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Besserer, S. and C. Trainor. 2000. "Criminal victimization in Canada, 1999." Juristat. Vol. 20, no. 10. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 85-002-XIE. Ottawa.

Conklin, J. E. 1975. The Impact of Crime. Macmillan. New York.

Gardner, D. 2008. Risk: The Science and Politics of Fear. McClelland & Stewart. Toronto.

Garofalo, J. and J. Laub. 1978. "The fear of crime: Broadening our perspective." Victimology. Vol. 3. p. 242 to 253.

LaGrange, R. L., K. F. Ferraro, and M. Supanic. 1992. "Perceived risk and fear of crime: Role of social and physical incivilities." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Vol. 29. p. 311 to 334.

Lindström, M. J. Merlo and P.O. Östergren. 2003. "Social capital and sense of insecurity in the neighbourhood: A population-based multilevel analysis in Malmö, Sweden." Social Science & Medicine. Vol. 56, no. 5. p. 1111 to 1120.

Raudenbush, S.W. and A. S. Bryk. 2002. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. 2nd ed. Sage Publications. London.

Ross, C. E. 1993. "Fear of victimization and health." Journal of Quantitative Criminology. Vol.9. p. 159 to 175.

Sacco, V. F. 1995 "Fear and personal safety." Juristat. Vol. 15, no. 9. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 85-002-XPE. Ottawa.

Sampson, R. J., S. W. Raudenbush, and F. Earls. 1997. "Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy." Science. Vol. 277. p. 918 to 924.

J.A. Schafer, B. M. Huebner, and T. S. Bynum. 2006. "Fear of crime and criminal victimization: Gender-based contrasts." Journal of Criminal Justice. Vol. 34. p. 285 to 301.

Skogan, W. G. 1990. Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Cities. Free Press. New York.

Snijders, T. and R. Bosker. 1999. Multi-level Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multi-level Modeling. Sage Publications. London.

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Taylor, R. B. 1997. "Crime, grime, and responses to crime: Relative impacts of neighborhood structure, crime and physical deterioration on residents and business personnel in the twin cities." Crime Prevention at a Crossroads. Edited by S. P. Lab. Anderson. Cincinnati, Ohio. p. 63 to 75.

Willms, J. D. 2002. Vulnerable Children: Findings from Canada's National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. University of Alberta Press and Human Resources Development Canada. Edmonton.

Wyant, B. R. 2008. "Multilevel impacts of perceived incivilities and perceptions of crime risk on fear of crime: Isolating endogenous impacts." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Vol. 45, no. 1. p. 39 to 64.