Statistical information

Description

Statistics Canada produces objective, high-quality statistical information for the whole of Canada. The statistical information produced relates to the commercial, industrial, financial, social, economic, environmental and general activities and conditions of the people of Canada.

Results

Statistics Canada has always fostered a culture of innovation. Change is constant, and the agency's modernization journey will continue to change the way it does business to meet the needs of Canadians.

The modernization journey revolves around five key pillars, which were developed in collaboration with stakeholders and data users to better understand their information needs.

• Ensure staff are empowered in a modern and flexible workplace
• Provide user-centric service delivery to focus resources on what clients want and need today
• Collaborate and engage with partners, share expertise, and increase access to data
• Help build statistical capacity with partners and foster data literacy among Canadians so they can effectively use the agency's data
• Use leading-edge methods.

The agency helped Canadians understand the story behind the data through many statistical capacity, data literacy and communications initiatives. Assisted by new methods and numerous collaborative partnerships, the agency expanded its data holdings and access to data. At the same time, the agency properly managed risks, prepared for the 2021 Census and delivered on key priorities, such as providing more disaggregated data on topics such as gender, region and ethnicity.

In 2019–20, Statistics Canada was able to adapt quickly to the new reality caused by the COVID-19 pandemic thanks to the advances it had already made toward a modern and flexible workplace.

Modern and flexible workplace

As part of its modernization initiative, Statistics Canada changed the way it works, manages its teams and meets organizational goals, including risk mitigation. This transformation brought about a cultural shift, in line with Blueprint 2020, by focusing on building a modern, capable and high-performing workforce.

A corporate culture change was initiated to make Statistics Canada a more agile, flexible and responsive organization. The agency's vision of a modern and flexible workplace is a workplace that fosters a culture of innovation and connectivity, and that improves how it and its mobile employees leverage digital technology and space.

The agency introduced four new culture values: curious and always learning, purposeful, trustworthy, and caring and inclusive. These values were designed to help guide employees throughout the modernization journey. A wide range of activities took place during 2019–20 to help promote these values, including a learning fair, panel discussions and the development of a Culture Passport.

The agency's ability to react to the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the progress made in this cultural change. Statistics Canada established a COVID-19 Task Force on January 27, 2020, before the pandemic hit North America, to monitor the latest information globally and within Canada. When the Ontario government announced that citizens must take exceptional public health measures to protect themselves from the virus, the agency transitioned to an entirely remote workforce on March 13, 2020. This included successfully transitioning approximately 7,500 employees to remote working overnight, and invoking only 12% of the agency's business continuity plans. All 22 mission-critical operations were kept fully operational within the existing bandwidth and remote access capabilities. Communications to all staff and senior management continued daily throughout March 2020 to keep employees informed of changing business operations and health and safety measures.

Statistics Canada has also activated new programs that provide critical specialized data and statistics that are needed to accurately model and track important topics, such as personal protective equipment, contact tracing, and targeted economic and social statistics. These new programs inform decision makers on the current situation in Canada and how to adjust their policies to best suit the needs of Canadians on a daily basis.

Mitigating risk in an agile manner

To meet Canadians' current and emerging data needs in a timely, responsive and agile manner, Statistics Canada continuously monitors its internal and external environment to develop risk mitigation strategies. The agency has a flexible integrated risk management framework to systematically identify, understand, manage, monitor and communicate risk. With the new corporate culture in mind, the agency identified several key potential risks for 2019–20:

• the loss of relevance and responsiveness
• the impact of modernization and transformation initiatives
• the loss of public trust
• statistical errors; and
• breaches in confidentiality

To address these risks, the agency continued to adapt and to evolve its governance oversight by implementing a principled performance model and by creating a Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) Division that will offer a well-coordinated and integrated approach to reliably achieve objectives while addressing uncertainty and acting with integrity. More specifically, during 2019–20, the GRC Division implemented key principles for risk-based governance to increase the effectiveness of the internal governance structure. This included ensuring that governance is informed by risk, and assigning clear accountabilities to each committee to drive strategy to reach identified strategic outcomes. Namely, the agency

• refreshed and streamlined the internal governance structure for tier-level committees
• clarified the terms of reference for all existing and newly formed committees to ensure strategic, risk-based governance with focused work plans
• developed standardized processes and tools to effectively and efficiently manage governance committee meetings and track performance.

To complement internal governance systems, the agency also relied on the advice and recommendations of external governance bodies, such as the Departmental Audit Committee (DAC) and the Canadian Statistics Advisory Council (CSAC). The DAC provides assurances on the adequacy and effectiveness of Statistics Canada's management systems, and the CSAC provides information to the Chief Statistician and the Minister on the overall health of the national statistical system.

With their inaugural meeting in July 2019, the Advisory Council on Ethics and Modernization of Microdata Access (ACEMMA) provided guidance to Statistics Canada on data access, privacy and data governance to maintain and support the data needs of Canadians. The ACEMMA has a wealth of knowledge and experience in ethics and will help support the agency's overall risk mitigation strategy when considering new data sources.

The agency sought to further strengthen the trust of Canadians by showing how it protects their privacy every day. In 2019–20, through the Trust Centre, and social media platforms, the agency released an infographic called Administrative data: Why it matters to you, and five infobytes based on Joe Anonymous, a video that makes these important concepts accessible to all Canadians in a visual format. The Trust Centre, is managed in a responsive manner, with new material added regularly.

As a further step, the agency made investments—both technological and methodological—to ensure the reliability, timeliness, scalability and security of its data.

• The agency developed a Confidentiality Classification Tool, which classifies confidential data against a set standard along a continuum of disclosure and sensitivity risk.
• The Statistics Canada Quality Guidelines were updated and published. This document brings together improved guidelines and checklists for issues to be considered in the pursuit of high-quality statistics.
• Errors in The Daily were minimal because of improved internal procedures, including increased automation and more rigorous monitoring.
• Security training continued to be a priority for new and existing employees, and was reinforced and validated with regular physical security sweeps. The use of more engaging and user-friendly communications continued.

User-centric service delivery

Statistics Canada's focus on user-centric service delivery is about ensuring that users have the information they want when they want it and how they want it. Through engagement and outreach activities, Statistics Canada learned that Canadians wanted more visuals, which make the data easier to understand. However, many partners with higher data-literacy skills still wanted data tables.

To meet Canadians' diverse range of needs, the agency provided information on its website in various formats, including data tables, infographics, interactive maps and other data visualizations.

In 2019–20, Canadians could access 37,254 data products on the Statistics Canada website and 7,368 data tables through the open government portal. In 2019–20, there were just under 20.3 million visits to the agency's website—making it one of the most visited federal government websites. For users who preferred to obtain data through application program interfaces (APIs), the agency received over an average of 250,000 API calls per month.

The agency has created a number of portals to improve user experience. These portals are gateways or hubs for accessing all Statistics Canada's information on a particular subject. In 2019–20, 21 new portals were created. In 2018–19, there were just two. These new portals provide improved access to data on the motor vehicle sector, seniors and aging, Indigenous peoples, poverty, health, housing, price indexes, education, courts, correctional services, economic accounts, agriculture and food, business and consumer services, travel and tourism, and culture statistics.

Data visualizations, including online interactive tools and static infographics, provide data to Canadians in an easy-to-use and visually appealing format. In 2019–20 alone, the agency added 89 infographics, bringing the agency total to 251 infographics.

Similarly, to meet the needs of Canadians, the number of interactive data visualization tools continued to climb. Out of the agency's total of 82 data visualization tools, 39 were created in 2019–20. This fiscal year, visualization tools were created for a broad range of themes, including transportation, immigration, income, crime, education, imports and exports, price indexes, retail commodities, Internet use, gross domestic product, trade, and housing statistics.

Videos were used more often and more strategically, with 30 weekly videos released on gross domestic product, the Consumer Price Index and the Labour Force Survey. More than 30 other videos were created for tailored subjects, such as data in a changing world, modernizing to serve Canadians, the 50th anniversary of the Official Languages Act, and the faces of Statistics Canada.

Statistics Canada also provided Canadians with data insights through 1,229 articles in The Daily, the agency's official release bulletin and the first line of communication with the media and the public. The agency also published 48 issues of The Weekly Review, a summary of the week's top statistical stories, released on the last working day of each week. This product further increases the accessibility of data released through The Daily.

Many Canadians look to obtain statistics through the news media. The media relations team responded to over 2,200 media inquiries and recorded more than 56,000 mentions of Statistics Canada in the national media.

To improve user experience, the My StatCan feature allows subscribers to customize their view of the agency's website, select specific publications and data products, and receive customizable data through email. Over 59,000 data users subscribed to My StatCan in 2019–20, a 7.2% increase in subscribers and 5.3% above the target for the year.

In 2019–20, Statistics Canada improved its ability to share its work through an increased digital presence and increased outreach. The agency now has a presence on Reddit and Instagram, in addition to Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and YouTube. Similarly, the agency shared over 2,500 social media publications in 2019–20, and its posts reached over 12.2 million online users. These users engaged with the agency's social media posts over 350,000 times.

In 2019–20 Statistics Canada translated over 6 million words—this ensured Canadians could access to all the agency's information in the official language of their choice. In addition, the agency promoted the use of both official languages through regular messages and activities, including the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Official Languages Act.

The 2021 Census: New content to count everyone

The census is the largest program at Statistics Canada and has focused on a user-centric delivery model for many cycles. During 2019–20, preparations for the 2021 Census included numerous consultations and partnership activities to ensure that users have the data they need.

Building on the previous year's work of consultations and qualitative testing, in 2019–20, the census questionnaires were tested quantitatively during the 2019 Census Test. The 2019 Census Test evaluated changes to the wording and flow of some questions, as well as the potential addition of new questions. The test also incorporated the evaluation of new communications material and variations to further improve collection methods. The content was tested by a sample of nearly 135,000 households and was reviewed by nine analysis panels.

Agency officials also met with representatives of 14 federal departments and other interested organizations. To better understand the needs of Indigenous organizations and communities, more than 60 in-person discussions were held in 30 Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities across Canada, with more than 400 contributors. Statistics Canada also met with individuals from organizations representing official language minority communities, organizations representing or providing services to Canadians with disabilities, immigrant and ethnic communities and organizations, LGBTQ2 communities, academia, businesses, and non-profit organizations.

Based on the findings from consultations and discussions, Statistics Canada proposed changes to census content to respond to key priorities identified by participants. This included new questions on sex at birth, gender, veterans, minority language rights-holders, Indigenous identity, multiple modes of transportation, and labour market activities. These questions were added so that everyone can see themselves in the census—a key desire heard from Canadians. The 2021 Census will also include new labour and commuting questions. Understanding the changing nature of the labour market and the skills people bring to it is critical for Canada to remain competitive in a global market economy.

“For many decades, we have worked very closely with Statistics Canada. Our countries are very similar in our census: vast geographies and our need to work closely with First Nations people in our work. The StatCan collection innovations that we have mirrored have brought us better outcomes for our populations who have benefitted from greater choice in the ways we interact.”

This rigorous testing in 2019–20 set the stage for a 2021 Census that will provide accurate data needed to support Canadian communities as they evolve, adapt and continue to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. Already, data from the 2016 Census have been key to the emergency response. In the early days of the pandemic, crucial demographic information on vulnerable populations was provided to public health authorities and emergency services officials. This information was instrumental in informing policy making in the context of the pandemic, and helped guide decisions on where government support was most needed.

Census data users are asking for more information, delivered at an increasingly granular level. Given the work completed in 2019–20, Statistics Canada is prepared to meet these needs while continuing to listen to and engage broadly with organizations and individuals representing various government departments, Indigenous leadership, the general public, communities, the private sector and academics to ensure that the agency remains in touch with the interests and needs of Canadians.

As Statistics Canada progressed with its preparations for the 2021 Census, the agency supported the positive outcomes of the live 2019 Census Behaviour Test to improve statistical and operational processes and the risk posture for the 2021 Census. This was a critical step in ensuring that the 2021 Census collects and disseminates relevant data of the highest quality to support evidence-based decision-making by public and non-public sector users within Canadian society. Statistics Canada worked in close collaboration with Shared Services Canada to take steps to ensure key infrastructure is in place to deliver the 2021 Census.

Collaboration and engagement with partners

A key pillar of the agency's modernization framework is collaboration and engagement with partners, including the sharing of expertise and expanded access to data. During 2019–20, Statistics Canada continued to increase collaboration and engagement.

In the summer of 2019, the agency expanded its focus on collaboration and engagement with partners through organizational changes that included creating a corporate Strategic Engagement Field, led by a new assistant chief statistician and guided by a new innovative strategy.

To foster increased collaboration with other external organizations, many speeches and special outreach and engagement events occurred. Specific external audiences included international statistical officials visiting the agency, and organizations such as the Empire Club, the Canadian Chamber of Commerce and affiliate members, the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, the Canadian Research Data Centre Network, and the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police.

Statistics Canada took a leadership role on the international stage. Its collaboration with various partners resulted in significant successes and milestones over the past fiscal year. For example, for the Conference of European Statisticians (CES), Statistics Canada led an in-depth review on measuring well-being in digital society, which covered data collection practices in 40 countries. The Chief Statistician and other executives assumed the role of chairperson for multiple international groups. In 2019–20, Statistics Canada assumed the roles of chair, co-chair or member for 14 out of the 18 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe CES working groups.

Creating and sharing data through new partnerships and collaboration

Statistics Canada increased the number of collaborative projects and the sharing of new information during 2019–20. These projects ranged in size, length and formality. During 2019–20, Statistics Canada entered into 1,700 formal agreements with cost-recovery clients and partners to provide custom requests, workshops, statistical surveys and related services.

The agency has greatly increased collaborative activities related to housing statistics. In 2019, in partnership with the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Statistics Canada shared the results of the new Canadian Housing Survey to provide data on various topics, including social and affordable housing, wait-list times for housing, perceptions of well-being, and social inclusion.

In support of the National Housing Strategy, Statistics Canada also provided data on at-risk veterans. In partnership with Veterans Affairs Canada, the agency used 2016 Census records linked with a cohort of Canadian veterans to produce data on housing affordability, sustainability and accessibility.

Results from these two projects provide information on whether Canadians have housing that meets their needs and that they can afford. This helps policy makers to ensure that more Canadians have access to an affordable home.

In addition to housing statistics, the agency engaged with many partners to gather energy information. In June 2019, Statistics Canada launched the Canadian Energy Information Portal, a first step in creating a hub for energy information to address long-standing concerns regarding dispersed datasets and gaps in energy data that impact researchers, analysts, decision makers, etc. Feedback from portal users and user consultation and focus group testing informed the design of the Canadian Centre for Energy Information (CCEI), with the purpose of providing a convenient hub for information on Canada's energy future. In parallel with this design, the CCEI engaged with a broad base of stakeholders on their data needs and priorities, including participants of the Energy Modelling Initiative, federal partners from Natural Resources Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, the Canada Energy Regulator, provincial and territorial energy departments, and industry. The CCEI also established itself on social media with the hashtag #energynews. Foundational work done to document concepts and variables related to energy will form the base of a data standard with which to connect dispersed information.

Statistics Canada participated in other collaborative projects that resulted in increased access to data for partners and allowed them to better meet their organizational goals and public policy objectives that benefit society. The agency

• provided a presentation on key data points to the Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs when it was considering the firearms legislation Bill C-71, and to the Canadian Firearms Advisory Committee (responsible for advising the Minister of Public Safety)
• reorganized data from the adult component of the Integrated Criminal Court Survey so that partner organizations could analyze open cases and completed cases, and to create a new series of indicators that will help partners improve the efficiency of Canadian criminal courts
• participated on the Health Canada Task Force on Virtual Care to explore the state of Canada's health data landscape as it relates to virtual care and artificial intelligence
• renewed engagements and outreach with Indigenous leaders, organizations and communities; on multiple occasions, the agency met with President Natan Obed of the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and representatives of the First Nations Information Governance Centre to discuss Indigenous affairs
• developed a national and provincial index of marginalization and deprivation, which is based on housing instability, economic deprivation, social and cultural isolation, and reliance on others, and allows for an understanding of inequalities in society
• launched the virtual Federal Research Data Centre at the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation to designate a room to allow 24/7 access to 25 researchers
• released 248 new comprehensive datasets for access in the research data centres, representing one-third of the total data available.

Statistics Canada also expanded collaborative activities with partners to help better understand the economic conditions within Canada. The agency

• created new, more granular tourism data that are available more frequently and include comparable measures of expenditures, gross domestic product and employment; for example, the National Travel Survey was expanded from 6 to 13 airports and, in collaboration with Destination Canada, payment data were integrated with survey data to improve visitor spending estimates at the sub-provincial level
• partnered with each territory to produce harmonized, pan-territorial data on both domestic and international travellers to create quarterly tourism indicators for the North
• expanded national and provincial Monthly Survey of Manufacturing data to include 12 census metropolitan areas.

Statistics Canada also participated in unique collaborative efforts with global implications related to the environment. For instance, in collaboration with Employment and Social Development Canada, the agency conducted extensive consultations with other federal departments and organizations to identify Canadian indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals.

Through the agency's leadership role in the development of, and commitment to, global indicators supporting the 2030 Agenda, Statistics Canada published additional indicators, more granular data and new visualizations on the Sustainable Development Goals Hub. The agency also worked with other departments, organizations and subject-matter experts to identify the best data sources for the 60 indicators in the Canadian Indicator Framework and to develop disaggregated data for vulnerable populations.

Using leading-edge methods

As part of the agency's mission to continue to provide trusted insight to Canadians, Statistics Canada strives to find ways to increase access to new and untapped data. The agency is also increasing its use of administrative data, modelling and new leading-edge methodologies to increase data capacity and reduce the response burden on Canadians. This includes the development of the agency's Necessity and Proportionality Framework, which aims to balance society's data needs with the protection of Canadians' privacy.

An increased focus on innovation with data science

Data science enables the integration and efficient use of big and unstructured data sources to create new, high-quality, relevant and easily accessible products. New approaches that integrate data (e.g., from text, satellites, large digital data sources and big data) have been used by Statistics Canada to address evolving expectations in a constantly adapting manner.

For example, electronic scanner databases with sales and product information are now available from major retailers. Statistics Canada uses machine learning to classify all the product descriptions in the scanner data, and then obtains aggregate sales data for each area. This approach has resulted in a high degree of automation and accurate, detailed retail data. It also reduces the response burden for major retailers. The data and machine learning models for the first retailer are now being used in the Retail Commodity Survey and the Monthly Retail Trade Survey, with the other retailers to follow. This approach will also be used for other surveys.

Addressing the opioid crisis in Canada

During 2019–20, in response to a clear data need and with the help of collaborative activities and partnerships, Statistics Canada developed innovative research efforts on opioids.

In June 2019, the City of Surrey Opioid Summit: From Data to Action hosted 60 experts, and Statistics Canada data insights fuelled the discussion. The opioids work undertaken by Statistics Canada highlights the agency's ongoing commitment in support of all levels of government to address the most significant challenges currently facing Canadian communities. Statistics Canada securely and privately gathered data from across various social domains to provide an unprecedented lens for delivering meaningful insights to Canadians on the opioid crisis to inform responses by program and policy makers. Health Canada also provided Statistics Canada with additional funding to expand the Surrey project to the whole of British Columbia, and selected jurisdictions in Alberta and Ontario.

The agency launched a project with Ryerson University to determine the possibility of using machine learning to identify specific causes of death (e.g., opioid-related deaths, cycling-related deaths) recorded in the Canadian Coroner and Medical Examiner Database (CCMED). The CCMED is a unique source of information on preventable deaths, including opioid and other drug overdoses. In addition to the demographic information on the decedent, the CCMED contains information on the circumstances surrounding the death, and detailed narratives on each death investigated by coroners and medical examiners. These narratives provide a rich source of contextual information on the circumstances of a death.

The agency also analyzed the impact of the opioid crisis on life expectancy rates in Canada. Canada has experienced and continues to experience a serious opioid overdose crisis. The impact of the crisis on the Canadian population can be measured in different ways. Life expectancy is one of the most general measures of overall population health, reflecting the number of years a person would be expected to live based on the rates of death in a population in a given year. From 2016 to 2017, for the first time in over four decades, life expectancy at birth did not increase for either males or females. This trend was largely attributable to the opioid crisis.

The innovative linkages combining information on opioid use and socioeconomic data were used to create analytical products, including a profile of opioid users and trajectory analysis to identify events leading to an opioid event. A feasibility study was conducted to identify data sources available to study the impacts of other harmful drugs (e.g., methamphetamine).

Measuring Canada's digital economy

Globally, there is limited intelligence surrounding the value of the digital economy and data. However, its economic importance cannot be denied. To address this data gap, in May 2019, Statistics Canada released "Measuring digital economic activities in Canada: Initial estimates," a digital economic account with estimates of the value of digital economic activities in Canada from 2010 to 2017. These activities included digitalization enablers, such as IT infrastructure, e-commerce transactions and digital delivery to consumers.

In June 2019, Statistics Canada released a new experimental framework to measure the value of data, databases and data science in Canada. Experimental estimates based on this framework were released a month later. Statistics Canada is working with international counterparts to set global standards to measure data's economic impact.

The agency also conducted research to better understand how and where the digital economy fits into the Canadian System of Macroeconomic Accounts and how it can be measured. For example, research is underway on how the widening productivity gap between the most productive firms and all other firms affects the distribution of individual employment earnings.

Measuring government-wide modernization efforts

As announced in Budget 2018, the Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat and Statistics Canada are working together to improve performance and impact assessments for innovation-related programs.

Statistics Canada is using a data-driven approach to create consistent and comparable performance and impact measures for government innovation programs. For example, to measure business innovation, the Entrepreneurship and Linkable File Environment (ELFE) section used administrative data from 18 federal departments to produce a research database to help various government departments evaluate the effectiveness of their programs. The ELFE section also has a visual tool to help analysts track business indicators using a range of variables.

New and improved modernization projects

The agency's modernization culture has inspired innovative projects across the agency. In 2019–20, Statistics Canada developed many new leading-edge approaches to reduce survey response burden on Canadians and provide new, improved or timelier data and services to Canadians.

Among the successes regarding economic statistics, the agency

• gathered data on cannabis consumption using wastewater sampling
• monitored shifts in the clean technology sector and the low-carbon economy
• measured the impact of foreign ownership on housing
• continued to assemble alternate sources of agriculture data, with an aim to reduce the burden on farmers
• used scanner data, web scraping and APIs to supplement the Consumer Price Index
• created interim "flash estimates" for monthly gross domestic product, and other key economic indicators to provide government and private sector analysts with more timely economic signals.

Among the accomplishments achieved in social statistics, the agency

• completed a microsimulation pilot project related to the Saskatchewan criminal justice system that included projections on the potential impact of reducing the education gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people
• made arrangements to use administrative correctional services data to replace the enumeration of usual residents in correctional facilities for the 2021 Census
• invested in and supported the development of the new Social Data Integration Platform, which provides a more focused and timely way of producing social statistics, including web panels and crowdsourcing.

Advances were also made in statistical methodologies. For instance, the agency tested privacy-preserving techniques, including homomorphic encryption, which provides data protection for highly sensitive data while enabling data processing. The agency also addressed a broad range of privacy concerns through the development of the Necessity and Proportionality Framework.

Necessity and Proportionality Framework

In December 2019, the Privacy Commissioner of Canada announced the findings from his year-long investigation into two projects undertaken by Statistics Canada that were designed to access Canadians' financial microdata through banks and credit rating agencies.

The investigation found that Statistics Canada complied with the spirit and intent of both the Statistics Act and the Privacy Act, but recommended that the future versions of the two projects take into account the necessity (i.e., need and justification) of the data being collected and the proportionality (i.e., appropriate magnitude of the effort as it relates to the need) of the sample being designed.

After strong collaboration with the Office of the Privacy Commissioner, Statistics Canada has become a global leader in its implementation of a ground-breaking Necessity and Proportionality Framework. This framework ensures and demonstrates more transparency for Canadians about the agency's processes to protect the privacy and confidentiality of information.

The Necessity and Proportionality Framework was shared at the United Nations Statistical Commission by the Chief Statistician and the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. Statistics Canada continues to lead work in this area while sharing progress with Canadians through the Trust Centre on its website.

This framework allows for the evaluation of data proportionality and necessity, while simultaneously ensuring that statistical values—such as quality of information, the protection of personal information, and confidentiality—remain intact. The framework is now fully imbedded into the data acquisition process and fully integrated in the privacy impact assessment process.

Canadians, businesses and associations are now assured that the information gathered by Statistics Canada has been obtained in a fully transparent and ethical manner. Also, by enabling the appropriate acquisition of data from a variety of data sources, the framework provides stakeholders with access to more precise and timely information for use in public policy-making and business decision-making that benefits all Canadians.

Building statistical capacity and fostering data literacy

In 2019–20, the agency led a series of external engagement and co-creation initiatives with public and private sector partners to build data literacy and promote data-driven decision-making. This involved welcoming partners from more than 25 federal departments and agencies, provincial and municipal governments, academia, the private sector, and civil society to participate in innovation hackathons on high-profile topics including the Sustainable Development Goals, early learning and child care, urban transit, empowering citizen science, food security, and workplace mental health measurement. The agency, through its regional services areas, provided training courses that helped users understand the use of data.

More specifically, Statistics Canada has made important contributions in building statistical capacity and fostering data in specific subject matter areas, including Indigenous statistics, and gender, diversity and inclusion data. The agency also showed leadership in the development of both the federal data strategy and its own data strategy.

Supporting Indigenous communities with statistics

As part of the Indigenous Statistical Capacity Development Initiative, the Centre for Indigenous Statistics and Partnerships engaged with over 127 Indigenous communities, organizations and governments and successfully completed three pilot projects, which included training Apatisiiwin Skills Development (formerly the Cree Human Resources Development Office) to design, collect, process and analyze a survey in 10 communities. This led to a three-year plan to develop and deliver 15 courses to help Indigenous communities and organizations build their own data and research capacities.

The agency released three publications as part of a comprehensive release strategy that encompassed three booklets, three infographics and one interactive map. The analytical publications focused on employment among First Nations people living off reserve, and Métis and Inuit participation in the wage and land-based economies in Inuit Nunangat.

In 2019–20, the agency developed indexes, indicators and portals to address the statistical needs of Indigenous communities, organizations and leadership.

Key products included

• Indigenous life expectancy for the human development index
• new indicators and analyses related to the over-representation of Indigenous people in the criminal justice system
• the Indigenous Statistics Portal, which was launched on National Indigenous Peoples Day (June 21, 2019).

To address data gaps, the agency calculated school participation rates for children aged 4 to 6 living on reserve by using administrative data from Indigenous Services Canada.

Leading the way: Gender, diversity and inclusion statistics

Statistics Canada is not only on the leading edge of new technologies, but also at the vanguard of efforts to address data gaps to help Canadians get the necessary information to make important decisions. The Centre for Gender, Diversity and Inclusion Statistics (CGDIS) is an example of a Statistics Canada initiative that focuses on providing new information to Canadians and building statistical capacity.

For instance, in 2019–20, the CGDIS released 19 tables on the Gender, Diversity and Inclusion Statistics Hub in support of the Gender Results Framework. In addition, a new publication to publish gender-based analysis plus (GBA+) articles was created. The CGDIS also published a conceptual and methodological overview of the gender pay gap and published a number of articles and infographics to address key policy needs and raise awareness of issues related to gender, diversity and inclusion.

Positive feedback from data users was received for four products that specifically highlighted new disaggregated data on Black communities in Canada, with a focus for policy departments to identify the socioeconomic issues facing Black communities in Canada. Statistics Canada released a socioeconomic portrait of Canada's Black population in February 2020 to support the Government of Canada's priority to address socioeconomic issues faced by Black Canadians.

In 2019–20, the CGDIS continued to generate new information to improve statistical standards for GBA+. Statistics Canada developed the capacity to acquire data from other departments that can be "housed" at Statistics Canada to help measure progress on the Gender Results Framework indicators. For example, data from the Band Governance Management System were acquired with Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada to develop indicators on the gender composition of First Nations band councils and the proportion of Chiefs in First Nations communities who are women. In addition, work is being undertaken in collecting and disseminating ethnocultural statistics. With support from Canadian Heritage, the new cycle of the General Social Survey on Social Identity will allow for the disaggregation of some specific ethnocultural groups to help address issues related to anti-racism, such as discrimination.

Finally, 2019–20 saw the continued building of statistical capacity for the CGDIS. It worked closely with the Canada School of Public Service to develop training materials and to deliver a GBA+ premium course. The CGDIS reviews course content annually, sits on discussion panels, and co-presents the module Geeking out About Data, which guides participants through selecting a data source, disaggregating data and interpreting results using a GBA+ perspective. The CGDIS also released the results from the Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces. These results helped to expand knowledge on gender-based violence among the general population in a new way by including a wider range of behaviours that are on the continuum of gender-based violence, but may not necessarily meet the criminal threshold.

Data strategies for the federal public service and Statistics Canada

In 2019–20, work was undertaken to deliver three high-priority initiatives in support of the government-wide implementation of the Data Strategy Roadmap for the Federal Public Service.

• The Data Literacy and Training initiative will provide online, user-centric training videos to build capacity among public servants so that they can better understand and use Statistics Canada's data to make evidence-based decisions and policies.
• The Data Stewardship as a Service initiative involves partnerships with Government of Canada organizations to increase their capacity to manage and mobilize data, including through the use of standards. Statistics Canada and Employment and Social Development Canada launched a pilot project using address data to demonstrate the potential of all federal departments using one authoritative source of information for addresses rather than duplicating efforts.
• The Data Science Community initiative involves building a data science ecosystem to share expertise and best practices to build data science capacity across the federal government.

Statistics Canada also collaborated with the Canada School of Public Service (CSPS) to pilot an approach to measure data literacy, and engaged with other departments such as Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, Employment and Social Development Canada, the Privy Council Office, the Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency and Global Affairs Canada to discuss scaling beyond the agency. Support was provided on a number of other CSPS initiatives: establishing data literacy competencies, guiding the development of the "Discover Data" training course, and contributing to the CSPS data literacy training project to produce online training resources in core data literacy areas (e.g., quality, stewardship, analysis).

The Statistics Canada Data Strategy (SCDS) was released internally to the federal public service in late September 2019 and publicly in late April 2020. The SCDS provides a roadmap for how Statistics Canada will continue to govern and manage its valuable data assets as part of its modernization agenda and in alignment with and response to other federal government strategies and initiatives, including the Data Strategy Roadmap for the Federal Public Service, Canada's 2018–2020 National Action Plan on Open Government, and the Treasury Board Secretariat Digital Operations Strategic Plan: 2018–2022.

In a related project, Statistics Canada is leading the implementation of a proof-of-concept external data stewardship engagement office. With the end goal of building capacity and fostering data literacy, this office will directly engage with other federal departments and agencies to optimize the use of data to facilitate sharing and integration, reduce duplication, and increase trust and transparency.

Results achieved

Across the agency, employees are working to improve results and to ensure targets are both relevant and ambitious. The agency made significant progress and reached 7 out of 11 performance indicator targets for 2019–20, and has improved its results relative to previous years. As the Departmental Results Framework matures, the agency is integrating performance indicator results into its decision-making processes to ensure value for Canadians and alignment of resources with government priorities.

Results achieved

Departmental results	Performance indicators	Target	Date to achieve target	2017–18 Actual results	2018–19 Actual results	2019–20 Actual results
Statistical information is of high quality	Number of post-release corrections due to accuracy	0	March 31, 2020	3	2	1
	Number of international forums of which Statistics Canada is a member	170 to 190	March 31, 2020	168	184	190
	Percentage of international standards with which Statistics Canada conforms	90%Table note 1	March 31, 2020	89%	88%	88%Table note 2
Statistical information is available and accessed	Number of visits to Statistics Canada website	17,000,000Table note 3	March 31, 2020	26,461,926	19,752,776Table note 4	20,285,269Table note 5
	Percentage of website visitors that found what they were looking for	77%	March 31, 2020	76%	79%	78%
	Number of interactions on social media	400,000Table note 6	March 31, 2020	559,709	358,673Table note 7	521,441Table note 8,Table note 9
	Number of statistical products available on the website	37,300	March 31, 2020	33,642	35,920	37,254
	Number of Statistics Canada data tables available on the Open Data Portal	7,150	March 31, 2020	7,162	6,944Table note 10	7,386
Statistical information is relevant	Number of media citations on Statistics Canada data	70,000	March 31, 2020	67,539	74,657Table note 11	56,921Table note 12
	Number of journal citations	23,000	March 31, 2020	23,903	22,716	26,505Table note 13
	Percentage of users satisfied with statistical information	80%	March 31, 2020	79%	80%	80%
Footnote 1 The target is set at 90% since not all international standards are relevant to Statistics Canada. Return to footnote 1 referrer Footnote 2 While the results have remained the same from last year, the agency's overall trend is increasing toward greater use of standards. Five additional standards were in scope in 2019–2020, of which four were in use, resulting in the department level staying constant at 88%. Return to footnote 2 referrer Footnote 3 The target for 2019–20 reflects the change in software that calculates this indicator, from Webtrends to Adobe Analytics, in June 2018. Adobe Analytics is a Government of Canada solution that aims to provide better-quality data by removing traffic generated from identified robots, spiders and crawlers. The definition of a visit has also changed from "a series of pages viewed within 30 minutes" to "a visit begins when a visitor enters the site and ends within 30 minutes of inactivity or 12 continuous hours of activity." Based on the change of software and definition of a visit, the number of visits to the website is expected to decrease. The data for this indicator will no longer be comparable with previous years. Return to footnote 3 referrer Footnote 4 Statistics Canada changed the software for measuring website traffic in September 2018 from a technology based on log files to a modernized page-tag technology. This solution was chosen by the Government of Canada to provide better-quality data and remove non-human traffic. The actual number of total visits provided for 2018–19 is a combination of data derived from the old and new technologies, and is lower than the target of 24,000,000 previously provided because of the change in methodology. Because of the change in technology, the 2018–19 results cannot be compared with results from previous years. Return to footnote 4 referrer Footnote 5 Statistics Canada exceeded its target as there was an increase in the number of tables released in 2019–20 compared with previous years, and the 2019 Canadian election campaign caused an increase in visitors looking for information on the Canadian economy. Return to footnote 5 referrer Footnote 6 Results peaked from 2015 to 2018 because of Census Program activities and paid advertising related to the census. Since the beginning of 2018, some social media platforms have been using new methodologies to tailor content delivery to fewer audience members. The target for 2019–20 has been lowered in consideration of these two factors. Return to footnote 6 referrer Footnote 7 Fiscal year 2018–19 had the lowest interaction on social media in the census cycle. Furthermore, since the beginning of 2018, some social media platforms have been using new methodologies to tailor content delivery to fewer audience members. The target for 2019–20 has been lowered in consideration of these two factors. Return to footnote 7 referrer Footnote 8 Statistics Canada had more interactions on social media as significant efforts were made during fiscal year 2019–20 to increase visibility of the agency’s social media content and leverage partnerships with other government departments and key stakeholders for amplification. These actions helped boost overall interactions on the social media accounts above projected targets. Return to footnote 8 referrer Footnote 9 An updated methodology is being considered for this indicator to standardize and include new social media platforms that the agency uses to interact with Canadians. This new methodology would be introduced in future Departmental Plans and applied as a correction to the 2020–21 Departmental Plan. Return to footnote 9 referrer Footnote 10 The number of datasets was streamlined in 2018–19 as a result of the agency’s New Dissemination Model. While this has decreased the number of datasets on the Open Data Portal, it has resulted in a more simplified, coherent and user-friendly approach to accessing statistical information. Return to footnote 10 referrer Footnote 11 The target for 2018–19 was exceeded. Beginning in October 2018, a single significant media story about Statistics Canada contributed to a significant one-time boost of about 2,000 articles in the first six months. However, broad increases to four themes—economy (3,853), health (1,875), justice (1,771) and trade (1,740)—resulted in an additional 9,239 media citations. This made up for the dip in citations from the census and contributed to exceeding the target of 56,000 provided for 2018–19. Leading up to and following the legalization of recreational cannabis, media afforded considerable coverage to the agency’s economic and health releases. International trade issues and heightened interest in justice issues also captured media attention. Media citations for future years could continue to increase as coverage shifts to the growing number of Internet news sites that the agency can access. Return to footnote 11 referrer Footnote 12 Statistics Canada media citations are generated from the publication of data released through the agency’s official channel, The Daily, and through responses to media inquiries and interviews. During the 2019–20 period, the national general election dominated much of the daily news coverage and the deployment of the Government of Canada’s caretaker convention, which restricts activities of government departments, reduced the agency’s data publishing and promotion activities. For these reasons, there were fewer media citations during this period than anticipated. Return to footnote 12 referrer Footnote 13 Statistics Canada had more journal citations for fiscal year 2019–20 as the number of current authors tracked through the collection tool (Google Scholar) increased. There were also a few articles that gathered an unusually high number of citations, which contributed to exceeding the target. Return to footnote 13 referrer

Budgetary financial resources (dollars)

	2019–20 Main Estimates	2019–20 Planned spending	2019–20 Total authorities available for use	2019–20 Actual spending (authorities used)	2019–20 Difference (Actual spending minus Planned spending)
Gross Expenditures	551,104,432	551,104,432	600,534,042	584,770,894	33,666,462
Respendable Revenue	-120,000,000	-120,000,000	-120,038,495	-120,038,495	-38,495
Net Expenditures	431,104,432	431,104,432	480,495,547	464,732,399	33,627,967

Human resources (full-time equivalents)

	2019–20 Planned full-time equivalents	2019–20 Actual full-time equivalents	2019–20 Difference (Actual full-time equivalents minus Planned full-time equivalents)
Gross expenditures	5,501	5,595	94
Respendable Revenue	-1,321	-1,366	-44
Net Expenditures	4,180	4,229	50

The difference between planned spending and actual spending is the result of an increase in resources for new initiatives from Budget 2018 & 2019. These initiatives include the New Anti-racism strategy, implementing a "Data Analytics as a Service" platform, co-developing an Indigenous Statistical Capacity Development Initiative, and enhancing GBA+ analysis through the creation of a Centre for Gender, Diversity and Inclusion Statistics.

The difference is also attributable to retroactive pay from the ratification of new collective agreements and budget carried forward from 2018–19 to 2019–20, allowing the agency to meet the needs of its cyclical programs and to invest in its integrated strategic planning process.

Furthermore, full-time equivalents vary slightly as a result of differences between the actual salary rates paid and the estimated average salary rates used to forecast planned spending.

Financial, human resources and performance information for Statistics Canada’s Program Inventory is available in GC InfoBase.

Internal Services

Description

Internal Services are those groups of related activities and resources that the federal government considers to be services in support of programs and/or required to meet corporate obligations of an organization. Internal Services refers to the activities and resources of the 10 distinct service categories that support program delivery in the organization, regardless of the Internal Services delivery model in a department. The 10 service categories are

• Acquisition Management Services
• Communication Services
• Financial Management Services
• Human Resources Management Services
• Information Management Services
• Information Technology Services
• Legal Services
• Material Management Services
• Management and Oversight Services
• Real Property Management Services.

Results

All Internal Services have been engaged with the agency's modernization agenda and have become more efficient and user-centric. Internal Services strengthened and modernized the agency's governance, performance management and risk management frameworks to support compliance and ensure the agency is efficiently aligning its resources.

Efficiencies and improvements have been made by leveraging technology, monitoring business processes and measuring performance. The agency increased data analytics within its Internal Services to provide quick and direct insight into the health of the organization.

Adapting to transformation

The modernization agenda is a significant transformation. Statistics Canada continues its proactive approach to monitor the agency's health through change, to identify trends in areas such as turnover, sick leave, job satisfaction and morale, and to take action to improve these trends.

The agency envisions a diverse, inclusive, respectful and healthy workplace that is agile and resilient to change. To support this vision, the agency has focused on strategies to measure and support organizational health, is developing an organizational health framework/index and indicators, and is collecting important information through pulse surveys and focus groups.

Performance measurement and program management

In line with these efforts, Statistics Canada continued to integrate performance measurement into program management and corporate planning to support and guide the agency's modernization journey. Specifically, performance measurement workshops were conducted with all program managers to develop a comprehensive agency logic model and measurement framework that aligns activities and outputs to outcomes. The resulting suite of indicators will allow the agency to better measure whether it is achieving its modernization agenda.

Internal Audit and Evaluation

To meet Canadians' need for timely and meaningful data, Statistics Canada's modernization agenda needed to ensure proper controls were in place to mitigate risk internally. In 2019–20, Internal Audit and Evaluation used results achieved and lessons learned to assure management that innovative and ongoing program delivery mitigated risks. These functions provided management with trusted and neutral information to inform decision making within the agency.

Diversity and inclusion

Throughout 2019–20, the Employee Equity, Diversity and Inclusion team conducted many activities and awareness campaigns to increase the visibility and effectiveness of resources available to all Statistics Canada employees. For example, tools and initiatives—including the Integrity and Respect hotline, access to appointed Integrity and Respect Awareness Officers, and promotion of the Employee Assistance Program and Informal Conflict Management Services—have been implemented within the agency. In addition, a multitude of training opportunities and discussion forums have been promoted to help employees broaden their perspectives and create a more inclusive environment.

Statistics Canada launched two action plans to support a culture of diversity and inclusion. The first was the 2019–20 Employment Equity and Diversity Action Plan, which identified three key achievements: a data-driven approach to diversity and inclusion, the elimination and prevention of representation gaps, and a work environment where all employees feel included. Key action items included mandatory staff training, tracking and identifying statistical trends in representation and progression of employment equity groups, monitoring Statistics Canada's diversity compared with Canadian society, and reviewing assessment tools by the Employment Equity and Diversity Section. The second action plan released was the Integrity and Respect Action Plan. Both of these plans were published as communication tools available to employees and illustrated organizational commitments and accountabilities.

Leveraging data analytics

Internal Services enable partners across the agency to make strategic management decisions—supported by data—that are related to human resources, financial management, procurement, accommodations, informatics services and more. A number of new trailblazing projects demonstrate the expansion of data analytics with a user-centric approach within the agency.

• To eliminate the need for ad hoc reports and to encourage proactive planning, the Human Resources Analytics Management Dashboard was created to provide a self-serve compilation of easy-to-use, interactive, visuals-based reports—composed of real-time data—on the agency's workforce.
• Pulse surveys—short questionnaires to help answer important, ad hoc managerial questions in a timely manner—were developed and analyzed.
• As the agency's migration to the cloud progresses, live consumption metrics and optimization have been implemented to ensure robust and efficient operations.
• The Financial Operations Analytics Dashboard was created to report on the health of key performance indicators and compliance with established Finance Branch service standards. This dynamic reporting tool allows the agency to identify potential risks and performance issues as it seeks to achieve continuous improvement and client satisfaction in the application of operational business processes.

A more modern and flexible work environment

The agency continues to move toward a more modern and flexible work environment through the development of open workspace concepts, additional network bandwidth, and remote work procedures, including mandatory employee training.

In addition, in partnership with Public Services and Procurement Canada, the agency launched the GCcoworking pilot. This pilot allows employees to use conveniently located workspaces outside the agency's main offices. This approach reduces the agency's carbon footprint, improves work–life balance and encourages collaboration.

Procurement initiatives

In support of modern comptrollership, procurement activities continue to be made more efficient and modern. This included reducing manual processes (electronic submission and acceptance) and decentralizing the 2021 Census procurement process to a more efficient and regionally benefitting approach. Social and green procurement approaches included purchasing paper with at least 30% recycled content and using Indigenous vendors for IT equipment and furniture. Similarly, furniture was purchased from CORCAN, which provides employment and employability skills training to incarcerated offenders.

Further strengthening information management

The agency established a renewed information management vision, with foundational principles and alignment to internationally recognized frameworks, to drive key business outcomes. This project is moving forward to deliver key information and data capabilities to meet the needs of the modernization agenda and major program delivery.

Digital solutions

To provide full transparency into the agency's efficiency and modernization efforts, the agency launched its first IT Plan of Record. This report provides greater visibility to the IT-enabled investments within the agency. It transparently details all IT-enabled investments across projects, products and services. In addition, to streamline help desk costs, two separate walk-up services for employee support (the Genius bar and the Accounts Desk) were consolidated to create a single station that now provides a broader set of services and expanded service hours, while reducing costs.

Further focusing on IT operations and lifecycle management, Statistics Canada advanced its technological modernization agenda through a number of complex, large-scale informatics projects:

• The Cloud Services Enablement project aims to build the secure foundational blocks required to support current applications and data requirements, as well as the possibility of new cloud solutions.
• The Workload Migration project seeks to move current applications and datasets into a cloud environment as much as possible. In June 2019, Statistics Canada and the Treasury Board Secretariat began establishing the Government of Canada's first Workload Migration Factory.
• In 2019–20, the agency officially kicked off development for the Data Analytics as a Service (DAaaS) program. As the year progressed, DAaaS successfully delivered technical components and solutions in support of the agency's modernization vision and in support of the Data Strategy Roadmap for the Federal Public Service.

Budgetary financial resources (dollars)

2019–20 Main Estimates	2019–20 Planned spending	2019–20 Total authorities available for use	2019–20 Actual spending (authorities used)	2019–20 Difference (Actual spending minus Planned spending)
64,345,374	64,345,374	82,048,294	82,217,225	17,871,851

Human resources (full-time equivalents)

2019–20 Planned full-time equivalents	2019–20 Actual full-time equivalents	2019–20 Difference (Actual full-time equivalents minus Planned full-time equivalents)
566	626	60

The difference between planned spending and actual spending is mainly related to an increase in resources for a new initiative, approved in 2018–19, to migrate the infrastructure to the cloud, as well as additional spending related to internal IT support and pressures related to the Government of Canada pay system.

Although additional expenditures were prioritized under Internal Services, the agency's overall spending did not exceed its total authorities.

Financial, human resources and performance information for Statistics Canada's Program Inventory is available in the GC InfoBase.

Results at a glance

	Total actual spending for 2019–20	Total actual full-time equivalents for 2019–20
Total gross expenditures	666,988,119	6,221
Respendable revenues	-120,038,495	-1,366
Total net expenditures	546,949,624	4,856

During 2019–20, Statistics Canada made significant progress toward its modernization goals, including its goals to engage with Canadians, share best practices and expertise, build capacity, and generate new, innovative solutions to help create a data-driven society and economy. The initiatives and projects featured in this report demonstrate the impact that the agency has had on the lives of Canadians.

Creating a modern and flexible workplace

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the agency transitioned to a remote workplace overnight—a feat only possible because of in-flight modernization activities.

• Ongoing security and informatics enhancements for remote work allowed the agency to deliver its mission-critical programs, such as the Labour Force Survey, when they were most needed without missing a beat.
• Parallel to technical enhancements, a corporate culture change was initiated during 2019–20 toward a more agile, flexible and responsive organization.

Delivering user-centric services

The agency is client-focused; it wants to ensure that users have the information they want when they want it and how they want it.

• Canadians asked for more data visualizations, such as user-friendly online interactive tools and fun infographics, and the agency responded. In 2019–20 alone, the agency doubled its number of data visualization tools and increased its infographics holdings by 35%. Users also wanted more social media activity—there were over 520,000 social media interactions in 2019–20.
• User satisfaction results revealed that, in 2019–20, 80% of users were satisfied with the statistical information provided by Statistics Canada, including with the over 38,000 products that were accessed in approximately 20.3 million visits to the agency's website.

Collaborating and engaging with Canadians

This past year, Statistics Canada pursued an unprecedented number of collaborative activities and initiatives across all levels of government; internationally; and with the private sector, non-governmental organizations and others.

• In the summer of 2019, the agency demonstrated its commitment to collaboration and engagement by creating a new corporate Strategic Engagement Field, dedicated to meeting the statistical needs of Canadians. Collaboration and engagement activities resulted in more granular and timely data related to housing, tourism, justice, health and manufacturing, to name a few.
• To foster increased collaboration with other organizations, many speeches and special outreach and engagement events occurred. Specific external audiences included the Empire Club, the Canadian Chamber of Commerce, the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, and the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police. The agency also collaborated with international partners; for example, the agency was a member of 180 international forums in 2019–20.
• The Canadian Statistics Advisory Council (CSAC)—the independent body comprised of statistical experts from across the country mandated to report to Canadians annually on the overall health of the national statistical system—met for the first time in 2019–20.

Using leading-edge methods

The agency's modernization journey paved the way for work on leading-edge methods. Canadians and businesses want detailed, high-quality, real-time statistical information, and the agency is committed to using innovative methods to meet these increasing data needs.

• Statistics Canada continued to produce more data while reducing the response burden on Canadians through new projects, including producing cannabis consumption data based on wastewater and using satellite imagery to replace some agriculture surveys.
• Statistics Canada presented leading-edge methods on a global scale regarding its implementation of the Necessity and Proportionality Framework. The framework ensures and demonstrates transparency about the agency's processes to protect privacy and confidentiality by ensuring that all projects meet a real need (necessity) and are of an appropriate magnitude or size of effort (proportionality).

Building statistical capacity and fostering data literacy

For a data-driven society and economy, society must understand and use statistics. To help build statistical capacity with partners and foster data literacy among Canadians so they can effectively use the agency's data, Statistics Canada provided leadership nationally and internationally.

• In 2019–20, the agency supported the government-wide implementation of the Data Strategy Roadmap for the Federal Public Service and released its own Statistics Canada Data Strategy to outline how the agency will continue to govern and manage its valuable data assets for Canadians.
• Statistics Canada provided direct support and training to over 127 Indigenous communities, organizations and governments to help them build their own data and research capabilities, including developing indexes, indicators and portals to address their specialized statistical needs.
• With over 5,875 participants in 2019–20, Statistics Canada's workshop and webinar series improved data literacy by providing Canadians with direct access to its extensive survey methodology and analysis expertise.

As the impacts of COVID-19 continue to be felt, Statistics Canada continues to capture an accurate social and economic portrait of the nation and provide Canadians with the information they need to make important decisions during these extraordinary times. The agency also accelerated the collection and release of COVID-19-related information to create new insights that are urgently needed to respond to and address the COVID-19 pandemic.

For more information on Statistics Canada's plans, priorities and results achieved, see the "Results: what we achieved" section of this report.

It is a pleasure to outline Statistics Canada's accomplishments over the 2019–20 fiscal year in this Departmental Results Report. In 2019–20, the agency experienced unprecedented change and further opportunity to serve Canadians with credible, trusted and quality data and insights.

COVID-19 fuelled an extraordinary demand for a better understanding of Canada's society and economy in more granular detail, near real-time and in an integrated manner. Leveraging the agency's modernization efforts that were already underway, Statistics Canada's dedicated and committed experts securely transitioned to remote work practically overnight, and transformed many of the agency's programs to bring greater value to decision makers.

In addition to providing key statistics that drive Canada's economy and society, Statistics Canada is using good data management and stewardship practices to track the impacts of COVID-19 and to help Canada to better manage critical resources, such as personal protective equipment inventories. The agency has introduced new collection mechanisms and new methodologies by working in partnership with other departments to bring disaggregated data and new insights to Canadians in a timely manner. I thank Canadians for their remarkable support in helping the agency in its efforts. Their support showed how much Canadians value the agency's high-quality evidence and data, which help to influence decisions that impact all of Canada.

Statistics Canada is grateful for the advice and guidance of the members of the newly formed Canadian Statistics Advisory Council, as well as the Advisory Council on Ethics and Modernization of Microdata Access, provincial and territorial statistical focal points, numerous subject matter and technical advisory committees, and international colleagues.

Although more work is needed, the agency is making important strides in supporting key government priorities such as gender, diversity and inclusion, physical and mental health, energy statistics, the environment, and sustainable growth. Statistics Canada is also working to meet the increasing dependence on data to fuel Canada's economy and jobs, and is working to support building statistical capacity in Indigenous organizations.

The agency is also grateful to organizations and Canadians who participated in this past year's content consultations for the 2021 Census of Population and Census of Agriculture. The input received will help to ensure next year's censuses provide the solid evidence base needed for years to come.

Statistics Canada has operated in a transparent manner for over a century, earning the trust of Canadians. The agency is sharing even more information about what it does and how it goes about providing high-quality statistics. I invite Canadians to visit Statistics Canada's Trust Centre to learn more about how the agency works for them. I also invite Canadians to get to know the agency's dedicated employees in our video series, Faces of StatCan.

Canadians look to Statistics Canada to provide independent, credible and trusted information at a time when it can be challenging to differentiate information quality. I invite all Canadians, businesses and organizations to explore the agency's resources, which include dashboards, hubs and portals, releases in The Daily, data repositories, and hundreds of analytical papers. All these resources are available for free on the Statistics Canada website.

Statistics Canada is grateful for your support and trust, and the agency looks forward to continuing to serve you by delivering even greater insights through data for a better Canada.

Anil Arora
Chief Statistician of Canada

Summaries of disseminated products

Dissemination Plan

CHMS Content summary for cycles 1 to 8

• The content summary document is divided into separate tables which list all of the content topics in the survey by age group of respondent. There are tables on the household questionnaire and specimen collection, mobile examination centre (MEC) physical measures and specimen collection, MEC questionnaire, laboratory biospecimen, laboratory indoor air sample tests and laboratory tap water sample tests. The laboratory tables also provide information on analytical ranges and conversion factors.

Data User Guide – Cycles 1 to 6

• The user guide includes information on survey content, sample design, data collection, data processing, weighting, data quality, file usage, as well as guidelines for tabulation, analysis and release.
• Cycle 6 release to start October 2020

Derived Variables (DVs) documentation – Cycles 1 to 6

• There are separate DV documents for the following types of DVs: household and mobile examination centre (MEC), medication, activity monitor, non-environmental laboratory measures, fluoride and volatile organic compounds, and other environmental laboratory measures.
• Cycle 6 release to start October 2020

Data Dictionaries – Cycles 1 to 6

• There are separate data dictionaries for the following data files: household full sample, mobile examination centre full sample, medication full sample, hearing full sample, activity monitor full sample, activity monitor subsample, indoor air subsample – household level, indoor air subsample – person level, fasting blood subsample, red blood cell fatty acids subsample, fluoride household level subsample – in tap water, VOC household level subsample – in tap water, fluoride person level subsample – in urine and tap water, VOC person level subsample – in blood and tap water, non-environmental lab data full sample, environment lab blood and urine full sample, acrylamide (environmental blood subsample), methyl mercury (environmental blood subsample), NNAL and glucoronides (environmental urine subsample), and environment urine main subsample. Note: not all subsamples are available in every cycle
• Cycle 6 release to start October 2020

Supporting documentation for the climate and air quality file – Cycle 3
Sampling Documentation – Cycle 1 to 5
Presentations on using CHMS data – Cycles 1 to 5

• CHMS Data User Workshop

Instructions for Combining Multiple Cycles of Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) Data
Postal Code File – justification needed

• Contains postal code information for every respondent in the survey.

Relationship File – justification needed

• Identifies the relationship between 2 respondents in the same household (adult/child)

Relationship File – Feasibility Report

• Using the relationship files and paired respondent data in the CHMS: Feasibility study – an update

CHMS Errata – Cycles 1 to 6

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For more information or to obtain copies of the documents in the list above, please contact Statistics Canada's Statistical Information Service (toll-free 1-800-263-1136; 514-283-8300; infostats@statcan.gc.ca).

1.0 Description

The Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS) is a set of short, online surveys beginning in March 2020 that will be used to collect information on the knowledge and behaviours of residents of the 10 Canadian provinces. All surveys in the series will be asked of Statistics Canada's probability panel. The probability panel for the CPSS is a new pilot project initiated in 2019. An important goal of the CPSS is to directly collect data from Canadians in a timely manner in order to inform policy makers and be responsive to emerging data needs. The CPSS is designed to produce data at a national level (excluding the territories).

The survey program is sponsored by Statistics Canada. Each survey in the CPSS is cross sectional. Participating in the probability panel and the subsequent surveys of the CPSS is voluntary.

The fifth survey of the CPSS is CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic. It was administered from September 14, 2020 until September 20, 2020.

Any questions about the survey, the survey series, the data or its use should be directed to:

Statistics Canada

Client Services
Centre for Social Data Integration and Development
Telephone: 613-951-3321 or call toll-free 1-800-461-9050
Fax: 613-951-4527
E-mail: statcan.csdidclientservice-ciddsservicealaclientele.statcan@statcan.gc.ca

2.0 Survey methodology

Target and survey population

The target population for the Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS) is residents of the 10 Canadian provinces 15 years of age or older.

The frame for surveys of the CPSS is Statistics Canada's pilot probability panel. The probability panel was created by randomly selecting a subset of the Labour Force Survey (LFS) respondents. Therefore the survey population is that of the LFS, with the exception that full-time members of the Canadian Armed Forces are included. Excluded from the survey's coverage are: persons living on reserves and other Aboriginal settlements in the provinces; the institutionalized population, and households in extremely remote areas with very low population density. These groups together represent an exclusion of less than 2% of the Canadian population aged 15 and over.

The LFS sample is drawn from an area frame and is based on a stratified, multi-stage design that uses probability sampling. The LFS uses a rotating panel sample design. In the provinces, selected dwellings remain in the LFS sample for six consecutive months. Each month about one-sixth of the LFS sampled dwellings are in their first month of the survey, one-sixth are in their second month of the survey, and so on. These six independent samples are called rotation groups.

For the probability panel used for the CPSS, four rotation groups from the LFS were used from the provinces: the rotation groups answering the LFS for the last time in April, May, June and July of 2019. From these households, one person aged 15+ was selected at random to participate in the CPSS - Sign-Up. These individuals were invited to Sign-Up for the CPSS. Those agreeing to join the CPSS were asked to provide an email address. Participants from the Sign-Up that provided valid email addresses formed the probability panel. The participation rate for the panel was approximately 23%. The survey population for all surveys of the CPSS is the probability panel participants. Participants of the panel are 15 years or older as of July 31, 2019.

Sample Design and Size

The sample design for surveys of the CPSS is based on the sample design of the CPSS – Sign-Up, the method used to create the pilot probability panel. The raw sample for the CPSS – Sign-Up had 31,896 randomly selected people aged 15+ from responding LFS households completing their last interview of the LFS in April to July of 2019. Of these people, 31,626 were in-scope at the time of collection for the CPSS - Sign-Up in January to March 2020. Of people agreeing to participate in the CPSS, that is, those joining the panel, 7,242 had a valid email address. All panel participants are invited to complete the surveys of the CPSS.

Stages of the Sample	n
Raw sample for the CPSS – Sign-Up	31,896
In-scope Units from the CPSS – Sign-Up	31,628
Panelists for the CPSS (with valid email addresses)	7,242
Raw sample for surveys of the CPSS	7,242

3.0 Data collection

CPSS – Sign-Up

The CPSS- Sign-Up survey used to create Statistics Canada's probability panel was conducted from January 15th, 2020 until March 15th, 2020. Initial contact was made through a mailed letter to the selected sample. The letter explained the purpose of the CPSS and invited respondents to go online, using their Secure Access Code to complete the Sign-Up form. Respondents opting out of joining the panel were asked their main reason for not participating. Those joining the panel were asked to verify basic demographic information and to provide a valid email address. Nonresponse follow-up for the CPSS-Sign-Up had a mixed mode approach. Additional mailed reminders were sent to encourage sampled people to respond. As well, email reminders (where an email address was available) and Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) nonresponse follow-up was conducted.

The application included a standard set of response codes to identify all possible outcomes. The application was tested prior to use to ensure that only valid question responses could be entered and that all question flows would be correctly followed. These measures ensured that the response data were already "clean" at the end of the collection process.

Interviewers followed a standard approach used for many StatCan surveys in order to introduce the agency. Selected persons were told that their participation in the survey was voluntary, and that their information would remain strictly confidential.

CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic

All participants of the pilot panel for the CPSS, minus those who opted out after previous iterations of CPSS, were sent an email invitation with a link to the CPSS5 and a Secure Access Code to complete the survey online. Collection for the survey began on September 14th, 2020. Reminder emails were sent on September 15, September 17 and September 19. On September 17 in the afternoon, SMS reminders were sent (where a phone number was available) to sampled people aged 18 to 24 to encourage them to respond. The application remained open until September 20, 2020.

3.1 Disclosure control

Statistics Canada is prohibited by law from releasing any data which would divulge information obtained under the Statistics Act that relates to any identifiable person, business or organization without the prior knowledge or the consent in writing of that person, business or organization. Various confidentiality rules are applied to all data that are released or published to prevent the publication or disclosure of any information deemed confidential. If necessary, data are suppressed to prevent direct or residual disclosure of identifiable data.

4.0 Data quality

Survey errors come from a variety of different sources. They can be classified into two main categories: non-sampling errors and sampling errors.

4.1 Non-sampling errors

Non-sampling errors can be defined as errors arising during the course of virtually all survey activities, apart from sampling. They are present in both sample surveys and censuses (unlike sampling error, which is only present in sample surveys). Non-sampling errors arise primarily from the following sources: nonresponse, coverage, measurement and processing.

4.1.1 Nonresponse

Nonresponse errors result from a failure to collect complete information on all units in the selected sample.

Nonresponse produces errors in the survey estimates in two ways. Firstly, non-respondents often have different characteristics from respondents, which can result in biased survey estimates if nonresponse bias is not fully corrected through weighting. Secondly, it reduces the effective size of the sample, since fewer units than expected answered the survey. As a result, the sampling variance increases and the precision of the estimate decreases. The response rate is calculated as follows:

[ Responding units / (Selected units – out-of-scope units) ] x 100%

The following table summarizes the response rates experienced for the CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic. Response rates are broken down into two stages. Table 4.1.1a shows the take-up rates to the panel in the CPSS- Sign-Up and Table 4.1.1b shows the collection response rates for the survey CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic.

Table 4.1.1a Participation in the Pilot Probability Panel for the CPSS – Sign-Up

	Stages of the Sample for the CPSS – Sign-Up
	Raw sample for the CPSS – Sign-Up	In-scope Units from the CPSS – Sign-Up	Panelists for the CPSS (with valid email addresses)	Participation Rate for the Panel for CPSS
n	31,896	31,628	7,242	22.9%

Table 4.1.1b Response Rates to the CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic

	Stages of the Sample for the CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic
	Panelists for the CPSS (with valid email addresses)	Respondents of CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic	Collection Response Rate for CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic	Cumulative Response Rate
n	7,242	3,961	54.7%	12.5%

As shown in Table 4.1.1b, the collection response rate for the CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic is 54.7%. However, when nonparticipation in the panel is factored in, the cumulative response rate to the survey is 12.5%. This cumulative response rate is lower than the typical response rates observed in social surveys conducted at Statistics Canada. This is due to the two stages of nonresponse (or participation) and other factors such as the single mode used for surveys of the CPSS (emailed survey invitations with a link to the survey for online self-completion), respondent fatigue from prior LFS response, the inability of the offline population to participate, etc.

Given the additional nonresponse experienced in the CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic there is an increased risk of bias due to respondents being different than nonrespondents. For this reason, a small bias study was conducted. Please see Section 6.0 for the results of this validation.

4.1.2 Coverage errors

Coverage errors consist of omissions, erroneous inclusions, duplications and misclassifications of units in the survey frame. Since they affect every estimate produced by the survey, they are one of the most important types of error; in the case of a census they may be the main source of error. Coverage errors may cause a bias in the estimates and the effect can vary for different sub-groups of the population. This is a very difficult error to measure or quantify accurately.

For the CPSS, the population covered are those aged 15+ as of July 31, 2019. Since collection of the CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic was conducted from September 14th-20th, 2020, there is an undercoverage of residents of the 10 provinces that turned 15 since July 31, 2019. There is also undercoverage of those without internet access. This undercoverage is greater amongst those age 65 years and older.

4.1.3 Measurement errors

Measurement errors (sometimes referred to as response errors) occur when the response provided differs from the real value; such errors may be attributable to the respondent, the questionnaire, the collection method or the respondent's record-keeping system. Such errors may be random or they may result in a systematic bias if they are not random. It is very costly to accurately measure the level of response error and very few surveys conduct a post-survey evaluation.

4.1.4 Processing errors

Processing errors are the errors associated with activities conducted once survey responses have been received. It includes all data handling activities after collection and prior to estimation. Like all other errors, they can be random in nature, and inflate the variance of the survey’s estimates, or systematic, and introduce bias. It is difficult to obtain direct measures of processing errors and their impact on data quality especially since they are mixed in with other types of errors (nonresponse, measurement and coverage).

4.2 Sampling errors

Sampling errors are defined as the errors that result from estimating a population characteristic by measuring a portion of the population rather than the entire population. For probability sample surveys, methods exist to calculate sampling error. These methods derive directly from the sample design and method of estimation used by the survey.

The most commonly used measure to quantify sampling error is sampling variance. Sampling variance measures the extent to which the estimate of a characteristic from different possible samples of the same size and the same design differ from one another. For sample designs that use probability sampling, the magnitude of an estimate's sampling variance can be estimated.

Factors affecting the magnitude of the sampling variance for a given sample size include:

1. The variability of the characteristic of interest in the population: the more variable the characteristic in the population, the larger the sampling variance.
2. The size of the population: in general, the size of the population only has an impact on the sampling variance for small to moderate sized populations.
3. The response rate: the sampling variance increases as the sample size decreases. Since non-respondents effectively decrease the size of the sample, nonresponse increases the sampling variance.
4. The sample design and method of estimation: some sample designs are more efficient than others in the sense that, for the same sample size and method of estimation, one design can lead to smaller sampling variance than another.

The standard error of an estimator is the square root of its sampling variance. This measure is easier to interpret since it provides an indication of sampling error using the same scale as the estimate whereas the variance is based on squared differences.

The coefficient of variation (CV) is a relative measure of the sampling error. It is defined as the estimate of the standard error divided by the estimate itself, usually expressed as a percentage (10% instead of 0.1). It is very useful for measuring and comparing the sampling error of quantitative variables with large positive values. However, it is not recommended for estimates such as proportions, estimates of change or differences, and variables that can have negative values.

It is considered a best practice at Statistics Canada to report the sampling error of an estimate through its 95% confidence interval. The 95% confidence interval of an estimate means that if the survey were repeated over and over again, then 95% of the time (or 19 times out of 20), the confidence interval would cover the true population value.

5.0 Weighting

The principle behind estimation in a probability sample such as those of the CPSS, is that each person in the sample "represents", besides himself or herself, several other persons not in the sample. For example, in a simple random 2% sample of the population, each person in the sample represents 50 persons in the population. In the terminology used here, it can be said that each person has a weight of 50.

The weighting phase is a step that calculates, for each person, his or her associated sampling weight. This weight appears on the microdata file, and must be used to derive estimates representative of the target population from the survey. For example, if the number of individuals who smoke daily is to be estimated, it is done by selecting the records referring to those individuals in the sample having that characteristic and summing the weights entered on those records. The weighting phase is a step which calculates, for each record, what this number is. This section provides the details of the method used to calculate sampling weights for the CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic.

The weighting of the sample for the CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic has multiple stages to reflect the stages of sampling, participation and response to get the final set of respondents. The following sections cover the weighting steps to first create the panel weights, then the weighting steps to create the survey weights for CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic.

5.1 Creating the Panel Weights

Four consecutive rotate-out samples of households from the LFS were the starting point to form the panel sample of the CPSS. Since households selected from the LFS samples are the starting point, the household weights from the LFS are the first step to calculating the panel weights.

5.1.1 Household weights

Calculation of the Household Design Weights – HHLD_W0, HHLD_W1

The initial panel weights are the LFS subweights (SUBWT). These are the LFS design weights adjusted for nonresponse but not yet calibrated to population control totals. These weights form the household design weight for the panel survey (HHLD_W0).

Since only four rotate-outs were used, instead of the six used in a complete LFS sample, these weights were adjusted by a factor of 6/4 to be representative. The weights after this adjustment were called HHLD_W1.

Calibration of the Household Weights – HHLD_W2

Calibration is a step to ensure that the sum of weights within a certain domain match projected demographic totals. The SUBWT from the LFS are not calibrated, thus HHLD_W1 are also not calibrated. The next step is to make sure the household weights add up to the control totals by household size. Calibration was performed on HHLD_W1 to match control totals by province and household size using the size groupings of 1, 2, or 3+.

5.1.2 Person Panel weights

Calculate Person Design Weights – PERS_W0

One person aged 15 or older per household was selected for the CPSS – Sign-Up, the survey used to create the probability panel. The design person weight is obtained by multiplying HHLD_W2 by the number of eligible people in the dwelling (i.e. number of people aged 15 years and over).

Removal of Out of Scope Units – PERS_W1

Some units were identified as being out-of-scope during the CPSS – Sign-Up. These units were given a weight of PERS_W1 = 0. For all other units, PERS_W1 = PERS_W0. Persons with a weight of 0 are subsequently removed from future weight adjustments.

Nonresponse/Nonparticipation Adjustment – PERS_W2

During collection of the CPSS – Sign-Up, a certain proportion of sampled units inevitably resulted in nonresponse or nonparticipation in the panel. Weights of the nonresponding/nonparticipating units were redistributed to participating units. Units that did not participate in the panel had their weights redistributed to the participating units with similar characteristics within response homogeneity groups (RHGs).

Many variables from the LFS were available to build the RHG (such as employment status, education level, household composition) as well as information from the LFS collection process itself. The model was specified by province, as the variables chosen in the model could differ from one province to the other.

The following variables were kept in the final logistic regression model: education_lvl (education level variable with 10 categories), nameissueflag (a flag created to identify respondents not providing a valid name), elg_hhldsize (number of eligible people for selection in the household), age_grp (age group of the selected person), sex, kidsinhhld (an indicator to flag whether or not children are present in the household), marstat (marital status with 6 categories), cntrybth (an indicator if the respondent was born in Canada or not), lfsstat (labour force status of respondent with 3 categories), nocs1 (the first digit of National Occupational Classification code of the respondent if employed, with 10 categories), and dwelrent (an indicator of whether the respondent dwelling is owned or rented). RHGs were formed within provinces. An adjustment factor was calculated within each response group as follows:

$\frac{\text{Sum of weights of respondents and nonrespondents}}{\text{Sum of weights of respondents}}$

The weights of the respondents were multiplied by this factor to produce the PERS_W2 weights, adjusted for panel nonparticipation. The nonparticipating units were dropped from the panel.

5.2 Creating the CPSS5 weights

Surveys of the CPSS start with the sample created from the panel participants. The panel is comprised of 7,242 individuals, each with the nonresponse adjusted weight of PERS_W2.

Calculation of the Design Weights – WT_DSGN

The design weight is the person weight adjusted for nonresponse calculated for the panel participants (PERS_W2). No out-of-scope units were identified during the survey collection of CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic. Since all units were in-scope, WT_DSGN =PERS_W2 and no units were dropped.

Nonresponse Adjustment – WT_NRA

Given that the sample for CPSS was formed by people having agreed to participate in a web panel, the response rates to the survey were relatively high. Additionally, the panel was designed to produce estimates at a national level, so sample sizes by province were not overly large. As a result, nonresponse was fairly uniform in many provinces. The RHGs were formed by some combination of age group, sex, education level, rental status, LFS status, whether or not children are present in the household, eligible household size, and the first digit of the National Occupational Classification (NOC) code for respondents who are employed. An adjustment factor was calculated within each response group as follows:

$\frac{\text{Sum of weights of respondents and nonrespondents}}{\text{Sum of weights of respondents}}$

The weights of the respondents were multiplied by this factor to produce the WT_NRA weights, adjusted for survey response. The nonresponding units were dropped from the survey.

Calibration of Person-Level Weights – WT_FINL

Control totals were computed using LFS demography projection data. During calibration, an adjustment factor is calculated and applied to the survey weights. This adjustment is made such that the weighted sums match the control totals. Most social surveys calibrate the person level weights to control totals by sex, age group and province. For CPSS5, calibration by province was not possible, since there were very few respondents in some categories in the Atlantic and Prairie Provinces. In addition, there were very small counts for male respondents aged 15 to 24 in the Atlantic Provinces. For this reason, the control totals used for CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic were by age group and sex by geographic region, where the youngest age group for males in the Atlantic region, collapsed with the second youngest age group. The next section will include recommendations for analysis by geographic region and age group.

5.3  Bootstrap Weights

Bootstrap weights were created for the panel and the CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic survey respondents. The LFS bootstrap weights were the initial weights and all weight adjustments applied to the survey weights were also applied to the bootstrap weights.

6.0 Quality of the CPSS and Survey Verifications

The probability panel created for the CPSS is a pilot project started in 2019 by Statistics Canada. While the panel offers the ability to collect data quickly, by leveraging a set of respondents that have previously agreed to participate in multiple short online surveys, and for whom an email address is available to expedite survey collection, some aspects of the CPSS design put the resulting data at a greater risk of bias. The participation rate for the panel is lower than typically experienced in social surveys conducted by Statistics Canada which increases the potential nonresponse bias. Furthermore, since the surveys of the CPSS are all self-complete online surveys, people without internet access do not have the means to participate in the CPSS and therefore are not covered.

When the unweighted panel was compared to the original sample targeted to join the panel, in particular there was an underrepresentation of those aged 15-24, those aged 65 and older, and those with less than a high school degree. These differences were expected due to the nature of the panel and the experience of international examples of probability panels. Using LFS responding households as the frame for the panel was by design in order to leverage the available LFS information to correct for the underrepresentation and overrepresentation experienced in the panel. The nonresponse adjustments performed in the weighting adjustments of the panel and the survey respondents utilised the available information to ensure the weights of nonresponding/nonparticipating units went to similar responding units. Furthermore, calibration to age and sex totals helped to adjust for the underrepresentation by age group.

Table 6.1 shows the slippage rates by certain domains post-calibration of CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic. The slippage rate is calculated by comparing the sum of weights in the domain to that of the control total based off of demographic projections. A positive slippage rate means the sample has an over-count for that domain. A negative slippage rate means the survey has an under-count for that domain. Based on the results shown in Tables 6.1 and 6.2, it is recommended to only use the data at the geographical levels and age groups where there is no slippage. That is nationally, by geographic region (Maritime Provinces, Quebec, Ontario, Prairie Provinces, and British Columbia), and by the four oldest age groups.

Table 6.1 Slippage rates by geographic region

Area	Domain	n	Slippage Rate
Geography	CanadaFootnote 1	3,961	0%
	Newfoundland and Labrador	118	-7.3%
	Prince Edward Island	82	8.7%
	Nova Scotia	234	3.0%
	New Brunswick	174	-0.6%
	Quebec	664	0%
	Ontario	1,145	0%
	Manitoba	314	-3.7%
	Saskatchewan	273	7.4%
	Alberta	423	-0.8%
	British Columbia	534	0%
Footnote 1 Based on the 10 provinces; the territories are excluded Return to footnote 1 referrer

Table 6.2 Slippage rates by age group

Area	Domain	n	Slippage Rate
Age group	15-24	195	3.2%
	25-34	446	-2.7%
	35-44	643	0%
	45-54	624	0%
	55-64	925	0%
	65+	1,128	0%

After the collection of CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic, a small study was conducted to assess the potential bias due to the lower response rates and the undercoverage of the population not online. The LFS data was used to produce weighted estimates for the in-scope sample targeted to join the probability panel (using the weights and sample from PERS_W1). The same data was used to produce weighted estimates based on the set of respondents from the CPSS5 survey and the weights WT_FINL. The two set of estimates were compared and are shown in Table 6.3. The significant differences are highlighted.

Table 6.3 Changes in estimates due to nonparticipation in the CPSS and the COVID-19 survey

Subject	Recoded variables from 2019 LFS	Estimate for in-scope population (n=31,628)	Estimate for W5 of CPSS (n=3,961)	% Point Difference
Education	Less than High SchoolTable 6.3 Footnote 11	15.5%	12.5%	2.9%
	High School no higher certification	25.9%	25.4%	0.5%
	Post-secondary certificationTable 6.3 Footnote 11	58.6%	62.0%	-3.4%
Labour Force Status	Employed	61.2%	62.7%	-1.5%
	Unemployed	3.4%	3.3%	0.1%
	Not in Labour Force	35.3%	34.0%	1.3%
Country of Birth	CanadaTable 6.3 Footnote 11	71.7%	76.2%	-4.5%
Marital Status	Married/Common-law	60.4%	61.2%	-0.8%
	Divorced, separated, widowed	12.8%	11.4%	1.3%
	Single, never married	26.9%	27.4%	-0.5%
Kids	Presence of childrenTable 6.3 Footnote 11	31.7%	34.6%	-2.9%
Household Size	Single person	14.4%	14.6%	-0.2%
	Two person HH	34.8%	36.4%	-1.6%
	Three or more people	18.4%	18.1%	0.2%
Eligible people for panel	One eligible person aged 15+	15.9%	16.1%	-0.2%
	Two eligible peopleTable 6.3 Footnote 11	49.3%	52.3%	-3.0%
	Three or more eligible peopleTable 6.3 Footnote 11	34.8%	31.7%	3.2%
Dwelling	Apartment	12.1%	12.0%	0.1%
	Rented	24.8%	24.9%	-0.1%
Occupational Code	Management occupations (NOC0)	6.0%	6.3%	-0.2%
	Business Finance and Administration (NOC1)	10.7%	11.2%	-0.5%
	Natural and Applied Sciences and related occupations (NOC2)Table 6.3 Footnote 11	5.2%	6.5%	-1.3%
	Health Occupations (NOC3)	4.7%	4.4%	0.4%
	Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services (NOC4)	7.6%	8.0%	-0.4%
	Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sports (NOC5)	2.5%	3.1%	-0.6%
	Sales and service occupations (NOC6)	16.6%	17.5%	-0.9%
	Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations (NOC7)	9.6%	9.3%	0.3%
	Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations (NOC8)	1.6%	1.3%	0.4%
	Occupations in manufacturing and utilities (NOC9)	2.9%	2.3%	0.6%
Footnote 1 Estimates that are significantly different at α= 5%. Return to tablenote 1 referrer

While many estimates do not show significant change, the significant differences show that some bias remains in the CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic. There is an underrepresentation of those where there were three or more eligible participants for the panel, and of people with less than a high school diploma. And there is an overrepresentation of those with a post-secondary certification, of people born in Canada, of people working in NOC2, of households where there were two eligible participants for the panel, and of households with children. These small differences should be kept in mind when using the CPSS5 – Technology Use and Cyber Security during the Pandemic survey data. Investigation about differences in estimates is ongoing, and as evidence of differences are identified, strategies are being tested to improve the methodology from one wave of the survey to the next.

Release date: November 5, 2020 Updated: September 21, 2021

The purpose of this notice is to advise all stakeholders and users of the National Occupational Classification (NOC) that the new 2021 classification's numbering system will be significantly modified as part of a major structural revision. The NOC 2021 is scheduled to be released in early 2021.

• Background
• Revising the NOC
• Impact on users
• Schedule A – NOC 2016
• Schedule B – NOC 2021

Background

Every ten years, the National Occupational Classification (NOC) undergoes a major structural revision whereby the existing occupational groups are reviewed alongside input collected from many relevant stakeholders through a consultation process. The NOC has been developed and is maintained as part of a collaborative partnership between Statistics Canada (STC) and Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC). The release of the NOC 2021 will be the product of this 10-year cycle and will reflect changes in the economy and the nature of work. Input from the public, and particularly stakeholders has been a key part of the revision process.

The current NOC structure (NOC 2016) is categorized based on two major attributes of jobs, the "Broad Occupational Category" and the "Skill Level", as classification criteria. The former is defined as the type of work performed, with respect to the educational discipline or field of study for entry into an occupation and the industry of employment (e.g. health occupations or sales and service occupations). The "Skill Level" categorization is defined first by the amount and type of education and training usually required to enter and perform the duties of an occupation, but also considers experience, complexity and responsibilities. See Schedule A for details.

Revising the NOC

During consultation, it was suggested to add a new "Skill Level" to the current categorization, to clarify the distinction in formal training or education actually required among unit groups, especially in the current "Skill Level B", which has a wide range of formal training or educational requirements. The NOC 2016 "Skill Level B" includes all occupations usually requiring two to three years of post-secondary education at community college, institute of technology or CÉGEP or two to five years of apprenticeship training. In the NOC 2016, 211 occupations (42%) were classified under "Skill Level B", creating a disproportionately large group and thereby limiting the ability to analyze distinctions amongst a large percentage of occupations.

Another observation during the revision process was the use of the "Skill Level" categorization in the NOC as possibly being misleading because training and education, which are the main building blocks of the NOC's "Skill Level" categorization, are not considered as "skills" in the labour market. With regards to skills, many countries and organizations are currently developing their own skills taxonomy (which include concepts such as numeracy and literacy). Therefore, it was deemed appropriate for the NOC to move away from the "Skill Level" categorization.

The NOC 2021 revision will overhaul the "Skill Level" structure by introducing a new categorization representing the degree of Training, Education, Experience and Responsibilities (TEER) required for an occupation.

The new "TEER" categorization redefines the requirements of the occupation by reconsidering the type of education, training and experience required for entry, as well as the complexities and responsibilities typical of an occupation. In general, the greater the range and complexity of occupational tasks, the greater the amount of formal education and training, previous experience, on-the-job training, and in some instances responsibility, required to competently perform the set of tasks for that occupation.

Legislative and senior management occupations are classified in "TEER" 0 and defined as Management as they generally require and have a significant level of experience, knowledge and responsibilities related to resource planning and directing. Occupations classified under "TEER" 1 usually require university education or previous experience and expertise in subject matter knowledge from a related occupation found within TEER 2. Occupations usually requiring post-secondary education of two to three years, or apprenticeship training of at least two years, or occupations with supervisory or significant safety responsibilities are classified in "TEER" 2, and "TEER" 3 for those occupations requiring less than two years of post-secondary education or on-the-job training, training courses or specific work experience of more than six months. Occupations usually requiring a high-school diploma or no formal education are classified in "TEER" 4 or "TEER" 5. See Schedule B for the complete NOC 2021 restructure.

These changes significantly improve how the NOC classification takes into account the distinctions in formal training and educational requirements and better reflects skill and knowledge development occurring through on-the-job experience. At the same time, it increases the homogeneity of the distribution of unit groups within the classification, and addresses concerns about the "Skill Level" categorization and the distribution of unit groups among them.

The redesign of the NOC for 2021 moves away from the current NOC four "Skill Level" categories to an innovative six-grouping "TEER" categorization. This change is necessary for several reasons. First, the "Skill Level" terminology is often misleading for many stakeholders. This change will reduce confusion. Second, some NOC users artificially create or infer a low- and high-skill categorization. This redesign moves away from high/low skill categorization as the TEER more accurately captures differences in occupational requirements, which in turn will aid in the analysis of occupations.

The transition from the "Skill Level" to the "TEER" categorization makes the distribution of occupations across the "TEER categories" more balanced. The change in the distribution of unit groups is summarized in the tables below.

Distribution of NOC Unit Groups by Skill Level

Distribution of NOC Unit Groups by Skill Level

NOC 2016
Skill Level A	28%
Skill Level B	42%
Skill Level C	24%
Skill Level D	6%

Distribution of NOC Unit Groups by TEER

Distribution of NOC Unit Groups by TEER

NOC 2021
TEER Category 0	9%
TEER Category 1	19%
TEER Category 2	31%
TEER Category 3	14%
TEER Category 4	18%
TEER Category 5	9%

Note: The NOC 2021 final distribution may change when structure is finalized.

Impact on users

The structure and format of the current National Occupational Classification 2016 version are based on the four-tiered hierarchical arrangement of occupational groups with successive levels of disaggregation. It contains broad occupational categories, major, minor and unit groups.

The format of NOC 2021 will use a five-tiered hierarchical arrangement of occupational groups with successive levels of disaggregation and will contain broad, major, sub-major, minor and unit groupings. The structure of the National Occupational Classification 2021 is based on two key occupational categorizations: Occupational categories and TEER categories, which are identified in the first two digits of the NOC 2021 5-digit code. The 5-digit code will be structured as follows: XX.XXX. See Schedule B for details of the two important groupings.

It is important to note that the redesign of the NOC will have significant implications for several Statistics Canada (STC) Surveys, such as the Labour Force Survey (LFS), and ESDC programs such as the Temporary Foreign Worker Program and Employment Insurance program. This change may have significant impact on various programs throughout other federal departments, as well as provincial, territorial and municipal governments and many users of the NOC.

The NOC 2021 will be published in early 2021 and will become the departmental standard for data collection and dissemination for occupations at Statistics Canada. Implementation dates for the new classification version will vary based on when programs, entities, organizations or individuals decide to use it. For example, Immigration, Refugee and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), in conjunction with ESDC, is aiming to adopt the revised NOC structure in spring 2022 for the management of temporary and permanent resident programs. These dates will be confirmed on IRCC websites closer to the date of implementation.

As a normal practice, in advance of a full classification revision release, Statistics Canada will provide a spreadsheet of the actual structure of the classification, including the unit group numbers and corresponding titles. We will also provide a correspondence table between the NOC 2016 and the NOC 2021 unit groups and their corresponding titles. These products will be posted on our website by December 2020. This notice is being sent out now to inform all NOC users of the upcoming change which is currently being finalized. In early 2021, the full classification will be released, including the Leading Statements, Main Duties, Employment Requirements, Example Titles, Inclusions, Exclusions and Additional Information.

For additional questions, please contact the Statistics Canada NOC team at:
statcan.opmicquestionsmailbox-bgpvpcicourieldequestions.statcan@statcan.gc.ca

Schedule A – NOC 2016

NOC 2016

NOC 2016

The skill type category is…	when the first digit is…
Management occupations	0
Business, finance and administration occupations	1
Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2
Health occupations	3
Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4
Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5
Sales and service occupations	6
Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7
Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	8
Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	9

NOC 2016 skill level criteria - education/training and other criteria

NOC 2016 skill level criteria - education/training and other criteria

The Skill Level category is…	when the second digit is…
Skill Level A	0 or 1
Skill Level B	2 or 3
Skill Level C	4 or 5
Skill Level D	6 or 7

Skill Level A

• University degree (bachelor's, master's or doctorate)

Skill Level B

• Two to three years of post-secondary education at community college, institute of technology or CÉGEP
  or
• Two to five years of apprenticeship training
  or
• Three to four years of secondary school and more than two years of on-the-job training, occupation-specific training courses or specific work experience
• Occupations with supervisory responsibilities are also assigned to skill level B.
• Occupations with significant health and safety responsibilities (e.g., fire fighters, police officers and licensed practical nurses) are assigned to skill level B.

Skill Level C

• Completion of secondary school and some short-duration courses or training specific to the occupation
  or
• Some secondary school education, with up to two years of on-the-job training, training courses or specific work experience

Skill Level D

• Short work demonstration or on-the-job training
  or
• No formal educational requirements

Skill level is referenced in the code for all occupations with the exception of management occupations. For all non-management occupations, the second digit of the numerical code corresponds to skill level. Skill levels are identified as follows: level A – 0 or 1; level B – 2 or 3; level C – 4 or 5; and level D – 6 or 7.

Schedule B – NOC 2021

Schedule B – NOC 2021

Title of Hierarchy	Format	Digit	Represents:
Broad Category	X	First Digit – X	Occupational categorization
Major Group	XX	Second Digit xX	TEER categorization
Sub-major Group	XX.X	xx.X	Top level of the Sub-Major Group
Minor Group	XX.XX	xx.XX	Hierarchy within the Sub-Major Group
Unit Group	XX.XXX	xx.XXX	Hierarchy within the Minor Group

Note: The first digit identifies the Occupation, the second digit identifies the TEER. Therefore, the first 2 digits put together are identified as the Major Group. The next 3 digits identify their hierarchy within the groups.

Schedule B – NOC 2021

Broad Category - Occupation	when the first digit is…
Legislative and senior management occupations	0
Business, finance and administration occupations	1
Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2
Health occupations	3
Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4
Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5
Sales and service occupations	6
Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7
Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	8
Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	9

Schedule B – NOC 2021

The Training, Education, Experience and Responsibility (TEER)	when the second digit is…
Management - TEER	0
Completion of a university degree (bachelor's, master's or doctorate); or Previous experience and expertise in subject matter knowledge from a related occupation found in TEER 2 (when applicable).	1
Completion of a post-secondary education program of two to three years at community college, institute of technology or CÉGEP; or Completion of an apprenticeship training program of two to five years; or Occupations with supervisory or significant safety (e.g. police officers and firefighters) responsibilities; or Several years of experience in a related occupation from TEER 3 (when applicable).	2
Completion of a post-secondary education program of less than two years at community college, institute of technology or CÉGEP; or Completion of an apprenticeship training program of less than two years; or More than six months of on-the-job training, training courses or specific work experience with some secondary school education; or Several years of experience in a related occupation from TEER 4 (when applicable).	3
Completion of secondary school; or Several weeks of on-the-job training with some secondary school education; or Experience in a related occupation from TEER 5 (when applicable).	4
Short work demonstration and no formal educational requirements.	5

• Background documentation
• Preliminary releases, cycle 1
• Cycle 1 (2007 to 2009)
• Cycle 2 (2009 to 2011)
• Cycle 3 (2012 to 2013)
• Cycle 4 (2014 to 2015)
• Cycle 5 (2016 to 2017)
• Cycles 1 and 2 combined (2007 to 2011)
• Cycles 1 and 3 combined (2007 to 2009, 2012 to 2013)
• Cycles 1, 2 and 3 combined (2007 to 2013)
• Cycles 2 and 3 combined (2009 to 2013)
• Cycles 3 and 4 combined (2012 to 2015)
• Cycles 1, 2, 3 and 4 combined (2007 to 2013)
• Cycles 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 combined (2007 to 2017)

Background documentation

Health Reports articles

Bryan, Shirley, Marc St-Denis and Dana Wojtas. 2007. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Clinic operations and logistics." Health Reports. Supplement to Vol. 18. December. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-SPE. pp. 53 to 70.

Day, Brent, Renée Langlois, Mark Tremblay and Bartha-Maria Knoppers. 2007. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Ethical, legal and social issues." Health Reports. Supplement to Vol. 18. December. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-SPE. pp. 37 to 51.

Garriguet, Didier. 2008. "Impact of identifying plausible respondents on the under-reporting of energy intake in the Canadian Community Health Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 19, no. 4. October. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 47 to 55.

Giroux, Suzelle. 2007. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Sampling strategy overview." Health Reports. Supplement to Vol. 18. December. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-SPE. pp. 31 to 36.

Shields, Margot, Sarah Conner Gorber and Mark S. Tremblay. 2008. "Estimates of obesity based on self-report versus direct measures." Health Reports. Vol. 19, no. 2. June. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 61 to 76.

Tremblay, Mark S., Michael Wolfson and Sarah Connor Gorber. 2007. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Rationale, background and overview." Health Reports. Supplement to Vol. 18. December. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-SPE. pp. 7 to 20.

Tremblay, Mark, Renée Langlois, Shirley Bryan, Dale Esliger and Julienne Patterson. 2007. "Canadian Health Measures Survey Pre-test: Design, methods, results." Health Reports. Supplement to Vol. 18. December. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003- SPE. pp. 21 to 30.

External articles and publications

Canadian Institute for Health Information. 2004. "The Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health of the Nation. Vol. 1. Winter. p. 7.

Castle, David and Nola M. Ries. 2007. "Ethical, legal and social issues in nutrigenomics: the challenges of regulating service delivery and building health professional capacity." Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. Vol. 622, no. 1-2. September. pp. 138 to 143.

Connor Gorber, Sarah, Mark Tremblay, D. Moher and B. Gorber. 2007. "A comparison of direct vs. self-report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systemic review." Obesity Reviews. Vol. 8, no. 4. pp. 307 to 326.

Dietitians of Canada. 2006. "New Statistics Canada survey to take direct physical measures of nutritional health." Members in Action. November. pp. 4 to 5.

Équipe de l'Enquête canadienne sur les mesures de la santé. 2008. "Biosurveillance des substances chimiques de l'environnement." Bulletin d'information en santé environnementale. Vol. 19, no. 2. March-June. pp. 7 to 8.

Esliger, Dale W., Adam Probert, Sarah Connor Gorber, Shirley Bryan, Manon Laviolette and Mark S. Tremblay. 2007. "Validity of the Actical accelerometer step-count function." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Vol. 39, no. 7. pp. 1200 to 1204.

Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 2007. "Canadian Health Measures Survey Gets Underway." Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. Vol. 73, no. 2. March. p. 116.

---. 2009. "The JCDA Interview: Dr. Peter Cooney: Canada's Chief Dental Officer." Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. Vol. 75, no. 1. February. pp. 29 to 31.

Office of the Chief Dental Officer. 2007. "Statistics Canada's Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS)." Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene. Vol. 41, no. 3. May-June. pp. 151 to 153.

Probert, Adam W., Mark S. Tremblay and Sarah Conner Gorber. 2008. "Desk Potatoes—The Importance of Occupational Physical Activity on Health." Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 99, no. 4. July-August. pp. 311 to 318.

Sommerfeld, J. and A. M. Oduola. 2007. "Health-related biotechnologies for infectious disease control in Africa: Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) of transfer and development." African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. Vol. 36, no. 1-5.

Spence, John C. 2004. "The Canadian Health Measures Survey: Introduction: Why Should We Give a Hoot about this Survey?" WellSpring. Vol. 15, no. 3. October. p. 1.

Tremblay, Mark. 2004a. "The Canadian Health Measures Survey: Background to the Canadian Health Measures Survey" WellSpring. Vol. 15, no. 3. October. pp. 2 to 4.

---. 2004b. "The Need for Directly Measured Health in Canada." Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 95, no. 3. May-June. pp. 165 to 166.

Tremblay, Mark S. and Sarah Connor Gorber. 2007. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Brief overview." Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 98, no. 6. November- December. pp. 453 to 456.

Preliminary releases, cycle 1

Health Reports articles

Wong, Suzy and Ellen J.D. Lye. 2008. "Lead, mercury and cadmium levels in Canadians." Health Reports. Vol. 19, no. 4. December. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 31 to 36.

The Daily releases

Statistics Canada. 2008. "Study: Lead, mercury and cadmium levels in Canadians." The Daily. November 19. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2009. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Vitamin D blood plasma concentrations in the population." The Daily. July 2. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

Cycle 1 (2007 to 2009)

Health Reports articles

Bryan, Shirley, Mathieu Saint-Pierre Larose, Norm Campbell, Janine Clarke and Mark S. Tremblay. 2010. "Resting blood pressure and heart rate measurement in the Canadian Health Measures Survey, cycle 1." Health Reports. Vol. 21, no. 1. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 71 to 78.

Bushnik, Tracey, Douglas A. Haines, Patrick Levallois, Johanne Levesque, Jay Van Oostdam and Claude Viau. 2010. "Lead and bisphenol A concentrations in the Canadian population." Health Reports. Vol. 21, no. 3. September. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 7 to 18.

Colapinto, Cynthia K., Deborah L. O'Connor, Lise Dubois and Mark S. Tremblay. 2012. "Prevalence and correlates of folic acid supplement use in Canada." Health Reports. Vol. 23, no. 2. June. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 39 to 44.

Colley, Rachel C., Didier Garriguet, Ian Janssen, Cora L. Craig, Janine Clarke and Mark S. Tremblay. 2011a. "Physical activity of Canadian adults: Accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 22, no. 1. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 7 to 14.

---. 2011b. "Physical activity of Canadian children and youth: Accelerometer results from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 22, no. 1. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 15 to 23.

Colley, Rachel C., Sarah Connor Gorber and Mark S. Tremblay. 2010. "Quality control and data reduction procedures for accelerometry-derived measures of physical activity." Health Reports. Vol. 21, no. 1. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 63 to 69.

Colley, Rachel C., Suzy L. Wong, Didier Garriguet, Ian Janssen, Sarah Connor Gorber and Mark S. Tremblay. 2012. "Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep in Canadian children: Parent-report versus direct measures and relative associations with health risk." Health Reports. Vol. 23, no. 2. June. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 45 to 52.

Evans, Jessica, Yue Chen, Pat G. Camp, Dennis M. Bowie and Louise McRae. 2014. "Estimating the prevalence of COPD in Canada: Reported diagnosis versus measured airflow obstruction." Health Reports. Vol. 25, no. 3. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 3 to 11.

Garriguet, Didier and Rachel C. Colley. 2012. "Daily patterns of physical activity among Canadians." Health Reports. Vol. 23, no. 2. June. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 27 to 32.

Langlois, Kellie, Linda Greene-Finestone, Julian Little, Nick Hidiroglou and Susan Whiting. 2010. "Vitamin D status of Canadians as measured in the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 21, no. 1. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 47 to 54.

Paradis, Gilles, Mark S. Tremblay, Ian Janssen, Arnaud Chiolero and Tracey Bushnik. 2010. "Blood pressure in Canadian children and adolescents." Health Reports. Vol. 21, no. 2. June. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 15 to 22.

Shields, Margot, Mark S. Tremblay, Manon Laviolette, Cora L. Craig, Ian Janssen and

Sarah Connor Gorber. 2010. "Fitness of Canadian adults: Results from the 2007-2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 21, no. 1. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 21 to 35.

Shields, Margot, Sarah Connor Gorber, Ian Janssen and Mark S. Tremblay. 2011a. "Bias in self-reported estimates of obesity in Canadian health surveys: An update on correction equations for adults." Health Reports. Vol. 22, no. 3. September. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 35 to 45.

---. 2011b. "Obesity estimates for children based on parent-reported versus direct measures." Health Reports. Vol. 22, no. 3. September. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 47 to 58.

---. 2012a. "Abdominal obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors within body mass index categories." Health Reports. Vol. 23, no. 2. June. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 7 to 15.

---. 2012b. "Measures of abdominal obesity within body mass index categories, 1981 and 2007 to 2009." Health Reports. Vol. 23, no. 2. June. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 33 to 38.

Tremblay, Mark S., Margot Shields, Manon Laviolette, Cora L. Craig, Ian Janssen and Sarah Connor Gorber. 2010. "Fitness of Canadian children and youth: Results from the 2007-2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 21, no. 1. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 7 to 20.

Wilkins, Kathryn, Marianne Gee and Norm Campbell. 2012. "The difference in hypertension control between older men and women." Health Reports. Vol. 23, no. 4. December. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 33 to 40.

Wilkins, Kathryn, Norman Campbell, Michel R. Joffres, Finlay A. McAlister, Marianne Nichol, Susan Quach, Helen L. Johansen and Mark S. Tremblay. 2010. "Blood pressure in Canadian adults." Health Reports. Vol. 21, no. 1. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 37 to 46.

Wong, Suzy L., Margot Shields, Scott Leatherdale, Eric Malaison and David Hammond. 2012. "Assessment of validity of self-reported smoking status." Health Reports. Vol. 23, no. 1. February. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 37 to 46.

The Daily releases

Statistics Canada. 2010a. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Body composition and fitness, 2007 to 2009." The Daily. January 13. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001- X.

---. 2010b. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Blood pressure in adults, 2007 to 2009." The Daily. February 17. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2010c. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Cholesterol and vitamin D levels, 2007 to 2009." The Daily. March 23. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2010d. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Blood pressure in children and adolescents, 2007 to 2009." The Daily. May 19. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2010e. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Lead, bisphenol A and mercury, 2007 to 2009." The Daily. August 16. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2010f. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: data on physical activity, 2007 to 2009." The Daily. November 23. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2011a. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Physical activity of youth and adults, 2007 to 2009." The Daily. January 19. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2011b. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Adult obesity prevalence in Canada and the United States, 2007 to 2009." The Daily. March 2. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

Health fact sheets

---. 2010g. "Aerobic fitness in Canada 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. January 13. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2010h. "Body composition of Canadian adults 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. January 13. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2010i. "Body mass index (BMI) for children and youth 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. January 13. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2010j. "Lung function results 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. January 13. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2010k. "Muskuloskeletal fitness in Canada 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. January 13. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2010l. "Oral health: Edentulous people in Canada 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. January 13. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2010m. "Heart health and cholesterol levels of Canadians 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. March 23. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2010n. "Vitamin D status of Canadians 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. March 23. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2010o. "Bisphenol A concentrations in the Canadian population, 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. August 16. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2010p. "Lead concentrations in the Canadian population, 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. August 16. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2010q. "Mercury concentrations in the Canadian population, 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. August 16. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2011c. "Adult obesity prevalence in Canada and the United States." Health Fact Sheets. March 2. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2011d. "Physical activity levels of Canadian adults, 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. September 28. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2011e. "Physical activity levels of Canadian children and youth, 2007 to 2009." Health Fact Sheets. September 28. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

Data tables

---. 2010r. Canadian Health Measures Survey: Cycle 1 Data Tables, 2007 to 2009 (table). Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-623-X.Ottawa, Ontario. 70 p.

External articles and publications

Adamo, Kristi B., Kellie A. Langlois, Kendra E. Brett and Rachel C. Colley. 2012. "Young children and parental physical activity levels: Findings from the Canadian Health Measures Survey." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Vol. 43, no. 2. August. pp. 168 to 175.

Allison, P. J., T. Bailey, L. Beattie, S. Birch, L. Dempster and N. Edwards. 2014. "Improving access to oral health care for vulnerable people living in Canada." Ottawa, ON: Canadian Academy of Health Sciences.

Angerer, Jurgen, Lesa L. Aylward, Sean M. Hays, Birger Heinzow and Michael Wilhelm. 2011. "Human biomonitoring assessment values: Apporaches and data requirements." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Vol. 214, no. 5. September. pp. 348 to 360.

Arbuckle, TE., Davis, K., Boylan, K., Fisher, M., Fu, J. 2016 "Bisphenol A, phthalates and lead and learning and behavioral problems in Canadian children 6–11 years of age: CHMS 2007–2009" Elsevier, NeuroToxicology, Vol. 54, May 2016, pp. 89-98.

Arora, Paul, Priya Vasa, Darren Brenner, Karl Iglar, Phil McFarlane, Howard Morrison and Alaa Badawi. 2013. "Prevalence estimates of chronic kidney disease in Canada: Results of a nationally representative survey." Canadian Medical Association Journal. Vol. 185, no. 9. June. pp. E417 to E423.

Atwood, Kristin M., Cynthia J. Robitaille, Kim Reimer, Sulan Dai, Helen L. Johansen and Mark J. Smith. 2013. "Comparison of diagnosed, self-reported, and physically-measured hypertension in Canada." Canadian Journal of Cardiology. Vol. 29, no. 5. May. pp. 606 to 612.

Aylward, Lesa L., Evan Green, Miquel Porta, Leisa-Maree Toms, Elly Den Hond, Christine Schulz, Magda Gasull, Jose Pumarega, André Conrad, Marike Kolossa- Gehring, Greet Schoeters and Jochen F. Mueller. 2014. "Population variation in biomonitoring data for persistent organic pollutants (POPs): an examination of multiple population-based datasets for application to Australian pooled biomonitoring data." Environment International. Vol. 68. July. pp. 127 to 138.

Bonnet, Colin, Rasheda Rabbani, Michael E. K. Moffatt, Anastasia Kelekis-Cholakis and Robert Schroth. 2019. "The relation between periodontal disease and vitamin D." Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. Vol. 85. pp. 1 to 9.

Brenner, Darren R., Paul Arora, Bibiana García-Bailo, Howard Morrison, Ahmed El- Sohemy, Mohamed Karmali and Alaa Badawi. 2011. "The relationship between inflammation, metabolic syndrome and markers of cardiometabolic disease among Canadian adults." Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism. Vol. 2, no. 9. December.

Brenner, Darren R., Paul Arora, Bibiana García-Bailo, Thomas M.S. Wolever, Howard Morrison, Ahmed El-Sohemy, Mohamed Karmali and Alaa Badawi. 2011. "Plasma vitamin D levels and risk of metabolic syndrome in Canadians." Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Vol. 34, no. 6. December. pp. E377 to E384.

Cakmak, Sabit, Robert Dales, C. Hebbern and G. Saravanabhavan. 2014. "The association between urinary phthalates and lung function." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 56, no. 4. April. pp. 376 to 381.

Cakmak, Sabit, Robert Dales, Judith Leech and Ling Liu. 2011. "The influence of air pollution on cardiovascular and pulmonary function and exercise capacity: Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS)." Environmental Research. Vol. 111, no. 8. November. pp. 1309 to 1312.

Clarke, Janine and Ian Janssen. 2014. "Sporadic and bouted physical activity and the metabolic syndrome in adults." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Vol. 46, no. 1. January. pp. 76 to 83.

Colapinto, Cynthia K., Deborah L. O'Connor and Mark S. Tremblay. 2011. "Folate status of the population in the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Canadian Medical Association Journal. Vol. 183, no. 2. February. pp. E100 to E106.

Colapinto, Cynthia K., Deborah L. O'Connor, L. Dubois and Mark S. Tremblay. 2012. "Folic acid supplement use is the most significant predictor of folate concentrations in Canadian women of childbearing age". Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. Vol. 37, no. 2. pp. 284 to 292.

Colapinto, Cynthia K., Mark S. Tremblay, Susanne Aufreiter, Tracey Bushnik, Christine M. Pfeiffer and Deborah L. O'Connor. 2014. "The direction of the difference between Canadian and American erythrocyte folate concentrations is dependent on the assay method employed: a comparison of the Canadian Health Measures Survey and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey". British Journal of Nutrition. August. pp. 1 to 9.

Colley, Rachel C., Didier Garriguet, Ian Janssen, Suzy L. Wong, Travis J. Saunders, Valerie Carson and Mark S. Tremblay. 2013. "The association between accelerometer- measured patterns of sedentary time and health risk in children and youth: results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey." BMC Public Health. Vol. 13, no. 200. March.

Colley, Rachel C., Didier Garriguet, Kristi B. Adamo, Valerie Carson, Ian Janssen, Brian W. Timmons and Mark S. Tremblay. 2013. "Physical activity and sedentary behavior during the early years in Canada: a cross-sectional study." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. Vol. 10, no. 54.

Colley, Rachel C., Ian Janssen and Mark S. Tremblay. 2012. "Daily step target to measure adherence to physical activity guidelines in children." Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise. Vol. 44, no. 5. May. pp. 977 to 982.

Colley, Rachel C. and Mark S. Tremblay. 2011. "Moderate and vigorous physical activity intensity cut-points for the Actical accelerometer." Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 29, no. 8. May. pp. 783 to 789.

Collins, Kelsey H., Behnam Sharif, Claudia Sanmartin, Raylene A. Reimer, Walter Herzog, Rick Chin and Deborah A. Marshall. 2016. "Association of body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat among BMI-defined non-obese middle-aged individuals: Insights from a population-based Canadian sample." Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 107, no. 6. November. pp. e520 to e525.

Craig, Cora L., Margot Shields, Allana G. Leblanc and Mark S. Tremblay. 2012. "Trends in aerobic fitness among Canadians, 1981 to 2007–2009." Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. Vol. 37, no. 3. pp. 511 to 519.

Crane, Connie Jeske. 2014. "Getting girls to stay in the game." Herizons. Vol. 27, no. 3. Winter. pp. 7 to 9.

Curren, Meredith. 2017. "Special analysis of metals in adults from Cycle 1 of the CHMS and which excludes children (18-79)". NCP CACAR IV Report. May.

Cushman, Reid, A. Michael Froomkinb, Anita Cavac, Patricia Abrilc and Kenneth W. Goodman. 2010. "Ethical, legal and social issues for personal health records and applications." Journal of Biomedical Informatics. Vol. 43, no. 5. October. pp. S51 to S55.

Czoli, Christine D. and David Hammond. 2014. "TSNA exposure: Levels of NNAL among Canadian tobacco users." Nicotine and Tobacco Research. Vol. 17, no. 7. July. pp. 825 to 830.

Da Costa, Laura A., Paul Arora, Bibiana García-Bailo, Mohamed Karmali, Ahmed El- Sohemy and Alaa Badewi. 2012. "The association between obesity, cardiometabolic disease biomarkers, and innate immunity-related inflammation in Canadian adults." Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. Vol. 2012, no. 5. October. pp. 347 to 355.

Dales, Robert E., Sabit Cakmak, Judith Leech and Ling Liu. 2013. "The association between personal care products and lung function." Annals of Epidemiology. Vol. 23, no. 2. February. pp. 49 to 53.

Duncan, L. and Ashley Bonner. 2014. "Effects of income and dental insurance coverage on need for dental care in Canada." Journal of Canadian Dental Association. Vol. 80, no. 6. pp. 1 to 9.

Elani, Hawazin W., Sam Harper, P.J. Allison, C. Bedos and J.S. Kaufman. 2012."Socio- economic inequalities and oral health in Canada and the United States." Journal of Dental Research. Vol. 9, no. 91. September. pp. 865 to 870.

Elani, Hawazin W., Sam Harper, William Murray Thomson, Iris L. Espinoza, Gloria C. Mejia, Xiangqun Ju, Lisa M. Jamieson, Ichiro Kawachi and Jay S. Kaufman. 2017. "Social inequalities in tooth loss: A multinational comparison." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. Vol. 45, no. 3. February. pp. 266 to 274.

Farmer, Julie. 2015. "Measuring the magnitude of oral health inequalities within and between Canada the United States from 1970 to 2009. Graduate Department of Dentistry." Toronto, ON: University of Toronto.

Fernandez, Lois, Penny Jee, Mari-Jill Klein, Peter Fischer, Sherry L. Perkins and Stephen P.J. Brooks. 2013. "A comparison of glucose concentration in paired specimens collected in serum separator and fluoride/potassium oxalate blood collection tubes under survey 'field' conditions." Clinical Biochemistry. Vol. 46, no. 4 to 5. March. pp. 285 to 288.

Fisher, Mandy, Tye E. Arbuckle, Mike Wade and Douglas A. Haines. 2013. "Do perfluoroalkyl substances affect metabolic function and serum lipids?—Analysis of the 2007–2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) Cycle 1." Environmental Research. Vol. 121. February. pp. 95 to 103.

Galloway, Tracey, Kue. Young and Grace M. Egeland. 2010. "Emerging obesity among preschool-aged Canadian Inuit children: results from the Nunavut Inuit Child Health Survey." International journal of circumpolar health. Vol. 69, no. 2. March. pp. 151 to 157.

García-Bailo, Bibiana, Laura Da Costa, Paul Arora, Mohamed Karmali, Ahmed El- Sohemy and Alaa Badewi. 2013. "Plasma vitamin D and biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease risk in adult Canadians, 2007-2009." Preventing Chronic Disease. Vol. 10.

Gee, Marianne E., Asako Bienek, Finlay A. McAlister, Cynthia Robitaille, Michel Joffres, Mark S. Tremblay, Helen Johansen and Norman R.C. Campbell. 2012. "Factors associated with lack of awareness and uncontrolled high blood pressure among Canadian adults with hypertension." Canadian Journal of Cardiology. Vol. 28, no. 3. May. pp. 375 to 382.

Gee, Marianne E., Ian Janssen, William Pickett, Finlay A. McAlister, Christina M. Bancej, Michel Joffres, Helen Johansen and Norman R.C. Campbell. 2012. "Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension Among Canadian Adults With Diabetes, 2007 to 2009." Canadian Journal of Cardiology. Vol. 28, no. 3. May. pp. 367 to 374.

Gibson, Lindsay Ellen. 2014. "Beverage consumption patterns and oral health outcomes: Do milk and water confer protective benefits against sugary- or acidic- beverage consumption?" Health Studies and Gerontology. Waterloo, ON: Waterloo University.

Gravel, Sabrina, Jérôme Lavoué and France Labrèche. 2017. "Workers' exposure to brominated flame retardants: A glance at American and Canadian population databases." Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 74, no. 1. pp. A128 to A129.

Gravel, Sabrina, Jérôme Lavoué and France Labrèche. 2018. "Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in American and Canadian workers: Biomonitoring data from two national surveys." Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 631 to 632. August. pp. 1465 to 1471.

Greene-Finestone, Linda S., Kellie A. Langlois and Susan J. Whiting. 2013. "Characteristics of users of supplements containing vitamin D in Canada and associations between dose and 25-hydroxvitamin D." Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism. Vol. 38, no. 7, July. pp. 707 to 715.

Greenfield, Jamie, Philip S. Park, Ellie Farahani, Suneil Malik, Reinhold Vieth, Norman A McFarlane, Theodore G. Shepherd and Julia A Knight. 2012. "Solar ultraviolet-B radiation and vitamin D: a cross-sectional population-based study using data from the 2007 to 2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey." BMC Public Health. Vol. 12, no. 1. pp. 660 to 669.

Grenon, Gordon Lee. 2013. "Persistent organic pollutants and type II diabetes mellitus." Faculty of Health Sciences. Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University.

Gurusankar, Saravanabhavan, Mireille Guay, Éric Langlois, Suzelle Giroux, Janine Murray and Douglas Haines. 2013. "Biomonitoring of phthalate metabolites in the Canadian population through the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2009)." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Vol. 216, no. 6. November. pp. 652 to 661.

Gurusankar, Saravanabhavan, Mireille Guay, Mike Walker, Lesa Aylward. 2014. "Urinary excretion and daily intake rates of diethyl phthalate in the general Canadian population." Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 500-501, December. pp. 191 to 198.

Haines, Douglas A. and Janine Murray. 2012. "Human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals—Early results of the 2007-2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey for males and females." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Vol. 215, no. 2. February. pp. 133 to 137.

Haines, Douglas A., Tye E. Arbuckle, Ellen Lye, Melissa Legrand, Mandy Fisher, Renée Langlois and William Fraser. 2011. "Reporting results of human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals to study participants: a comparison of approaches followed in two Canadian studies." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. Vol. 65, no. 3. March. pp. 191 to 198.

Haines, Douglas A., Melissa Legrand, Tye E. Arbuckle, Jay Van Oosldam, Robert W. Dabeka, Constantine Tikhonov et William Fraser. 2012. "Examples of Ongoing International Surveys: Canada". Biomarkers and Human Biomonitoring. Vol. 1. pp. 79- 106.

Hajna, Samantha, Kaberi Dasgupta and Nancy A. Ross. 2018. "Laboratory-assessed markers of cardiometabolic health and associations with GIS-based measures of active- living environments." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol. 15, no. 10. July. pp. 1 to 11.

Hajna, Samantha, Nancy A. Ross, Lawrence Joseph, Sam Haper and Kaberi Dasgupta. 2015. "Neighbourhood walkability, daily steps and utilitarian walking in Canadian adults." BMJ Open. vol. 5, no. 11. November. pp. 1 to 10.

Hayes, Alyssa, Amir Azarpazhooh, Laura Dempster, Vahid Ravaghi and Carlos Quiñonez. 2013. "Time loss due to dental problems and treatment in the Canadian population: analysis of a nationwide cross-sectional survey." BMC Oral Health. Vol.13, April.

Health Canada. 2010a. Overview of the Report on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. Minister of Health. 7 p.

---. 2010b. Report on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in Canada Results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 1 (2007– 2009). Ottawa, Ontario. Minister of Health. 283 p.

---. 2010c. Report on the Findings of the Oral Health Component of the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007– 2009. Ottawa, Ontario. Minister of Health. 111 p.

---. 2010d. Summary Report on the Findings of the Oral Health Component ofthe Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007– 2009. Ottawa, Ontario. Minister of Health. 19 p.

---. 2013a. Final Human Health State of the Science Report on Lead. Ottawa, Ontario. Minister of Health. 101 p.

---. 2013b. Risk Management Strategy for Lead. Ottawa, Ontario. Minister of Health. 63 p.

Héroux, M., V. Onywera, Mark. S. Tremblay, K. B. Adamo, J. L. Taylor, E. J. Ulloa and I Janssen. 2013. "The relation between aerobic fitness, muscular fitness and obesity in children from three countries at different stages of the physical activity transition." ISRN Obesity. Vol. 2013. 10 p.

Higgins, Benjamin Roscoe. 2013. "Exploring relationships between socio-economic status and the health correlates of excess weight among Canadians." Department of Sociology. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary.

Jamieson, L. M., H.W. Elani, G. C. Mejia, X. Ju, I. Kawachi, S. Harper, W. M. Thomson and J. S. Kaufman. 2016. "Inequalities in Indigenous oral health: Findings from Australia, New Zealand, and Canada." Journal of Dental Research. Vol. 95, no. 12. November. pp. 1375 to 1380.

Janssen, Ian. 2012. "Health care costs of physical inactivity in Canadian adults." Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. Vol. 37, no. 4. pp. 803 to 806.

Janssen, Ian, Margot Shields, Cora L. Craig and Mark S. Tremblay. 2011. "Prevalence and secular changes in abdominal obesity in Canadian adolescents and adults, 1981 to 2007-2009." Obesity Reviews. Vol. 12, no. 6. June. pp. 397 to 405.

---. 2012. "Changes in the obesity phenotype within Canadian children and adults, 1981 to 2007-2009." Obesity. Vol. 20, no. 4. April. pp. 916 to 919.

Janssen, Ian, Suzy L. Wong, Rachel Colley and Mark S. Tremblay. 2013. "The fractionalization of physical activity throughout the week is associated with the cardiometabolic health of children and youth." BMC Public Health. Vol. 13. June.

Joffres, Michel, Margot Shields, Mark S. Tremblay and Sarah Connor Gorber. 2013. "Dyslipidemia prevalence, treatment, control, and awareness in the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 104, no. 3. May-June. pp. E252 to E257.

Keboya, Solange Feseke. 2014. "L'association entre les niveaux d'arsenic urinaire et la prévalence du diabète de type 2 au Canada." Épidémiologie. Québec, QC: Université Laval.

Khan, Sara, Julian Little and Yue Chen. 2014. "Relationship between adiposity and pulmonary function in school-aged Canadian children." Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonology. Vol. 27, no. 3. September. pp. 126 to 132.

Khan, Sarah, Xiao-Mei Mai and Yue Chen. 2013. "Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D associated with pulmonary function in Canadian adults with excess adiposity." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 98, no. 1. pp. 174 to 179.

---. 2014. "The link between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and lung function in general and asthmatic children." Pediatric allergy, immunology and pulmonology. Vol. 27, no. 2. June. pp. 87 to 91.

Kuhle, Stefan, Christina Fung and Paul J. Veugelers. 2013. "Medication use in normal weight and overweight children in a nationally representative sample of Canadian children." Archives of Diseases in Childhood. Vol. 97, no. 9. September. pp. 842 to 847.

L'Abbe, Mary R., Ying Qi, Marcia Cooper and Wendy Lou. 2011. "Iron bioavailability of the diets of Canadians." The FASEB Journal. Vol. 25, no. 1.

LaKind, Judy S., Johanne Levesque, Pierre Dumas, Shirley Bryan, Janine Clarke and Daniel Q. Naiman. 2012. "Comparing United States and Canadian population exposures from national biomonitoring surveys: Bisphenol A intake as a case study." Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology. Vol. 22, no. 3. May. pp. 219 to 226.

Landry, Denise. 2013. "Interrelationships between vitamin D and body mass index and waist circumference in Canada." Epidemiology & Community Medicine. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa. 120 p.

Larouche, Richard, G. E. J. Faulkner, M. Fortier and Mark S. Tremblay. 2014. "Active transportation and adolescents' health: The Canadian Health Measures Survey." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Vol. 46, no. 5. pp. 507 to 515.

Larouche, Richard, Louis Laurencelle, Roy J. Shephard and François Trudeau. 2012. "Life transitions in the waning of physical activity from childhood to adult life in the Trois- Rivières study." Journal of Physical Activity and Health. Vol. 9, no. 4. May. pp. 516 to 524.

Larouche, Richard, Meghann Lloyd, Emily Knight and Mark S. Tremblay. 2011. "Relationship between active school transport and body mass index in grades 4 to 6 children." Pediatric Exercise Science. Vol. 23, no. 3. August. pp. 322 to 330.

Lye, Ellen, Melissa Legrand, Janine Clarke and Adam Probert. 2013. "Blood total mercury concentrations in the Canadian population: Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1, 2007-2009." Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 104, no. 3. May-June. pp. E246 to E251.

MacFarlane, Amanda J., Linda S. Greene-Finestone and Yipu Shi. 2011. "Vitamin B-12 and homocysteine status in a folate-replete population: results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 94, no. 4. October. pp. 1079 to 1087.

Maximova, Katerina, Stefan Kuhle, Zachary Davidson, Christina Fung and Paul J. Veugelers. 2013. "Cardiovascular risk factor profiles of normal and overweight children and adolescents: insights from the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Canadian Journal of Cardiology. Vol. 29, no. 8. August. pp. 976 to 982.

McAlister, Finlay A., Cynthia Robitaille, Cathleen Gillespie, Keming Yuan, Deepa P. Rao, Steven Grover, Sulan Dai, Helen Johansen, Michel Joffres, Fleetwood Loustalot and Norm Campbell. 2013. "The impact of cardiovascular risk-factor profiles on blood pressure control rates in adults from Canada and the United States." Canadian Journal of Cardiology. Vol. 29, no. 5. May. pp. 598 to 605.

McAlister, Finlay A., Kathryn Wilkins, Michel Joffres, Frans H.H. Leenen, George Fodor, Marianne Gee, Mark S. Tremblay, Robin Walker, Helen Johansen and Norm Campbell. 2011. "Changes in the rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Canada over the past two decades." Canadian Medical Association Journal. Vol. 183, no. 9. June. pp. 1007-1013.

Nicolae, Alexandra, Harry Ames and Carlos Quiñonez. 2013. "Dental amalgam and urinary mercury concentrations: a descriptive study ." BMC Oral Health. Vol. 13, no. 44. September.

Niruban, Selvanayagam John. 2014. "Association between asthma and vitamin D in children, adolescents and adults." Department of Public Health Sciences. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta.

Niruban, Selvanayagam John, K. Alagiakrishnan, J. Beach and A. Senthilselvan. 2014. "Association of vitamin D with respiratory outcomes in Canadian children."European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 68, no. 12. July.

Onywera, V. O., M. Héroux, E. J. Ulloa, K. B. Adamo, J. L. Taylor, I. Janssen and Mark S. Tremblay. 2013. "Adiposity and physical activity among children in countries at different stages of the physical activity transition: Canada, Mexico and Kenya." African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance. Vol. 19, no. 1. pp. 134 to 144.

Ordre des dentistes du Québec. 2010. "Rapport des résultats du module sur la santé buccodentaire de l'Enquête canadienne sur les mesures de la santé 2007-2009." Journal de l'Ordre des dentistes du Québec. Vol. 47, no. 3. June-July. pp. 24.

Ornek, Mustafa. 2016. "The BMI: Measurement, physician costs and distributional decomposition. Health Policy PhD Program." Hamilton, ON: McMaster University.

Oulhote, Youssef, Jonathan Chevrier and Maryse F. Bouchard. 2015. "Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hypothyroidism in Canadian women." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Vol. 101, no. 2. pp. 590 to 598.

Oulhote, Youssef and Maryse Bouchard. 2013a. "Pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides and behavioral problems, CHMS." American Journal of Epidemiology. Vol. 177. June.

---. 2013b. "Urinary metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides and behavioral problems in Canadian children." Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 121, no. 11-12. November-December. pp. 1378 to 1384.

Padwal, Raj S., Hsui-Ju Chang, Scott Klarenbach, Arya M. Sharma and Sumit R. Majumdar. 2012. "Characteristics of the population eligible for and receiving publicly funded bariatric surgery in Canada." International Journal for Equity in Health. Vol. 11. September.

Ramraj, Chantel. 2012. "Dental treatment needs in the Canadian population." Faculty of Dentistry. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto. pp. 1 to 103.

Ramraj, Chantel, Amir Azarpazhooh, Laura Dempster, Vahid Ravaghi and Carlos Quiñonez. 2012. "Dental treatment needs in the Canadian population: analysis of a nationwide cross-sectional survey." BMC Oral Health. Vol. 12. October.

Ramraj, Chantel, L. Sadeghi, H.P. Lawrence, L. Dempster, and C. Quiñonez. 2013. "Is accessing dental care becoming more difficult? Evidence from Canada's middle-income population." PLOS ONE. Vol. 8, no. 2. February.

Rao, Deepa P, Dai, Sulan, Claudia Lagacé and Daniel Krewski. 2014. "Metabolic Syndrome and Chronic Disease." Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada. Vol. 34, no. 1. February.

Ravaghi, Vahid, Carlos Quiñonez and Paul J. Allison. 2013a. "Comparing inequalities in oral and general health: Findings of the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 104, no. 7. pp. E466 to E471.

---. 2013b. "The magnitude of oral health inequalities in Canada: Findings of the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology. Vol. 41, no. 6. pp. 490 to 498.

---. 2013c. "Oral pain and its covariates: findings of a Canadian population-based study." Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. Vol. 79, no. (d3). pp. 1 to 9.

Rawn, Dorothea F.K., J. Jake Ryan, Amy R. Sadler, Wing-Fun Sun, Douglas Haines, Kristin Macey and Jay Van Oostdam. 2012. "PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in sera from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) from 2007 to 2009." Environment International. Vol. 47, no. 15. October. pp. 48 to 55.

Rawn, Dorothea F.K., J. Jake Ryan, Amy R. Sadler, Wing-Fun Sun, Douglas Haines, Kristin Macey and Jay Van Oostdam. 2012. "PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in sera from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) from 2007 to 2009." Environment International. Vol. 47, no. 15. October. pp. 48 to 55.

Rawn, Dorothea F.K., J. Jake Ryan, Amy R. Sadler, Wing-Fun Sun, Dorcas Weber, Patrick Laffey, Douglas Haines, Kristin Macey and Jay Van Oostdam. 2014. "Brominated flame retardant concentrations in sera from the Canadian Health Measures survey (CHMS) from 2007 to 2009." Environment International. Vol. 63. February. pp. 26 to 34

Richardson, G. Mark. 2012. "Evidence that bisphenol-a exposure is not associated with composite resin dental fillings." Pediatrics. Vol. 130, no. 2. pp. 1.

---. 2013. "2013 Canadian exposure factors handbook: Life expectancy, body dimensions, inhalation, time-activity, and soil ingestion." Saskatoon, SK: University of Saskatchewan, Toxicology Centre. 60 p.

---. 2014. "Mercury exposure and risks from dental amalgam in Canada: The Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007-2009." Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal. Vol.20, no. 2. pp. 433 to 447.

Riediger, Natalie D. and Ian Clara. 2011. "Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Canadian adult population." Canadian Medical Association Journal. Vol. 183, no. 15. October. pp. E1127 to E1134.

Ries, Nola M., Jane LeGrandeur and Tomothy Caulfield. 2010. "Handling ethical, legal and social issues in birth cohort studies involving genetic research: responses from studies in six countries." BMC Med Ethics. Vol. 11, no. 4. March.

Saravanabhavan, Gurusankar and J. Murray. 2012. "Human biological monitoring of diisononyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate: a review." Journal of Environmental and Public Health. Vol. 2012. 11 p.

Saravanabhavan, Gurusankar, Mireille Guay, Éric Langlois, Suzelle Giroux, Janine Murray and Douglas Haines. 2013. "Biomonitoring of phthalate metabolites in the Canadian population through the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2009)." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Vol. 216, no. 6. November. pp. 652 to 661.

Schroth, R. J., R. Rabbani, G. Loewen and M. E. Moffatt. 2016. "Vitamin D and dental caries in children." Journal of Dental Research. Vol. 95, no. 2. November. pp. 173 to 179.

Setayeshgar, Solmaz, Susan J. Whiting and Hassanali Vatanparast. 2012. "Metabolic syndrome in Canadian adults and adolescents: Prevalence and associated dietary intake." ISRN Obesity. Vol. 2012. pp. 1 to 8.

---. 2013. "Prevalence of 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases and associated risks in Canadian adults: The contribution of cardiometabolic risk assessment introduction." International Journal of Hypertension. Vol. 2013. pp. 1 to 8.

Shi, Yipu, Margaret de Groh and Howard Morrison. 2012. "Increasing blood pressure and its associated factors in Canadian children and adolescents from the Canadian Health Measures Survey."BMC Public Health. Vol. 12, no. 388. May.

---. 2013. "Perinatal and early childhood factors for overweight and obesity in young Canadian children." Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 104, no. 1. January- February. pp. e69 to e74.

Shields, Margot, Margaret D. Carroll and Cynthia L. Ogden. 2011. "Adult Obesity Prevalence in Canada and the United States." NCHS Data Brief. no. 56. March. 7 p.

Singh, Kavita, Subramanian Karthikeyan, and Annie St-Amand. 2018. "Factors associated with plasma concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) in the Canadian population." International Journal of Environmental Health Research. Vol. 29, no. 3. November. pp. 326-347.

Sluggett, Larine. 2012. "Associations between sleep duration and indicators of cardio- metabolic disease in Canadian children and adolescents." School of Health Sciences. Prince George, BC: University of Northern British Columbia.

Sluggett, Larine, Shannon Wagner, Cindy Hardy and R. Luke Harris. 2016. "Associations between sleep duration and indicators of cardiometabolic disease in Canadian children and adolescents: Analyses of the 2007-2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Childhood Obesity. Vol. 12, no. 5. October. pp. 325 to 333.

Stone, M.R., G.E. Faulkner and R.N. Buliung. 2013. "How active are children in Toronto? A comparison with accelerometry data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey". Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada. Vol. 33, no. 2. March. pp. 61 to 68.

Theis, Beth, Roxana Raut, Elisa Candido, Stephanie Young, and Loraine D. Marrett. 2011. "Risk factor and screening report, national and provincial, incorporating sociodemographic variables." Colorectal Cancer Network (CRCNet), Cancer Care Ontario. September. pp. 1 to 122.

Theis, Beth, Roxana Raut, J.P.K. Chan, Elisa Candido, and Loraine D. Marrett. 2011. "Risk factors and screening by age and sex, national and provincial." Colorectal Cancer Network (CRCNet), Cancer Care Ontario. June. pp. 1 to 84.

Thompson, Brandy. 2012. "Cost barriers to dental care in Canada." Department of Dentistry. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto.

Thompson, Brandy, P. Cooney, H. Lawrence, V. Ravaghi and C. Quiñonez. 2014. "Cost as a barrier to accessing dental care: findings from a Canadian population-based study." Journal of Public Health Dentistry. Vol. 74, no. 3. January.

Votova, Kristine M.E, Régis Blais, Margaret J. Penning, and Malcolm K. Maclure. 2013 "Polypharmacy meets polyherbacy: Pharmaceutical, over-the-counter and natural health product use among Canadian adults." Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 104, no. 3. May-June. pp. 222 to 228.

Whiting, Susan J., Kellie A. Langlois, Hassanali Vatanparast and Linda S. Greene- Finestone. 2011. "The vitamin D status of Canadians relative to the 2011 Dietary Reference Intakes: an examination in children and adults with and without supplement use." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 93, no. 7. July. 8 p.

Wong, Suzy Lai, Eric Malaison, David Hammond and Scott T. Leatherdale. 2013. "Secondhand smoke exposure among Canadians: Cotinine and self-report measures from the Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007–2009." Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Vol. 15, no. 3. March. pp. 693 to 700.

Wong, Suzy Lai, Rachel Colley, Sarah Connor Gorber and Mark Tremblay. 2011. "Actical accelerometer sedentary activity thresholds for adults." Journal of Physical Activity and Health. Vol. 8, no. 4. May. pp. 587 to 591.

Yao, Chao Shu and Michael I. MacEntee. 2013. "Inequity in Oral Health Care for Elderly Canadians: Part 1. Oral Health Status." Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. Vol. 79. December

Ye, Ming, Jeremy Beach, Jonahtan W. Martin and Ambikaipakan Senthilselvan. 2015a. "Associations between dietary factors and urinary concentrations of organophosphate and pyrethroid metabolites in a Canadian general population." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Vol. 218, no. 7. October. pp. 616 to 626.

---. 2015b. "Association between Lung Function in Adults and Plasma DDT and DDE Levels Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 123, no. 5. May, pages 422 to 427.

---. 2016. "Urinary dialkyl phosphate concentrations and lung function parameters in adolescents and adults: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 124, no. 4. April. pp. 491 to 497.

---. 2017. "Pesticide exposures and respiratory health in general populations." Journal of Environmental Sciences. Vol. 51. January. pp. 361 to 370.

Zinck, John, Margaret de Groh and Amanda MacFarlane. 2015. "Genetic modifiers of folate, vitamin B-12, and homocysteine status in a cross-sectional study of the Canadian population." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 202, no. 6.

Zuk, Aleksandra, Carlos Quiñonez, Michael Lebenbaum and Laura C. Rosella. 2017. "The association between undiagnosed glycaemic abnormalities and cardiometabolic risk factors with periodontitis: results from 2007-2009 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Journal of Clinical Periodontology. Vol. 44, no. 2. December. pp. 132 to 141.

Cycle 2 (2009 to 2011)

Health at a Glance articles

Janz, Teresa and Caryn Pearson. 2013. "Vitamin D blood levels of Canadians." Health at a Glance. January 10. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-624-X.

Health Reports articles

Cooper, Marcia, Linda Greene-Finestone, Hélène Lowell, Johanne Levesque and Stacey Robinson. 2012. "Iron sufficiency of Canadians." Health Reports. Vol. 23, no. 4. December. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 41 to 48.

Patry-Parisien, Jennifer, Jiping Zhu and Suzy L. Wong. 2013. "Implementation of the indoor air component of cycle 2 of the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 24, no. 5. May. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 3 to 10.

Patry-Parisien, Jennifer, Margot Shields and Shirley Bryan. 2012. "Comparison of waist circumference using the World Health Organization and National Institutes of Health protocols." Health Reports. Vol. 23, no. 3. September. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 53 to 60.

Roberts, Karen C., Margot Shields, Margaret de Groh, Alfred Aziz and Jo-Anne Gilbert. 2012. "Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: Results from the 2009 to 2011 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 23, no. 3. September. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 37 to 41.

Rotermann, Michelle, Kellie A. Langlois, Alberto Severini and Stephanie Totten. 2013. " Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus type 2: Results from the 2009 to 2011 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 24, no. 4. April. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 10 to 15.

Wheeler, Amanda J., Suzy L. Wong, Cheryl Khoury and Jiping Zhu. 2013. "Predictors of indoor BTEX concentrations in Canadian residences." Health Reports. Vol. 24, no. 5. May. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 11 to 17.

The Daily releases

Statistics Canada. 2012a. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Household and physical measures data, 2009 to 2011." The Daily. September 20. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2012b. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Select laboratory, activity monitor and indoor air data, 2009 to 2011." The Daily. November 21. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2012c. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Fact sheets and tables related to select laboratory data, 2009 to 2011." The Daily. November 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2013a. "Study: Vitamin D blood levels of Canadians, 2009-2011." The Daily. January 10. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2013b. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Laboratory environmental data, 2009 to 2011." The Daily. April 17. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

Health fact sheets

---. 2012d. "Aerobic fitness of Canadians, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2012e. "Blood pressure of Canadian adults, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2012f. "Blood pressure of Canadian children and youth, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2012g. "Body composition of Canadian adults, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2012h. "Body mass index of Canadian children and youth, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2012i. "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Canadians, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2012j. "Muscular strength of Canadians, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2012k. "Cholesterol levels of Canadians, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. November 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2012l. "Iodine status of Canadians, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. November 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2012m. "Iron sufficiency of Canadians, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. November 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2012n. "Metabolic syndrome in Canadians, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. November 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2012o. "Vitamin B12 status of Canadians, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. November 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2013c. "Bisphenol A concentrations in Canadians, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. April 17. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2013d. "Blood lead concentrations in Canadians, 2009 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. April 17. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

Data tables

---. 2012p. Canadian Health Measures Survey: Cycle 2 Data Tables, 2009 to 2011 (table). Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-626-X. Ottawa, Ontario. 80 p.

External articles and publications

Asada, Yukiko, Jeremiah Hurley, Michel Grignon and Susan Kirkland. 2018. "Health inequalities and inequities by age: Stability for the Health Utilities Index and divergence for the Frailty Index." Social Science and Medicine - Population Health. Vol. 5. August. pp. 17 to 32.

Aylward, Lesa L., Stephanie Hays, Anne Vézina, Michelle Deveau, Annie St-Amand and A.B. Nong. 2015. "Biomonitoring Equivalents for interpretation of urinary fluoride." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. Vol. 72, no. 1. April. pp. 158 to 167.

Betancourt, Marisol T, K.C. Roberts, T-L Bennett, E.R. Driscoll, G. Jayaraman and L. Pelletier. 2014. "Monitoring chronic diseases in Canada: the chronic diseases indicator framework." Chronic diseases and injuries in Canada. Vol. 34, no.1. February. 34 p.

Cakmak, Sabit and Bob Dales. 2018. "The associations between phthalate exposure and insulin resistance, β-cell function and blood glucose control in a population-based sample." Science of the Total Environment. Vol. 612, no. 15. January. pp. 1287-1292.

Health Canada. 2013. Second report on human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals in Canada: Results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 2 (2009- 2011). Ottawa, Ontario. Minister of Health. 434 p.

Jayawardene, Innocent F., Jean-Francois Paradis, Stephane Belisle, Devika Poddalgoda, Sabit Cakmak, Marie-Pier Lafontaine, Noureen Lalji and Robert Dales. 2018. "Approches pour résoudre les problématiques rencontrées au cours du développement et de l'adaptation d'une méthode pour l'analyses de trace de douze éléments chimiques dans le sang par ICP-MS." Health Canada.

Jayawardene, Innocent F., Kristin Macey, Jean-Francois Paradis, Stephane Belisle, Devika Poddalgoda, Sabit Cakmak, Marie-Pier Lafontaine, Noureen Lalji and Robert Dales. 2018. "Accessing Biobanks to Obtain Human Biomonitoring Data." Environmental Health Perspectives.

Jee, Penny, Lois Fernandez, Sherry L. Perkins and Stephen P.J. Brooks. 2014. "Effect of storage and repeated freeze/thaw on (S) vitamin B12." Clinical Biochemistry. Vol. 47, no. 18. December. pp. 344.

Katz, Sherri, Jean-Philippe Vaccani, Janine Clarke, Lynda Hoey, Rachel C. Coley and Nicholas J. Barrowman. 2014. "Creation of a reference dataset of neck sizes in children: standardizing a potential new tool for prediction of obesity-associated diseases?" BioMed Central. Vol. 14, no. 23. June.

MacFarlane, Amanda J., Yipu Shi and Linda S. Greene-Finestone. 2014. "High dose compared to low dose vitamin B12 supplement use is not associated with higher vitamin B12 status in children, adolescents and older adults." The Journal of Nutrition. Vol. 144, no. 6. June. pp. 915 to 920.

MacPherson, M., M. de Groh, L. Loukine, D. Prud'homme and L. Dubois. 2016. "Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Canadian children and adolescents: Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 1 (2007-2009) and Cycle 2 (2009-2011)." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice. Vol. 36, no. 2. February. pp. 32 to 40.

McLaren, Lindsay. 2016. "Fluoridation exposure status based on location of data collection in the Canadian Health Measures Survey: Is it valid?" Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. Vol. 82, no. g17. pp. 1 to 7.

Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion (Public Health Ontario). "Child and youth health data sources project: summary of processes and findings." Toronto, ON: Queen's Printer for Ontario; 2015.

Parent, Marianne. 2018. "An exposure assessment study of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residential indoor environment using the Canadian Health Measures Survey (Cycle 2: 2009-2011) and a multi-receptors based approach." Department of Community Health and Epidemiology. Halifax, NS: Dalhousie University.

Roberts, Karen C. and G. Jayaraman. 2014. "Childhood Obesity – FPT Framework." Shi, Yipu, Margaret de Groh and Amanda J. MacFarlane. 2014. "Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors associated with folate status among non-supplement-consuming Canadian women of child-bearing age." Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol 105, no. 3. pp. e166 to e171.

Tai, Xiaochen and Yue Chen. 2016. "Urinary bisphenol A concentrations positively associated with glycated hemoglobin and other indicators of diabetes in Canadian men." Environmental Research. Vol. 147. May. pp. 172 to 178.

Thakkar, Niels, Veronica Jamnik and Chris I. Ardern. 2018. "Cross-associations between physical activity and sedentary time on metabolic health: a comparative assessment using self-reported and objectively measured activity." Journal of Public Health. Vol. 40, no. 4. December. pp. e464 to e473.

Zhu, Jiping, Suzy L. Wong and Sabit Cakmak. 2013. "Nationally representative levels of selected volatile organic compounds in Canadian residential indoor air: Population- based survey." Environmental Science & Technology. Vol. 47, no. 23. October. pp. 13276 to 13283.

Cycle 3 (2012 to 2013)

Health Reports articles

Feder, Katya, David Michaud, Pamela Ramage-Morin, James McNamee and Yves Beauregard. 2015. " Prevalence of hearing loss among Canadians aged 20 to 79: Audiometric results from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 25, no. 7. July. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 18 to 25.

Langlois, Kelli, Marcia Cooper and Cynthia K. Colapinto. 2016. "Vitamin C status of Canadian adults: Findings from the 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 27, no. 5. May. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 8 p.

Larouche, Richard, Didier Garriguet, Katie E. Gunnell, Gary S. Goldfield and Mark S. Tremblay. 2016. "Outdoor time, physical activity, sedentary time, and health indicators at ages 7 to 14: 2012/2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 27, no. 9. September. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 11 p.

The Daily releases

Statistics Canada. 2014a. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Household and physical masures data, 2012 to 2013." The Daily. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2014b. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Selected laboratory and activity monitor data, 2012 and 2013." The Daily. December 16. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2015a. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Directly measured physical activity of Canadians, 2012 and 2013." The Daily. February 18. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2015b. "Canadian Health Measures Suvey: Hearing loss of Canadians, 2012 and 2013." The Daily. April 15. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2015c. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Laboratory environmental data, 2012 and 2013." The Daily. July 15. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2015d. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Indoor air volatile organic compound data 2012 and 2013." The Daily. September 16. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

---. 2015e. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Medication use and nutrient intake, 2012 and 2013." The Daily. October 20. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

Health fact sheets

---. 2014c. "Body composition of adults, 2012 to 2013." Health Fact Sheets. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2014d. "Body mass index of children and youth, 2012 to 2013." Health Fact Sheets. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2014e. "Blood pressure of adults, 2012 to 2013." Health Fact Sheets. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2014f. "Blood pressure of children and youth, 2012 to 2013." Health Fact Sheets. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2014g. "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults, 2012 to 2013." Health Fact Sheets. October 29. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2014h. "Cholesterol levels of adults, 2012 to 2013." Health Fact Sheets. December 16. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2014i. "Metabolic syndrome in adults, 2012 to 2013." Health Fact Sheets. December 16. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2014j. "Vitamin D levels of Canadians, 2012 to 2013." Health Fact Sheets. December 16. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2014k. "Vitamin C levels of Canadians, 2012 to 2013." Health Fact Sheets. December 16. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2015f. "Directly measured physical activity of adults, 2012 and 2013." Health Fact Sheets. February 18. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2015g. "Directly measured physical activity of children and youth, 2012 and 2013." Health Fact Sheets. February 18. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2015h. "Hearing loss of Canadians, 2012 and 2013." Health Fact Sheets. April 15. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2015i. "Tobacco use of Canadians, 2012 and 2013." Health Fact Sheets. July 15. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2015j. "Lead, mercury and cadmium concentrations in Canadians, 2012 and 2013." Health Fact Sheets. July 15. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2015k. "Bisphenol A concentrations in Canadians, 2012 and 2013." Health Fact Sheets. July 15. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2015l. "Omega-3 fatty acid levels of adults, 2012 and 2013." Health Fact Sheets. November 18. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

External Releases

Brooks, Stephen, L. Green-Finestone, and S. Whiting. 2017. "An Analysis of Factors Associated with 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels in White and Non-White Canadians." Journal of AOAC International. Vol 100, no. 5. October. pp. 1345-1354.

Czoli, Christine D. and David Hammond. 2018. "Carcinogen exposure among Canadian tobacco users: Changes in NNK Exposure from 2007–2009 through 2012–2013." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. Vol. 27, no. 3. March. pp. 262 to 267.

Feder, Katya, David Michaud, Yves Beauregard; Elizabeth Fitzpatrick, James McNamee, Hugh Davies, Tony Leroux. 2017. "Prevalence of hazardous occupational noise exposure, hearing loss, and hearing protection usage among a representative sample of working Canadians." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 59, no. 1. pp. 92-113.

Fleet, Kristen. 2017. "Proinflammatory food consumption and chronic kidney disease in a Canadian nationally representative sample." Human Nutritional Sciences. Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba.

Jones, Amanda C., J. Lennert Veerman and David Hammond. 2017. "The health and economic impact of a tax on sugary drinks in Canada." Waterloo, ON: Canadian Cancer Society, Diabetes Canada, Childhood Obesity Foundation, Chronic Disease Prevention A.

Levy, Emile, Mariia Samoilenko, Sophia Morel, Jade England, Devendra Amre, Laurence Bertout, Simon Drouin, Caroline Laverdière, Maja Krajinovic, Daniel Sinnett, Geneviève Lefebvre and Valérie Marcil. 2017. "Cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood, adolescent and young adult survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia - A Petale cohort." Scientific Reports. Vol 7. December. pp. 1 to 9.

Malin, Ashley, Julie Riddell, Hugh McCague and Christine Till. 2018. "Fluoride exposure and thyroid function among adults living in Canada: Effect modification by iodine status." Environment International. Vol. 121, no. 1. December. pp. 667 to 674.

Munasinghe, Lalani L., Noreen Willows, Yan Yuan and Paul J Veugelers. 2015. "The prevalence and determinants of use of vitamin D supplements among children in Alberta, Canada: A cross-sectional study." BMC Public Health. Vol. 15, no. 1. pp. 1 to 7.

Munasinghe, Lalani L., Yan Yuan, Noreen D. Willows, Erin L. Faught, John P. Ekwaru and Paul J. Veugelers. 2017. "Vitamin D deficiency and sufficiency among Canadian children residing at high latitude following the revision of the RDA of vitamin D intake in 2010." British Journal of Nutrition. Vol. 117, no. 3. March. pp. 457 to 465.

ParticipACTION. 2016. "Are Canadian Kids Too Tired to Move?" The 2016 ParticipACTION Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth. Vol. 16. June.

Statistics Canada's Canadian Health Measures Survey Team. 2015. "The Canadian Health Measures Survey: A Source of Nationally Representative Hearing Data." Communiqué. August.

Data tables

Statistics Canada. Anthropometry measures of the household population (table). CANSIM (database).

Cycle 4 (2014 to 2015)

Health Reports articles

Colley, Rachel C., Gregory Butler, Didier Garriguet, Stephanie A. Prince and Karen C. Roberts. 2018. "Comparison of self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity in Canadian adults." Health Reports. Vol. 29, no. 12. December. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 13 p.

Health fact sheets

Statistics Canada. 2018a. "Inorganic-related arsenic concentrations in Canadians, 2014 and 2015." Health Fact Sheets. February 22. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625- X.

---. 2018b. "Parabens concentrations in Canadians, 2014 and 2015." Health Fact Sheets. February 22. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

Internal Publications

2018c. "Concentrations of selected environmental chemicals adjusted for creatinine in the Canadian population." Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-627-X.

External articles and publications

Bertinato, Jesse, Kuan Chiao Wang and Stephen Hayward. 2017. "Serum Magnesium Concentrations in the Canadian Population and Associations with Diabetes, Glycemic Regulation, and Insulin Resistance." Nutrients. Vol. 9, no. 3. March. 13 p.

Cycle 5 (2016 to 2017)

Daily

Statistics Canada. 2018a. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Household and physical measures data, 2016 and 2017." The Daily. October 24.

Statistics Canada. 2019a. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Non-environmental laboratory and medication data, 2016 and 2017." The Daily. February 6. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

Statistics Canada. 2019b. "Blood pressure, hypertension and leading risk factors" The Daily. February 20.

Statistics Canada. 2019c. "Tracking physical activity levels of Canadians, 2016 and 2017." The Daily. April 17.

Statistics Canada. 2019d. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Vision data data, 2016 and 2017" The Daily. October 2.

Statistics Canada. 2019e. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Environmental laboratory data, 2016 and 2017" The Daily. November 13.

Statistics Canada. 2020a. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Cycles 1, 3 and 4 (2007-2009, 2012-2013 and 2014-2015) pooled serum data files" The Daily, June 3, 2020.

Health Fact Sheets

"Sleep Apnea in Canada, 2016 and 2017." Health Fact Sheets. October 24. Statistics Canada Catalogue number 82-625-X).

"Physical activity and screen time among Canadian children and youth, 2016 and 2017" Health Fact Sheets. April 17. Statistics Canada (Catalogue number 82-625-X.

Health Reports Articles

Bushnik, Tracey; Clarke, Janine; Deguire, Jason; Rouleau, Kaitlyn; Roy, Joel. "Blood pressure and hypertension." Health Reports. Vol. 30, no. 2 (82-003-X). February 2019. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X201900200002.

Bushnik, Tracey; Hennessy, Deirdre; Leung, Alexander A.; Manuel, Doug; McAlister, Finlay A. "Risk factors for hypertension in Canada". Health Reports. Vol. 30, no. 2 (82-003-X). February. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X201900200002.

Carson, V., Langlois. K., and Colley, R. "Assocations between parent and child sedentary behaviour and physical activity in early childhood". Health Reports. (82-003-X). February 2020. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003X.

Data Tables

"Distribution of household population by vision status sex and age group". Table: 13100754-01, October 2, 2019.

"Overweight and obesity based on measured body mass index, by age group and sex". Table: 13-10-0324-01, October 16, 2019.

"Physical fitness measures of the household population". Table: 13-10-0324-01, October 16, 2019.

Infographics

"Obesity in Canadian Adults, 2016 and 2017." Infographics. October 24. Statistics Canada – (Catalogue number11-627-M).

"Hypertension: Prevalence and leading risk factors." Infographics. February 20. Statistics Canada – (Catalogue number11-627-M).

"Lead and bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in the Canadian population," Infographics. November 13. (Catalogue number11-627-M).

Cycles 1 and 2 combined (2007 to 2011)

Health at a Glance articles

Clarke, Janine, Victoria Higgins and Khosrow Adeli. 2016. "Understanding your health by using reference ranges." Health at a glance. June. Statistics Canada Catalogue no.82-624-X. 6 p.

Health Reports articles

Bushnik, Tracey, Patrick Levallois, Monique D'Amour, Todd J. Anderson and Finlay A. McAlister. 2014. "Association between blood lead and blood pressure: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007 to 2011)." Health Reports. Vol. 25, no. 7. July. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 13 p.

Findlay, Leanne and Dafna Kohen. 2015. "Bisphenol A and child and youth behaviour: Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007 to 2011." Health Reports. Vol. 26, no. 08. August. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X.

Fowles, Jonathon, Joel Roy, Janine Clarke and Shilpa Dogra. 2014. "Are the fittest Canadian adults also the healthiest?" Health Reports. Vol. 25, no. 5. May. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 8 p.

Garner, Rochelle and Patrick Levallois. 2016. "Cadmium levels and sources of exposure among Canadian adults." Health Reports. Vol. 27, no. 2. February. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 9 p.

Garriguet, Didier and Rachel C. Colley. 2014. "A comparison of self-reported leisure- time physical activity and measured moderate to vigorous physical activity in adolescents and adults." Health Reports. Vol. 25, no. 7. July. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 11 p.

Hennessy, Deirdre A., Peter Tanuseputro, Meltem Tuna, Carol Bennett, Richard Perez, Margot Shields, Dennis T. Ko, Jack Tu and Douglas G. Manuel. 2016. "Population health impact of statin treatment in Canada." Health Reports. Vol. 27, no. 1. January. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 9 p.

Larouche, Richard, Guy Faulkner and Mark S. Tremblay. 2016a. "Active travel and adults' health: The 2007-2011 Canadian Health Measures Surveys." Health Reports. Vol. 27, no. 4. April. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X.

---. 2016b. "Active travel and adults' health: Canadian Health Measures Survey 2007 to 2011." Health Reports. Vol. 27, no. 4. April. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 9 p.

Ng, Edward. 2015. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: A tool for immigrant health research?" Health Reports. Vol. 26, no. 3. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 9 p.

Rotermann, Michelle, Claudia Sanmartin, Deirdre Hennessy and Michele Arthur. 2014. "Prescription medication use by Candians aged 6 to 79." Health Reports. Vol. 25, no. 6. June. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 9 p.

Rotermann, Michelle, Kellie Langlois, Anton Andonov and Maxim Trubnikov. 2013. "Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections: Results from the 2007 to 2009 and 2009 to 2011 Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Reports. Vol. 24, no. 11. November. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 3 to 13.

Wong, Suzy L., Allan L. Coates and Teresa To. 2016. "Exposure to industrial air pullutant emissions and lung function in children: Canadian Health Measures Survey, 2007 to 2011."Health Reports. Vol. 27, no. 2. February. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 7 p.

The Daily releases

Statistics Canada. 2013d. "Canadian Health Measures Survey: Directly measured physical activity of Canadians, 2007 to 2011." The Daily. May 30. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-001-X.

Health fact sheets

---. 2013e. "Directly measured physical activity of Canadian adults, 2007 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. May 30. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2013f. "Directly measured physical activity of Canadian children and youth, 2007 to 2011." Health Fact Sheets. May 30. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

External articles and publications

Adeli, Khosrow, Victoria Higgins, Michelle Nieuwesteegl, Joshua Raizman, Yungi Chen, Suzy Wong and David Blais. 2015. "Biochemical Marker Reference Values across Pediatric, Adult, and Geriatric Ages: Establishment of Robust Pediatric and Adult Reference Intervals on the Basis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Clinical Chemistry. Vol. 61, no. 8. August.

Adeli, Khosrow, Victoria Higgins, Michelle Nieuwesteegl, Joshua Raizman, Yungi Chen, Suzy Wong, David Blais and M. Abdelhaleem. 2015a. "Complex biological profile of hematologic markers across pediatric, adult, and geriatric ages: establishment of robust pediatric and adult reference intervals on the basis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Clinical Chemistry. Vol. 61, no. 8. August. pp. 1075 to 1086.

---. 2015b. "Complex reference values for endocrine and special chemistry biomarkers across pediatric, adult, and geriatric ages: establishment of robust pediatric and adult reference intervals on the basis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Clinical Chemistry. Vol. 61, no. 8. August. pp. 1063 to 1074.

Aranda-Rodriquez, Rocio, Ashley Cabecinha, Jeromy Harvie, Zhiyun Jin, Axelle Marchand, Robert Tardif, Andy Nong and Sami Haddad. 2015. "A method for quantification of volatile organic compounds in blood by SPME-GC-MS/MS with broader application: From non-occupational exposure population to exposure studies."Journal of Chromatography B. Vol. 992. June. pp. 76 to 85.

Ata, Nicole. 2014. "Cardiovascular disease risk factors in Canadian-born and immigrant children and youth in the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Department of Public Health Sciences, Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta.

Betancourt, Marisol T., K.C. Roberts, T-L Bennett, E.R. Driscoll and G. Jayaraman. 2014. "Monitoring Chronic Diseases in Canada: Chronic Disease Indicator Framework." Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada. Vol. 34, no. 1. February.

Billette, Jean-Michel. 2013. "Obesity in Canada: how survey data can inform public policy."

Carson, Valerie, Suzy Wong, E. Winkler, G.N. Healy, R. C. Colley and Mark S. Tremblay. 2014. "Patterns of sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk among Canadian adults." Preventative Medicine. Vol. 65, no. 23. August. pp 23 to 27.

Chao, Yi-Sheng, Hsing-Chien Wu, Chao-Jung Wu and Wei-Chih Chen. 2018. "Stages of biological development across Age: An analysis of Canadian Health Measure Survey 2007–2011." Frontiers in Public Health. Vol. 5, no. 355. January. pp. 1 to 9.

Clarke, Janine J. Roy, J. Fowles and S. Dogra. 2013. "Should qualified exercise professionals measure skinfolds when assessing health-related fitness in the general population?" Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. Vol. 38, no. 10. October. pp. 1032.

Clarke, Janine and Ian Janssen. 2013. "Is the frequency of weekly moderate-to- vigorous physical activity associated with the metabolic syndrome in Canadian adults?" Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. Vol. 38, no. 7. July. pp. 773 to 778.

Coates, Allan L., Suzy L. Wong, Christopher Tremblay and John L. Hankinson. 2016. "Reference Equations for Spirometry in the Canadian Population." Annals of the American Thoracic Society. Vol. 13, no. 6. June. pp. 833 to 841.

Coonghe, Warnakulasuriya Verginia Lalantha. 2018. "Respiratory health and occupations among Canadian adolescents and adults." School of Public Health. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta.

Copeland, Jennifer L., Janine Clarke and Shilpa Dogra. 2015. "Objectively measured and self-reported sedentary time in older Canadians." Preventive Medicine Reports. Vol. 2. pp. 90 to 95.

Do, Minh T., Vicky C. Chang, Michelle A. Mendez and Margaret de Groh. 2017. "Urinary bisphenol A and obesity in adults: results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice. Vol. 37, no. 12. December.

Dogra, Shilpa, Janine Clarke, Joel Roy and Jonathan Fowles. 2015. "BMI-specific waist circumference is better than skinfolds for health-risk determination in the general population." Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. Vol. 40, no. 2. pp. 134 to 141.

Feder, Katya Polena, David Michaud, James McNamee, Elizabeth Fitzpatrick, Pamela Ramage-Morin and Yves Beauregards. 2017. "Prevalence of Hearing Loss Among a Representative Sample of Canadian Children and Adolescents, 3 to 19 Years of age." Ear and Hearing. Vol. 36, no. 1. January. pp. 7 to 20.

Gaston, Anca, Amy Doelman, Sarah A. Edwards and Jo Ann Tober. 2014. "The impact of parenthood on Canadians' objectively measured physical activity." BMC Public Health. Vol. 14, no. 1127. November.

Greene-Finestone, L. S., D. Garriguet, S. P. J. Brooks, K. Langlois and S. J. Whiting. 2017. "Overweight and obesity are associated with lower vitamin D status in Canadian children and adolescents." Paediatrics & Child Health. Vol. 22, no. 8. December. pp. 438 to 444.

Gunaratna, Hasantha. 2018. "Hepatitis B vaccination coverage among foreign-born Canadians: Data from the Community Health Measures Survey." Department of Community Health Sciences. Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba.

Hosseini, Zeinab, Susan J. Whiting and Hassan Vatanparast. 2019. "Canadians' Dietary Intake from 2007 to 2011 and across Different Sociodemographic/Lifestyle Factors Using the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycles 1 and 2." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. Vol. 2019. February. 80p.

Hu, Xue Feng and Hing Man Chan. 2018. "Factors associated with the blood and urinary selenium concentrations in the Canadian population: Results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2011)." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Vol. 221, no. 7. August. pp. 1023 to 1031.

Jackson, B. and P. Huston. 2016 "Commentary – Advancing health equity to improve health: the time is now." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice. Vol. 36, no. 2. February. pp. 17 to 20.

Kuhle, Stefan, Bryan Maguire, Nicole Ata and David Hamilton. 2015. "Percentile curves for anthropometric measures for Canadian children and youth." PLoS ONE. Vol. 10, no. 7. pp. 1 to 16.

Kuhle, Stefan, Jillian Ashley-Martin, Bryan Maguire and David C. Hamilton. 2016. "Percentile curves for skinfold thickness for Canadian children and youth." PeerJ. Vol. 4. July. pp. 1 to 22.

Kuhle, Stefan, Nicole Ata, Bryan Maguire, Natasha MacInnis and Linda Dodds. 2017. "Birth weight for gestational age, anthropometric measures, and cardiovascular disease markers in children." Journal of Pediatrics. Vol. 182. March. pp. 99 to 106.

Langlois, É, G. Saravanabhavan G, T.E. Arbuckle and S. Giroux. 2014. "Correction and comparability of phthalate metabolite measurements of Canadian biomonitoring studies (2007-2012)." Environment International. Vol. 64. March. pp. 129 to 133.

Levallois, Patrick, Alhadji Anassour-Laouan, Sidi,Pierre Ayotte. 2018. "Exposition à l'arsenic et prevalence du diabète de type 2 dans l'Enquête canadienne sur les mesures de la santé – Rapport de recherche." Institut national de santé publique. February.

MacPherson, M., Margaret de Groh, L. Loukine, D. Prud'homme and L. Dubois. 2016. "Release notice – Strengthening the evidence base on social determinants of health: measuring everyday discrimination through a CCHS rapid response module." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice. Vol. 36, no. 2. February. p. 41.

Neil-Sztramko, Sarah E., Carolyn C. Gotay, Paul A. Demers and Kristin L. Campbell. 2016. "Physical activity, physical fitness, and body composition of Canadian shift workers: Data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey cycles 1 and 2." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 58, no. 1. January. pp. 94 to 100.

Ngueta, Gerard. 2016. "Assessing the influence of age and ethnicity on the association between iron status and blood lead concentration in blood: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2011)." Biological Trace Element Research. Vol. 171, no. 2. pp. 301 to 307.

Ngueta, Gerard and André Pascal Kengne. 2017. "Low-Level environmental lead exposure and dysglycemia in adult individuals: Results from the Canadian Health and Measure Survey 2007–2011." Biological Trace Element Research. Vol. 175, no. 2. February. pp. 278 to 286.

Nguyen, Hai V. and Paul Grootendorst. 2014. "Does the child fitness tax credit make children more active?"

Perks, Thomas Alexander. 2015. "Obesity and its relation to employment income: Does the bias in self-reported BMI matter?" Canadian Studies in Population. Vol. 42, no. 3-4. pp. 39 to 48.

Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology Annual General Meeting. 2013. "Extreme Human Physiology: From Pathology to Performance." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. October

Public Health Agency of Canada. 2016. "Other PHAC publications." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice. Vol. 36, no. 2. February. pp. 42.

Rao, Deepa Prema. 2016. "Metabolic syndrome and chronic disease in Canada: The role of material, psychosocial, and behavioural factors."

Department of Population Health. Ottawa, ON: University of Ottawa.

Rao, Deepa P., Heather Orpana and Daniel Krewski. 2016. "Physical activity and non- movement behaviours: Their independent and combined associations with metabolic syndrome." International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. Vol. 13, no. 26. pp. 1 to 11.

Rodd, Celia, Allison Feely, Allison Dart, Atul Sharma and Jon McGavock. 2018. "Biological and socioeconomic determinants of prediabetes in youth: An analysis using 2007 to 2011 Canadian Health Measures Surveys." Pediatric Research. Vol. 84, no. 2. pp. 248 to 253.

Rowe, Ashley. 2015. "The relationship between body composition and lung function, and the effect of physical fitness." Department of Epidemiology. Halifax, NS: Dalhousie University.

Rowe, Ashley, P. Hernandez, S. Kuhle and S. Kirkland. 2017. "The association between anthropometric measures and lung function in a population-based study of Canadian adults." Respiratory Medicine. Vol. 131. October. pp. 199 to 204.

Roy, J., J. Clarke, S. Dogra and J. Fowles. 2013. "The health of Canadian adults across fitness categories." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. Vol. 38, no. 10. October. p. 1074.

Sarafin, Kurtis, Ramón Durazo-Arvizu, Lu Tian, Karen W. Phinney, Susan Tai, Johanna E. Camara, Joyce Merkel, Evan Green, Christopher T. Sempos and Stephen P. J. Brooks. 2015. "Standardizing 25-hydroxyvitamin D values from the Canadian Health Measures Survey." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 102, no. 5. November. pp. 1044 to 1050.

Shi, Y., Margaret de Groh and C. Bancej. 2016. "Socioeconomic gradients in cardiovascular risk in Canadian children and adolescents." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice. Vol. 36, no. 2. February. pp. 21 to 31.

St-Amand, A., K. Werry, L. Aylward, S. Hayes and A. Nong. 2014. "Screening of population level biomonitoring data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey in a risk-based context." Toxicology Letters. Vol. 232, no. 2. December. pp. 126-134.

Thielman, Justin, Heather Manson, Maria Chiu, Ray Copes and Laura C. Rosella. 2016. "Residents of highly walkable neighbourhoods in Canadian urban areas do substantially more physical activity: A cross-sectional analysis." Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ) Open. Vol. 4, no. 4. pp. E720 to E728.

Cycles 1 and 3 combined (2007 to 2009, 2012 to 2013)

External articles and publications

Hu, Xue Feng, Kavita Singh, Tiff-Annie Kenny and Hing Man Chan. 2019. "Prevalence of heart attack and stroke and associated risk factors among Inuit in Canada: A comparison with the general Canadian population." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Vol. 222, no. 2. March. pp. 319 to 326.

Munasinghe, Lalani L., Noreen D. Willows, Yan Yuan, John Paul Ekwaru and Paul J. Veugelers. 2017. "Vitamin D sufficiency of Canadian children did not improve following the 2010 revision of the dietary guidelines that recommended higher intake of vitamin D: An analysis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Nutrients. Vol. 9, no. 9. August. pp. 1 to 11.

Cycles 1, 2 and 3 combined (2007 to 2013)

Health Reports articles

Bushnik, Tracey, Deirdre Hennessy, Finlay A. McAlister and Douglas G. Manuel. 2018. "Bushnik, Tracey, Didier Garriguet and Rachel Colley. 2017. "Parent-Child association in body weight status." Health Reports. Vol. 28, no. 6. June. Statistics Canada catalogue no. 82-003X.

Factors associated with hypertension control among older Canadians." Health Reports. Vol. 29, no. 6. June. Statistics Canada catalogue no. 82-003X.

Garriguet, Didier. 2016. "Using a Betabinomial distribution to estimate the prevalence of adherence to physical activity guidelines among children and youth." Health Reports. Vol. 27, no. 4. April. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 7 p.

Garriguet, Didier, Tracey Bushnik and Rachel Colley. 2017. "Parent-Child association in physical activity and sedentary behaviour." Health Reports. Vol. 28, no. 6. June. Statistics Canada catalogue no. 82-003X.

Thomson, Errol, Harun Kalayci and Mike Walker. 2019. "Cumulative toll of exposure to stressors in Canada: An allostatic load profile." Health Reports. Vol. 30, no. 6. June. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. pp. 14-21.

Wong, Suzy. 2016a. "Grip strength reference values for Canadians aged 6 to 79: Canadian Health Measures Survey, 2007 to 2013." Health Reports. Vol. 27, no. 10. October. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 8 p.

---. 2016b. "Reduced muscular strength among Canadians aged 60 to 79: Canadian Health Measures Survey, 2007 to 2013." Health Reports. Vol. 27, no.10. October. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 7 p.

External articles and publications

Ashley-Martin, Jillian, Regina Ensenauer, Bryan Maguire and Stefan Kuhle. 2019. "Predicting cardiometabolic markers in children using tri-ponderal mass index: a cross- sectional study." Archives of Disease in Childhood. Vol. 103, no. 6.

Ata, Nicole, Bryan Maguire, David C. Hamilton and Stefan Kuhle. 2018. "Percentile curves for cardiometabolic disease markers in Canadian children and youth: a cross- sectional study." BMC Pediatrics. Vol. 18, no. 1. September. pp. 1 to 11.

Bernard, Paquito, G. Hains-Monfette, S. Atoui and C. Kingsbury. 2018. "Differences in daily objective physical activity and sedentary time between women with self-reported fibromyalgia and controls: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Clinical Rheumatology. Vol. 37, no. 8. August. pp. 2285 to 2290.

Bernard, Paquito, G. Hains-Monfette, S. Atoui and G. Moullec. 2018. "Daily objective physical activity and sedentary time in adults with COPD using spirometry data from Canadian Measures Health Survey." Canadian Respiratory Journal. Vol. 2018. December. pp. 1 to 9.

Bernard, Paquito, Isabelle Doré, Ahmed-Jérôme Romain, Gabriel Hains-Monfette, Celia Kingsbury and Catherine Sabiston. 2018. "Dose response association of objective physical activity with mental health in a representative national sample of adults: A cross-sectional study." PLoS ONE. Vol. 13, no. 10. October. pp. 1 to 16.

Carson, Valerie, Jean-Philippe Chaput, Ian Janssen and Mark S. Tremblay. 2017. "Health associations with meeting new 24-hour movement guidelines for Canadian children and youth," Preventive Medicine. Vol 95. February. pp. 7 to 13.

Carson, Valerie, Mark S. Tremblay, Jean-Philippe Chaput and Sebastien F. M Chastin. 2016. "Associations between sleep duration, sedentary time, physical activity, and health indicators among Canadian children and youth using compositional analyses." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. Vol. 41, no. 6. June. pp. S294 to S302.

Chao, Yi-Sheng, Chao-Jung Wu, Hsing-Chien Wu and Wei-Chih Chen. 2018. "Principal component approximation and interpretation in health survey and biobank data." Frontiers in Digital Humanities. Vol. 5, no. 11.

Chu, Filmer, Arto Ohinmaa, Scott Klarenbach, Zing-Wae Wong and Paul Veugeler. 2017. "Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and indicators of mental health: An analysis of the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Nutrients. Vol. 9, no. 10. October. pp. 1116 to 1123.

Garner, Rochelle and Patrick Levallois. 2017 "Associations between cadmium levels in blood and urine, blood pressure and hypertension among Canadian adults." Environmental Research. Vol. 155. May. pp. 64 to 72.

Gibson, Deborah. 2015. "Nutrition Biomarkers, Cycle 1 – Canadian Health measures Survey – Food and Nutrition Surveilance – Health Canada." Health Canada.

Gravel, Sabrina, Jérôme Lavoué and France Labrèche. 2017. "Industry, occupation and sex differences in workers' exposure to endocrine disrupting metals in an American and a Canadian survey." Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 74, no. 1, pp. A129.

Hains-Monfette, Gabriel, Sarah Atoui, Kelsey Dancause and Paquito Bernard. 2018. "Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviors in a representative sample of Canadian adults with chronic disease(s): a cross-sectional study." Department of Physical Activity Sciences. Montréal, Québec: Université du Québec à Montréal.

Hajna, Samantha, Nancy A. Ross and Kaberi Dasgupta. 2018. "Steps, moderate-to- vigorous physical activity, and cardiometabolic profiles." Preventive Medicine. Vol. 107. February. pp. 69 to 74.

Harris, Anne, Trevor Van Ingen, Joanne Kim and Paul Demers. 2015. "Using the CHMS to explore the health effects of shift work."

Haywood, Nicole. 2018. "Physical activity, sedentary time, sleep duration, and self-rated health in older adults: A compositional analysis." Department of Public Health Sciences. Kingston, ON: Queen's University.

Hirsch, Lauren Elizabeth. 2016. "Second-generation antipsychotics and metabolic side effects in the Canadian population." Calgary, AB: University of Calgary.

Hirsch, Lauren, Scott B. Patten, Lauren Bresee, Nathalie Jetté and Tamara Pringsheim. 2018. "Second-generation antipsychotics and metabolic side-effects: Canadian population-based study." BJPsych Open. Vol. 4, no. 4. July. pp. 256 to 261.

Kehler, Dustin Scott, Thomas Ferguson, Andrew N. Stammers, Clara Bohm, Rakesh C.

Arora, Todd A. Duhamel and Navdeep Tangri. 2017. "Prevalence of frailty in Canadians 18-79 years old in the Canadian Health Measures Survey." BMC Geriatrics. Vol. 17, no. 28. pp. 1 to 8.

Khanam, Ulfat Ara. 2018. "Are dietary factors associated with lung function in Canadian adults?" Community Health and Epidemiology. Saskatoon, SK: University of Saskatchewan.

Kim, G.J., Christopher Newth, Allan Coates, Patrick Ross and Suzy Wong. 2018. "Does Size Matter When Calculating the "Correct" Tidal Volume for Pediatric Mechanical Ventilation?: A Hypothesis Based on FVC." Chest. Vol. 154, no.1. July. pp. 77 to 83.

Lamontagne, Patricia and Denis Hamel. 2016. "Surveillance du statut pondéral mesuré chez les jeunes du Québec : état de situation jusqu'en 2013." Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ).

Leung, Alexander A., Hsiu-Ju Chang, Finlay A. McAlister, Nadia A. Khan, Doreen M. Rabi, Hude Quan and Raj S. Padwal. 2018. "Applicability of the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT) to the Canadian population." Canadian Journal of Cardiology. Vol. 34, no. 5. May. pp. 670 to 675.

Maguire, Bryan. 2016. "Comparison of methods for growth chart construction in the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Halifax, NS: Dalhousie University.

Mudryj, Adriana N., Margaret de Groh, Harold M. Aukema and Nancy Yu. 2016. "Folate intakes from diet and supplements may place certain Canadians at risk for folic acid toxicity." British Journal of Nutrition. Vol. 116, no. 7. pp. 1236 to 1245.

Qureshi, Hena. 2017. "The economic impact of dietary sodium reduction in Canada." Cumming School of Medicine. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary.

Salami, Bukola, Maryna Yaskina, Kathleen Hegadoren, Esperanza Diaz, Salima Meherali, Anu Rammohan and Yoav Ben-Shlomo. 2017. "Migration and social determinants of mental health: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 108, no. 4. July. pp. e362-e357.

Thielman, Justin, Daniel Harrington, Laura Rosella and Heather Manson. 2018. "Prevalence of age-specific and sex-specific overweight and obesity in Ontario and Quebec, Canada: a cross-sectional study using direct measures of height and weight." BMJ Open. Vol. 8, no. 9. pp. 1 to 8.

Cycles 2 and 3 combined (2009 to 2013)

Health Reports articles

Garriguet, Didier, Valerie Carson, Rachel C. Colley, Ian Janssen, Brian W. Timmons and Mark S. Tremblay. 2016. "Physical activity and sedentary behaviour of Canadian children aged 3 to 5." Health Reports. Vol. 27, no. 9. September. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 10 p.

External articles and publications

Barberio, Amanda M. 2016. "A Canadian population-based study of the relationship between fluoride exposure and indicators of cognitive and thyroid functioning; Implications for community water fluoridation." Calgary, AB: University of Calgary.

Barberio, Amanda M., Carlos Quiñonez, F. Shaun Hosein and Lindsay McLaren. 2017. "Fluoride exposure and reported learning disability diagnosis among Canadian children: Implications for community water fluoridation." Canadian Journal of Public Health. Vol. 108, no. 3. pp. e229 to e239.

Barberio, Amanda M., F. Shaun Hosein, Carlos Quiñonez and Lindsay McLaren. 2017. "Fluoride exposure and indicators of thyroid functioning in the Canadian population: Implications for community water fluoridation." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. Vol. 71, no. 10. pp. 1019 to 1025.

Carson, Valerie, Mark S. Tremblay and Sebastien F. M. Chastin. 2017. "Cross-sectional associations between sleep duration, sedentary time, physical activity and adiposity indicators among Canadian preschool children using compositional analyses." BMC Public Health. Vol. 17, no. 5. November. pp. 123 to 121.

Dales, Robert E., Sabit Cakmak, Chris Hebbern and Jasmine D. Cakmak. 2017. "The influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on lung function in a representative sample of the Canadian population." Environmental Pollution. Vol. 228. September. pp. 1 to 7.

Juric, Amanda, Kavita Singh, Xue Feng Hu and Hing Man Chan. 2019. "Exposure to triclosan among the Canadian population: Results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2009–2013)." Environment International. Vol. 120. pp. 29 to 38.

Rodd, Celia and Atul K. Sharma. 2016. "Recent trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Canadian children." Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ). Vol. 188, no. 13. September. pp. E313 to E320.

Rodd, Celia and Atulm K. Sharma. 2017. "Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Canadian children, 2004 to 2013: Impact of socioeconomic determinants." Paediatrics and Child Health. Vol. 22, no. 3. June. pp. 153 to 158.

Cycles 3 and 4 combined (2012 to 2015)

Health Reports articles

DeGuire, Jason, Janine Clarke, Kaitlyn Rouleau, Joel Roy and Tracey Bushnik. 2019. "Blood Pressure and Hypertension in Canada." Health Reports. Vol. 30, no. 2. February. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 8 p.

Ramage-Morin, Pamela L and Marc Gosselin. 2016. "Canadians vulnerable to workplace noise." Health Reports. Vol. 29, no. 8. August. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X.

Ramage-Morin, Pamela L., Rex Banks, Dany Pineault and Maha Atrach. 2019. "Tinnitus in Canada." Health Reports. Vol. 30, no. 3. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 9 p.

Health fact sheets

Statistics Canada. 2016a. "Blood pressure of adults, 2012 to 2015." Health Fact Sheets. October 13. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2016b. "Blood pressure of children and youth, 2012 to 2015." Health Fact Sheets. October 13. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2016c. "Hearing loss of Canadians, 2012 to 2015." Health Fact Sheets. October 13. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

---. 2017. "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease under-diagnosed in Canadian adults: Results from cycles 3 and 4 (2012 to 2015) of the Canadian Health Measures Survey." Health Fact Sheets. January 12. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-625-X.

External articles and publications

Feder, Katya, David Michaud, James McNamee, Leonora Marro and Elizabeth Fitzpatrick. 2017 "Prevalence of hazardous leisure noise exposure, hearing loss and hearing protection usage among a representative sample of Canadians, aged 6 to 79." Plos One Journal. Vol. 59, no. 1. January.

Statler, Julie. 2018. "Exploring the influence of childcare enrollment on physical activity and sedentary time of a nationally representative sample of Canadian preschoolers." Health and Rehabilitation Sciences. London, ON: University of Western Ontario.

Cycles 1, 2, 3 and 4 combined (2007 to 2013)

Health Reports articles

Bushnik, Tracey, Deirdre Hennessy, Finlay A. McAlister, Alexander A. Leung and Douglas G. Manuel. 2019. "Risk Factors for Hypertension in Canada." Health Reports. Vol. 30, no. 2. February. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 11 p.

Bushnik, Tracey, Deirdre Hennessy, Finlay A. McAlister and Douglas G. Manuel. 2018. "Factors associated with hypertension control among older Canadians." Health Reports. Vol. 29, no. 6. June. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X. 8 p.

Michaud, Isabelle, Jean-Philippe Chaput and Suzy Wong. 2017. "Duration and quality of sleep among Canadians aged 18 to 79." Health Reports. Vol. 28, no. 9. September. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 82-003-X.

External articles and publications

Chao, Yi-Sheng, Chao-Jung Wu, Hsing-Chien Wu and Wei-Chih Chen. 2018. "Trend analysis for national surveys: Application to all variables from the Canadian Health Measures Survey cycle 1 to 4." PLoS ONE. Vol. 13, no. 8. August. pp. 1 to 15.

St-Amand, Annie, Leonora Marro and Subramanian Karthikeyan. 2019. "Analysis of trends in the blood or urinary concentrations of BPA, Cd, Pb and Mercury in Canadians." Canadian Environmental Sustainability Indicators. January.

Cycles 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 combined (2007 to 2017)

External articles and publications

EYKOLBOSH, Angela, Kate WERRY and Tom KOSATSKY. 2018. "Leveraging the Canadian Health Measures Survey for environmental health research" International Environment International, August

TADDEI, Christina, Rod JACKSON, Bin ZHOU, Honor BIXBY, et al. 2019. "National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio: a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries." International Journal of Epidemiology, July.