survey-Pilot: Personal Income Tax Files and Pension Plans in Canada File Linkages

Purpose: To improve the quality of the data collected for the survey and to reduce response burden and survey costs.

The Living in Canada Survey-Pilot (LCS-Pilot) is a voluntary longitudinal survey that will test the survey content and methodology of the Living in Canada Survey (LCS). The LCS is Canada’s first comprehensive long-run socio-economic panel survey of households. It emphasizes the relationships between four major domains of people’s lives—work, family, education and health—and allows for research in areas important to Canadians. Moreover, the results of this survey will be used by different levels of government in order to help them develop better policies and programs. Surveys such as this one have already proven to be valuable in other countries, enabling Canada to compare itself internationally on many important issues.

The linkages will allow for the collection of some variables that are difficult for respondents to remember accurately, such as pension plan contributions, or income taxes paid. The linkages will add retrospective income data which complements retrospective education, family and work data already collected in the survey.

The linkages will also replace more than 20 income questions on the survey. Respondents are asked to report detailed information on income from earnings, investments, government sources, and pensions. To shorten the interview and reduce response burden, respondents are given the option to grant Statistics Canada permission to access their tax records for the duration they remain within the survey. The linkage will also reduce response burden to the survey by allowing use of high quality administrative data on income, earnings and employers for past years, which eliminates the need to ask these in separate questions.

In addition, the resulting survey data will be of higher quality as administrative income data has been judged to be of better quality than self-reported income.

Description: Data linkages will only be made for those respondents who give Statistics Canada their consent to access their tax files. For these respondents, their income, earnings and employer information will be retrieved from the T1 tax file, and the T4 Summary and Supplementary files. To find the individual’s Social Insurance Number (SIN), the respondents first and last name, sex, date of birth, marital status, address and postal code, the presence of the respondent’s spouse in the household and the date of birth of the respondent’s spouse (if the respondent’s spouse also granted Statistics Canada permission to link to their tax records) will be used to match to the T1 file.

Using the SIN, a linkage will be made to T1 and T4 data for the each collection year (2007 through 2012) of the longitudinal pilot survey, and all previous calendar years going back to 1990. The employer pension plan identifier from the respondent’s T4 will be used to link information on the respondent’s employer pension plan from the Pension Plans in Canada File for each collection year only.

A separate linking key file containing the respondent’s SIN and other relevant personal identifiers will be retained for the life of LCS-Pilot processing (to the end of 2015).

Output: The data resulting from the linkage will be retained indefinitely by Statistics Canada’s Income Statistics Division. These data will have all personal identifiers removed and will be held with the rest of the content from the LCS-Pilot. All information released outside of Statistics Canada will conform to the confidentiality provisions of the Statistics Act. The linked income, tax, employment and pension data will be maintained in the LCS-Pilot database along with the respondent’s interview-obtained information. Other outputs from the project will include a summary of the pilot results, and other methodology-related reports.

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Census of Agriculture: Feasibility Study of Linkage to Tax Data for Replacement of Farm Financial Questions

Purpose: This study will determine the feasibility of replacing respondent-provided farm financial data with tax data in the 2016 and future Censuses of Agriculture, with the goals of reducing response burden and improving the quality of farm financial data. For the study, Statistics Canada will link farm business tax data from the Statement of Farming Activities of T1 and T3 tax filers, and the income statement and balance sheet information for T2 filers, as well as the T4 Summary report, to the 2006 Census of Agriculture, the 2009 Census Test, and the 2011 Census of Agriculture.  The Farm Register will be used to facilitate tax and Census of Agriculture data linkage.

The results of this feasibility study will be used to develop procedures and systems for the proposed 2016 Census of Agriculture-tax data linkage. Aspects to be tested in the linkage include linkage methods, linkage keys, match rates, data quality, and willingness of farm operators to provide their Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) business number on the Census of Agriculture questionnaire for data linkage and data replacement purposes.

Description: Tax data on farm business revenue, expenses and payroll corresponding to farm financial questions on the Census of Agriculture will be obtained from Canada Revenue Agency files for farm businesses. The tax data will be evaluated for comparability to Census of Agriculture farm financial data collected from farm operators in the 2006 Census of Agriculture, the 2009 Census Test, and the 2011 Census of Agriculture and content test questionnaires.

Respondents to the 2009 Census Test and the 2011 Census of Agriculture will be requested to provide their farm CRA Business Number and will be notified of the linkage to tax data by means of a statement on the back of the Census form.

Output: Results of the research project will be used for evaluation, operational planning and quality assurance purposes. Outputs will include research or technical papers discussing the results of the research project. Linkage-based data from this study will not be disseminated as part of the initial 2011 Census of Agriculture database release.

If the study concludes that tax data replacement is not feasible for 2016, the linked files will be retained only until May 2017, at which time they will be destroyed. Should the study be successful, a decision will be taken at a later stage about whether tax data replacement will be implemented for 2016. At that time, a decision will also be taken as to whether the files that were linked for the feasibility study will be retained indefinitely, in order to furnish a data set that will be conceptually comparable to 2016 data.

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Using 2006 Census of Population Data to Improve the Quality of the Estimates for the Access and Support to Education and Training Survey

Purpose: To improve the data quality of the Access and Support to Education and Training Survey (ASETS). ASETS is a new voluntary survey whose objective is to assess education and training demand in Canada in the context of life-long learning. The survey will provide information on access to post-secondary education (PSE), the role of student loans and savings in the financing of PSE, and participation in adult education and training. It will also provide information on special populations like aboriginal persons living off-reserve, recent immigrants and official language minorities. The data collected by ASETS will help to monitor preparedness and access to education, evaluate the effectiveness of government education-related programs and develop policies to deal with the training needs of Canadians. As such, it is important that the statistics generated from the survey be as accurate as possible.

The survey is based on a sample of 72,000 households. Despite extensive efforts made by the survey to maximize the response rate, residents in some dwellings could not be contacted and others chose not to participate in the survey. Thus, some nonresponse remains and the potential for bias in the survey estimates is significant, even if the differences between respondents and nonrespondents are small. The objective of the linkage is to use 2006 Census microdata as auxiliary information to improve the ASETS nonresponse adjustment methodology, reduce potential bias and ultimately improve the quality of the survey estimates.

Description: The survey selects its sample from a telephone list that was built using two sources: microdata from the 2006 Census of Population complemented by the list of telephone numbers used for Random Digit Dialling surveys. Sampled dwellings will be linked to the corresponding Census data to determine suitable classes to perform nonresponse adjustments for ASETS.

Output: Only aggregate information conforming to the confidentiality provisions of the Statistics Act will be released outside of Statistics Canada. Nonresponse classes and related variables will be kept internally, on the weighting file, which will be retained until December 31, 2011 at which time this file will be destroyed. The 2006 Census variables and nonresponse class identifiers will not be part of the ASETS master file, which will be kept indeterminately by Statistics Canada.

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Evaluation of the Census Internet Response Option: Linking 2006 Census Data to the Evaluation Surveys Data

Objective: Allow Statistics Canada to offer Canadians an Internet response mode for the Census that will be secure and practical for respondents, and generate the highest quality data possible. This study will assist in establishing a promotion strategy for Internet response. In other words, establish a method to identify geographic areas where households will receive a letter requesting that they complete their questionnaire on-line without having received the questionnaire in advance.

The 2006 Census offered an Internet response option for the first time to all Canadian private households. It is expected that the participation rate (approximately 18% in 2006) will increase as households get connected and as respondents feel more at ease with this medium. With the 2011 Census it is expected that the Internet will probably be one of the main methods for collecting data.

In Canada, the quinquennial census is the sole source of reliable detailed data for small areas such as neighbourhoods and for small groups such as single parent families, immigrants, as well as industrial and professional categories. All levels of government, as well as enterprises, industries, the media, academia and independent organizations benefit from census data which are essential to their decisions regarding many public services.

Federal transfer payments that are calculated in establishing various provincial and territorial programs are based on census population counts. Several provincial and regional governments also use population counts to grant subsidies to local and municipal governments.

Governments use census data extensively in developing their plans and policies in sectors such as employment, schools, training, transportation, housing, immigration and income support. Urban planners and community infrastructure planners rely on census data to plan for schools, roads, water supply systems, public transport, fire protection, and future requirements for housing, hospitals and daycare.

Description: The 2006 Census data will be matched with the data collected through three evaluation surveys that will assess the 2006 Internet response. These surveys were conducted on a voluntary basis among 5200 respondents to the 2006 Census. The respondents were informed that to reduce the number of questions asked, information obtained during the Census would be added to the evaluation surveys data for analysis purposes. The data will be matched using a household identification number.

Product: The aggregate data will be presented in a Statistics Canada internal report. The linked files will be kept until May 31, 2011, and then destroyed.

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Longitudinal Immigration Database and Immigrant Information in the Longitudinal Administrative Databank: 2005 to 2009 Updates

Purpose: To provide information on the economic integration of immigrants into Canadian society. The Longitudinal Immigration Database, known as IMDB, enables the federal and provincial governments involved in immigration issues and programs, as well as the research community and immigrant settlement agencies in Canada, to conduct research regarding the selection of immigrants, their settlement patterns and their economic integration into Canadian society. The IMDB is the only source of data that can support research on the impact of immigration policy levers such as the category of admission, selection criteria and special admissions program, on economic outcomes, and is the only source of longitudinal data with a sufficient sample of immigrants to examine settlement trajectories and integration patterns over time and by characteristics at arrival and selection criteria.

Since the Census of Population does not collect information on the human capital of immigrants upon their arrival to Canada or policy levers in effect at that time, the IMDB is unique in addressing specifically the impact of admission categories and foreign credentials on economic integration.

The addition of data for the 2005 to 2009 period in the IMDB will continue to enhance the database in order to inform immigration policy and programs.  In particular, the information will allow the analysis of the economic outcomes of immigrants who came to Canada during the 1990s and 2000s, as well as the evaluation of immigrant selection under the 2002 Immigration and Refugee Protection Act.

The IMDB is supported by a federal-provincial consortium, led by Citizenship and Immigration Canada, that includes Human Resources and Social Development Canada and the provincial governments of Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. These federal departments and provincial governments have worked together for a number of years to direct the development of the IMDB and to support the development and maintenance of the database at Statistics Canada.

The linkage and analysis will be conducted in Statistics Canada’s offices. The linked files will not be available outside Statistics Canada.

Description: The IMDB links immigration and immigrant landing administrative files with information from tax files of immigrants who are granted the right to live permanently in Canada. Currently, the database includes records of immigrants who arrived in Canada from 1980 to 2004. Information for those who arrived in Canada from 2005 to 2009 and new tax data on those immigrants already in the database will be added as the data become available. Once an individual immigrant’s data have been successfully matched for the first time, the record for this person is retained in the IMDB and continues to be matched annually to tax files for up to 16 years. Once the linkage is done, all names and Social Insurance Numbers are removed from the analysis files and stored separately on password-protected files. Also, immigration identifier and landing information are provided annually to the Longitudinal Administrative Databank (LAD) program of Statistics Canada.

Output:  Only aggregate data conforming to the confidentiality provisions of the Statistics Act are released outside of Statistics Canada. The IMDB will be retained until the next review, planned for 2011, to ensure its continued relevancy to immigration policy development. The immigration identifier and landing information are retained indefinitely on the LAD.  Both the IMDB and the LAD are registered with the Treasury Board of Canada as Personal Information Banks, namely PPU 135 and PPU 112, respectively.

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Omnibus Record Linkage Authority for Improving the Population and Household Survey Programs

Purpose: To assess and improve the quality of statistical outputs from Statistics Canada’s population and household survey programs; to reduce survey costs and reduce response burden for household surveys.

Statistics Canada carries out record linkage activities as part of its population and household survey programs. Linkages covered by this omnibus authority have one of three purposes:

1. To obtain information that benefits a survey, such as for stratification in survey design, but that does not directly contribute to estimates;
2. To study and assess survey data quality, for example, by comparing survey data to data from other sources; and
3. To aid in data collection, such as to provide addresses to mail introductory letters or to provide telephone numbers to reduce collection costs by permitting data collection through a telephone interview.

These types of linkages do not contribute directly to statistical outputs that are disseminated outside Statistics Canada. Linkages that do contribute directly to statistical outputs for public release are not covered here and require separate approval.

Description: The linkages can be survey file to survey file, survey file to administrative file, or administrative file to administrative file. The linkages covered by this authority do not introduce a disclosure risk since they do not involve activities to directly produce statistical outputs.

Output: Linkages will not result in statistical outputs for dissemination outside Statistics Canada. For a given survey, no data from sources outside the survey, obtained from a linkage, will be used as individual values for estimation.

Linked files will be held solely within Statistics Canada, and will be retained only for the duration of the project (at most a few years). As of November 1, 2008, Statistics Canada will maintain an inventory of all linkages conducted under this omnibus authority.