Health State Descriptions for Canadians
82-619-MIE

Diabetes

Context

Introduction

Summary table

Health states for diabetes

Sequelae of diabetes

References

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More information

References

1. Canadian Diabetes Association. Insulin: Things you should know [Online]; Available at http://www.diabetes.ca/Section_About/insulin3.asp. Accessed October 2004.
2. Mathers CD, Bernard C, Moesgaard Iburg K, et al. Global Burden of Diseases in 2002: Data sources, methods and results. Global Programme on Evidence for Health Policy Discussion Paper No. 54. Geneva: World Health Organization; December 2003 (Revised February 2004).
3. Public Health Agency of Canada. National Diabetes Surveillance System. Available at http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ccdpc-cpcmc/ndss-snsd/english/index_e.html.
4. Diabetes Division, Health Canada. Diabetes in Canada – National Statistics and Opportunities for Improved Surveillance, Prevention, and Control (Catalogue H49-121/1999). Ottawa: Health Canada; 1999. Available at http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/dic-dac99/pdf/Diab99_e.pdf.
5. Young TK, Mustard CA. Undiagnosed diabetes: Does it matter? CMAJ 2001; 164(1): 24-28.
6. Manuel DG, Schultz SE. Diabetes Health Status and Risk Factors. In: Hux JE, Booth GL, Slaughter PM, Laupacis A (eds). Diabetes in Ontario: An ICES Practice Atlas. Toronto: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences; 2003. p. 4.80. Available at http://www.ices.on.ca/file/DM_Chapter4.pdf. Accessed May 25, 2005.
7. American Diabetes Association. Gestational Diabetes [Online]; Available at http://www.diabetes.org/gestational-diabetes.jsp. Accessed October 2004.
8. Dunbar P. Gestational diabetes: Special delivery. Canadian Diabetes Association [Online]; Available at
   http://www.diabetes.ca/Section_About/gestational.asp. Accessed October 2004.
9. Arnot Ogden Medical Center. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Information About Diabetes That Occur During Pregnancy [Online]; Available at http://www.aomc.org/gesdiab.html. Accessed January 2002.
10. Stone CA, McLachlan KA, Halliday JL, Wein P, Tippett C. Gestational diabetes in Victoria in 1996: Incidence, risk factors and outcomes. MJA 2000; 177(9):486-491.
11. World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth revision. Basic Tabulation List with Alphabetical Index. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1978.
12. Zambanini A, Newson RB, Maisey M, Feher MD. Injection related anxiety in insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetes Research in Clinical Practice 1999; 46(3):239-246.
13. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Diabetes Public Health Resource. Frequently Asked Questions – CDC’s Diabetes Program [Online]; Available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/faq/index.htm. Accessed October 2004.
14. Chamberlain J, DeMouy J, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Diet and exercise dramatically delay type 2 diabetes, diabetes medication Metformin also effective. United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2001, 8 August [Online]; Available at http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2001pres/20010808a.html. Accessed October 2004.
15. Kelly C, Booth G. Diabetes in Canadian women. BMC Women’s Health 2004; 4(Suppl 1):S16-S24. Available at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6874/4/S1/S16.
16. MedlinePlus. Gestational Diabetes. Medical Encyclopedia [Online]; Available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000896.htm. Accessed October 2004.
17. MedlinePlus. Health Information. Diabetic Retinopathy. Medical Encyclopedia [Online]; Available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001212.htm. Accessed October 2004.
18. [no author listed] Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2000; 23(1 Suppl):S73-S76.
19. Janghorbani M, Jones RB, Murray KJ, Allison SP. Incidence of the risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in diabetic clinic attenders. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2001; 8(5):309-325.
20. Schwartz C. Complications: Your Eyes and Diabetic Retinopathy [Online]; Available at http://www.diabetes.ca/Section_About/eyes.asp.
    Accessed October 2004.
21. Health Canada. Responding to the Challenge of Diabetes in Canada: First Report of the National Diabetes Surveillance System 2003 (Catalogue H39-4/21-2003E). Ottawa: Health Canada; 2003. Available at http://www.snsd.ca.
22. The Canadian National Institute for the Blind. Diabetes and the Eye [Online]; Available at http://www.cnib.ca/eng/eye_con/diabetes.htm. Accessed October 2004.
23. Smith SC. Diabetic Retinopathy. Ophthalmic Nursing 1992; 27(3): 745-759.
24. Smith SC. Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. The Journal of the American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses 1999; XXIV(2):59-64.
25. Mirkin G. Impotence in Diabetic Males [Online]; Available at http://www.drmirkin.com/diabetes/9896.html. Accessed October 2004.
26. New York Male Reproduction Center, Department of Urology, Columbia University. Impotence [Online]; Available at
    http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/urology/impotence.html. Accessed October 2004.
27. Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, Krane RJ, McKinley JB. Impotence and its medical and psychological correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol 1994; 151:54-61.
28. Joslin Diabetes Center. Diabetic Impotence: Sexual dysfunction, impotence and diabetes [Online]; Available at http://www.joslin.org/managing_your_diabetes_598.asp. Accessed October 2004.
29. Lifeclinic. Why is foot care important to people with diabetes? [Online]; Available at http://www.lifeclinic.com/focus/diabetes/foot_intro.asp.
    Accessed October 2004.
30. American Podiatric Medical Association. Facts on Diabetes and the Foot [Online]; Available at http://www.apma.org/faqsdiab.html. Accessed October 2004.
31. Foster A, Edmonds M. An Overview of Foot Disease in Patients with Diabetes. Nursing Standard 2001; 16(12):45-52.

The following sources were also used to develop the content of this document.

American Diabetes Association. Gestational Diabetes [Online]; Available at http://www.diabetes.org/gestational-diabetes.jsp. Accessed October 2004.

Canadian Diabetes Association. Insulin: Things you should know [Online]; Available at
http://www.diabetes.ca/Section_About/insulin3.asp. Accessed October 2004.

Chamberlain J, DeMouy J, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Diet and exercise dramatically delay type 2 diabetes, diabetes medication Metformin also effective. United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2001, 8 August [Online]; Available at http://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2001pres/20010808a.html. Accessed October 2004.

Dunbar P. Gestational diabetes: Special delivery. Canadian Diabetes Association [Online]; Available at http://www.diabetes.ca/Section_About/gestational.asp. Accessed October 2004.

Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, Krane RJ, McKinley JB. Impotence and its medical and psychological correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol 1994; 151:54-61.

Health Canada. Responding to the Challenge of Diabetes in Canada: First Report of the National Diabetes Surveillance System 2003 (Catalogue H39-4/21-2003E). Ottawa: Health Canada; 2003. Available at http://www.ndss.ca.

Kelly C, Booth G. Diabetes in Canadian women. BMC Women’s Health 2004; 4(Suppl 1):S16-S24. Available at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6874/4/S1/S16.

Millar WJ, Young TK. Tracking diabetes: Prevalence, incidence and risk factors. Health Reports 2002; 14(3):35-47.

Schwartz C. Complications: Your Eyes and Diabetic Retinopathy [Online]; Available at http://www.diabetes.ca/Section_About/eyes.asp. Accessed October 2004.

Stone CA, McLachlan KA, Halliday JL, Wein P, Tippett C. Gestational diabetes in Victoria in 1996: Incidence, risk factors and outcomes. MJA 2000; 177(9):486-491.

World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth revision. Basic Tabulation List with Alphabetical Index. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1978.

The following sources were used to develop the health state descriptions.

[no author listed] Diabetic Retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2000; 23(1 Suppl):S73-S76.

[no author listed] Diabetes: Insulin, Oral Medication or Diabetic Diet? [Online]; Available at http://www.life-with-diabetes.com. Accessed October 2004.

[no author listed] Guidelines for everyday foot management. Australian Family Physician 2002; 31(3):263.

Abu El-Asrar AM, Al-Rubeaan KA, Al-Amro SA, Moharram OA, Kangave D. Retinopathy as a predictor of other diabetic complications. International Ophthalmology 2002; 24:1-11.

Adamis AP. Is diabetic retinopathy an inflammatory disease? British Journal of Ophthamology 2002; 86: 363-365.

Allene RN, Van Son R. Diabetes and Patient Education: A Daily Nursing Challenge. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1982.

American Podiatric Medical Association. Facts on Diabetes and the Foot [Online]; Available at http://www.apma.org/faqsdiab.html. Accessed October 2004.

Arnot Ogden Medical Center. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Information About Diabetes That Occur During Pregnancy [Online]; Available at http://www.aomc.org/gesdiab.html. Accessed January 2002.

Bailey CC, Sparrow JM. Co-morbidity in patients with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. Eye 2001; 15: 719-722.

BBC News. UK Edition. Diabetes. Medical Notes, 1999, 9 February [Online]; Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/medical_notes/253464.stm. Accessed October 2004.

BBC News. UK Edition. Depression a factor in diabetes, 1999, 8 October [Online]; Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/medical_notes/467711.stm. Accessed October 2004.

Benbow SJ, Wallymahmed ME, MacFarlane IA. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and quality of life. Q J Med 1998; 91:733-737.

Boston P, Jordan S, MacNamara E, et al. Using participatory action research to understand the meanings Aboriginal Canadians attribute to the rising incidence of diabetes. Chronic Diseases in Canada 1997; 18(1):5-12. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cdic-mcc/18-1/b_e.html.

Bott U, Overmann H, Muhlhauser I, Berger M. Validation of a diabetes-specific quality-of-life scale for patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21(5):757-769.

Brown MM, Brown GC, Sharma S, Landy J, Bakal J. Quality of life with visual acuity loss from diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmology 2002; 120:481-484.

Center on an Aging Society, Institute for Health Care Research and Policy, Georgetown University. Visual Impairment [Online]; Available at http://hpi.georgetown.edu/agingsociety/pdfs/visual.pdf. Accessed October 2004.

Chauchard MC, Cousty-Pech F, Martini J, Hanaire-Broutin H. Le pied diabétique. La revue du praticien 2001; 51:1788-1792.

Desai M, Pratt LA, Lentzner H, Robinson KN. Trends in Vision and Hearing Among Older Americans. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Aging Trends, March 2001[Online]; Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/agingtrends/02vision.pdf. Accessed October 2004.

De Sonnaville JJ, Snoek FJ, Colly LP, Deville W, Wijkel D, Heine RJ. Well-being and symptoms in relation to insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21(6):919-924.

Diabetes Division, Health Canada. Diabetes in Canada – National Statistics and Opportunities for Improved Surveillance, Prevention, and Control (Catalogue H49-121/1999). Ottawa: Health Canada; 1999. Available at http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/dic-dac99/pdf/Diab99_e.pdf.

Eiser C, Flynn M, Green E, Havermans T, Kirby R, Sandeman D, Toke JE. Quality of life in young adults with type I diabetes in relation to demographic and disease variables. Diabetic Medicine 1992; 9:375-378.

Ewald D, Patel M, Hall G. Hospital separations indicate increasing need for prevention of diabetic foot complications in Central Australia. Australian Journal of Rural Health 2001; 9:275-279.

Faris I. The Management of the Diabetic Foot. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1982.

Foot Health Network. The Diabetic Foot [Online]; Available at
http://www.foot.com/info/cond_diabetic_foot.jsp. Accessed October 2004.

Foster A, Edmonds M. An overview of foot disease in patients with diabetes. Nursing Standard 2001; 16(12):45-52.

Goodman JI, Baumoel S, Frankel L, Marcus LJ, Wassermann S. The Diabetic Neuropathies. Springfield, (IL): Charles C. Thomas Publisher; 1953.

Haggerty M. Diabetic foot infections. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 2001, 6 April [Online]; Available at http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0004/ai_2601000425. Accessed October 2004.

Hahl J, Hamalainen H, Sintonen H, Simell T, Arinen S, Simell O. Health-related quality of life in type 1 diabetes without or with symptoms of long-term complications. Quality of Life Research 2002; 11:427-436.

Hanninen J, Takala J, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S. Quality of life in NIDDM patients assessed with the SF-20 questionnaire. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 1998; 42:17-27.

Hayward LM, Burden ML, Burden AC, Blackledge H, Raymond NT, Botha JL, Karwatowski WSS, Duke T, Chang YF. What is the prevalence of visual impairment in the general and diabetic populations: Are there ethnic and gender differences? Diabetic Medicine 2002; 19: 27-34.

Hirsch A, Batholomae C, Volmer T. Dimensions of quality of life in people with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Quality of Life Research 2000; 9:207-218.

James R, Young TK, Mustard CA, Blanchard J. The health of Canadians with diabetes. Health Reports (Statistics Canada, Catalogue 82-003-XPB) 1997; 9(3):47-52.

Janghorbani M, Jones RB, Murray KJ, Allison SP. Incidence of the risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in diabetic clinic attenders. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2001; 8(5):309-325.

Joslin Diabetes Center. Diabetic Impotence: Sexual dysfunction, impotence and diabetes [Online]; Available at http://www.joslin.org/managing_your_diabetes_598.asp. Accessed October 2004.

Keen H, Jarrett J. Complications of Diabetes. 2nd Edition. London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd.; 1982.

Langer N, Langer O. Emotional adjustment to diagnosis and intensified treatment of gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84(3):329-34.

Levin ME, O’Neal LW. The Diabetic Foot. London: C.V. Mosby Company; 1983.

Lifeclinic. Why is foot care important to people with diabetes? [Online]; Available at http://www.lifeclinic.com/focus/diabetes/foot_intro.asp. Accessed October 2004.

Lloyd CE, Orchard TJ. Physical and psychological well-being in adults with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 1999; 44:9-19.

Luscombe FA. Health related quality of life measurement in type 2 diabetes. Value in Health 2000; 3(Suppl. 1):S15-S28.

MedlinePlus. Autonomic Neuropathy. Medical Encyclopedia [Online]; Available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000776.htm. Accessed October 2004.

MedlinePlus. Diabetic Neuropathy. Medical Encyclopedia [Online]; Available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000693.htm. Accessed October 2004.

MedlinePlus. Diabetic Retinopathy. Medical Encyclopedia [Online]; Available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001212.htm. Accessed October 2004.

MedlinePlus. Gestational Diabetes. Medical Encyclopedia [Online]; Available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000896.htm. Accessed October 2004.

Meijer JWG, Trip J, Jaegers SMHJ, Links TP, Smits AJ, Groothoff JW, Eisma WH. Quality of life in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Disability and Rehabilitation 2001; 23(8):336-340.

Mirkin G. Impotence in Diabetic Males [Online]; Available at www.drmirkin.com/diabetes/9896.html. Accessed October 2004.

Moore S. Griffith’s Instructions for Patients. 6th Edition. London: W.B. Saunders Company; 1998.

National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Diabetes Public Health Resource. Frequently Asked Questions – CDC’s Diabetes Program [Online]; Available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/faq/index.htm. Accessed October 2004.

National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. Diabetic Neuropathies: The Nerve Damage of Diabetes [Online]; Available at http://www.diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/neuropathies/index.htm. Accessed October 2004.

National Institute of Child Health & Human Development. Understanding Gestational Diabetes: A Practical Guide to Healthy Pregnancy [Online]; Available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/gest4.html. Accessed June 2001.

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. NINDS Peripheral Neuropathy Information Page [Online]; Available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/peripheralneuropathy_doc.htm. Accessed October 2004.

New York Male Reproduction Center, Department of Urology, Columbia University. Impotence [Online]; Available at http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/urology/impotence.html. Accessed October 2004.

O’Rourke I, Heard S, Tracey J, Gruen R, Whitbread C. Risks to feet in the top end: outcomes of diabetic foot complications. ANZ Journal of Surgery 2002; 72:282-286.

Padua L, Saponara C, Ghirlanda G, Aprile I, Padua R, Pauri F, Tonali P. Health-related quality of life in type 1 diabetic patients and influence of peripheral nerve involvement. Neurological Science 2001; 22:239-245.

Parkerson GR, Connis RT, Broadhead WE, Patrick DL, Taylor TR, Tse CK. Disease-specific versus generic measurement of health-related quality of life in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Medical Care 1993; 31(7):629-639.

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Piehlmeier W, Bullinger M, Kirchberger I, Land W, Landgraf R. Evaluation of the quality of life of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus before and after organ transplantation with the SF 36 Health Survey. European Journal of Surgery 1996; 162:933-940.

Semior C. Assessment of infection in diabetic foot ulcers. Journal of Wound Care 2000; 9(7):313-317.

Siccardi DC. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Information About Diabetes That Occur During Pregnancy [Online]; Available at http://www.medstudents.com.br/ginob/ginob4.htm. Accessed January 2002.

Smith SC. Diabetic Retinopathy. Ophthalmic Nursing 1992; 27(3): 745-759.

Smith SC. Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. The Journal of the American Society of Ophthalmic Registered Nurses 1999; XXIV(2):59-64.

Statistics Canada. Highlights - Diabetes. Health Indicators, June 2001 [Online]; Available at http://dissemination.statcan.ca/english/freepub/82-221-XIE/00601/high/diabet.htm. Accessed October 2004.

Statistics Canada. Persons with diabetes by sex, by provinces , 1994-95 to 2000-01 [Online]; Available at
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Strauss MB. Diabetic foot problems: keys to effective, aggressive prevention. Consultant 2001; 41(13):1693-1696.

Tattersall RB, Jackson JGL. Complications of Diabetes: Social and Emotional Complications of Diabetes. London: Butler and Tanner Ltd.; 1982.

Tierney LM Jr. Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2001. New York: Lange Medical Books / McGraw-Hill; 2001.

Urrets-Zavalia A. Diabetic Retinopathy. New York: Masson Publishing Inc.; 1977.

Van Son AR. Diabetes and Patient Education: A Daily Nursing Challenge. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1982.

Ward J, Goto Y. Diabetic Neuropathy. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 1990.

Watkins CE. Diabetes, Depression and Stress. Northern County Psychiatric Associates [Online]; Available at http://www.ncpamd.com/dmdepression.htm. Accessed October 2004.

Zambanini A, Newson RB, Maisey M, Feher MD. Injection related anxiety in insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetes Research in Clinical Practice 1999; 46(3):239-246.

The following websites were also consulted:

American Diabetes Association
http://www.diabetes.org

Canadian Diabetes Association
http://www.diabetes.ca

The Canadian National Institute for the Blind
http://www.cnib.ca

Diabetes.com – WebMDHealth
http://www.diabetes.com