Commuting – 2021 Census promotional material

Help spread the word about 2021 Census data on commuting in Canada. These data were released on November 30, 2022.

Quick facts

The way Canadians commute was altered in 2021 by the pandemic, with lockdowns to slow the spread of COVID-19 and changes in how and where Canadians worked leading to 2.8 million fewer commuters, compared with five years earlier.
The number of Canadians "car commuting" — that is, travelling to work by car, truck or van as a driver or as a passenger—declined by 1.7 million from five years earlier to reach 11 million in May 2021. The drop in car commuting mainly occurred among those working in professional service industries, while the number of front-line workers commuting by car increased.
There were 245,000 fewer Canadians making car commutes of at least 60 minutes, compared with May 2016.
The number of people usually taking public transit to work fell from 2 million in 2016 to 1 million in May 2021, declining for the first time since the census began collecting commuting data in 1996.
With the economy more open and most public health measures related to the pandemic removed, the number of car commuters, at 12.8 million, had exceeded 2016 levels by May 2022. However, the number of public transit commuters, at 1.2 million, remained well below pre-COVID-19 levels.
Despite the drop in public transit use, the proportion of Canadians using mass transit or walking or cycling to get to work was higher than that of Americans.
While Canadian government investments in walking and bicycle trails continues, nearly 300,000 fewer workers were usually using active transit (walking or bicycling) as a main mode of commuting in May 2021, compared with five years earlier. By May 2022, active transit commuting in the provinces had increased to 941,000 from 788,000 in May 2021, but was still lower than the 1.1 million recorded in 2016.

Resources

The Daily - Has the COVID-19 pandemic changed commuting patterns for good?

Social media content

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Post 1

New #2021Census data offers important insights on what getting to work in May 2021 meant for diverse groups of Canadians.

Find the newly-released data here:

bit.ly/3EI8HZf

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Post 1

The number of people usually taking public transit to work fell from 2016 to 2021, declining for the first time since the census began collecting commuting data in 1996.

Learn more:

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With the economy more open and most public health measures removed, the number of car commuters had exceeded 2016 levels by May 2022.

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From May 2021 to May 2022, active transit commuting had increased as a main mode of commuting, but was still lower than the 1.1 million recorded in 2016.

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Date modified:: 2023-01-03

Information for respondents

Additional information

Your information may also be used by Statistics Canada for other statistical and research purposes.

Your participation in this survey is required under the authority of the Statistics Act.

Authority

Data are collected under the authority of the Statistics Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, Chapter S-19.

Confidentiality

By law, Statistics Canada is prohibited from releasing any information it collects that could identify any person, business, or organization, unless consent has been given by the respondent, or as permitted by the Statistics Act. Statistics Canada will use the information from this survey for statistical purposes only.

Data-sharing agreements

To reduce respondent burden, Statistics Canada has entered into data-sharing agreements with provincial and territorial statistical agencies and other government organizations, which have agreed to keep the data confidential and use them only for statistical purposes. Statistics Canada will only share data from this survey with those organizations that have demonstrated a requirement to use the data.

Section 11 of the Statistics Act provides for the sharing of information with provincial and territorial statistical agencies that meet certain conditions. These agencies must have the legislative authority to collect the same information, on a mandatory basis, and the legislation must provide substantially the same provisions for confidentiality and penalties for disclosure of confidential information as the Statistics Act. Because these agencies have the legal authority to compel businesses to provide the same information, consent is not requested and businesses may not object to the sharing of the data.

For this survey, there are Section 11 agreements with the provincial and territorial statistical agencies of Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia and the Yukon.

The shared data will be limited to information pertaining to business establishments located within the jurisdiction of the respective province or territory.

Section 12 of the Statistics Act provides for the sharing of information with federal, provincial or territorial government organizations. Under Section 12, you may refuse to share your information with any of these organizations by writing a letter of objection to the Chief Statistician, specifying the organizations with which you do not want Statistics Canada to share your data and mailing it to the following address:

Chief Statistician of Canada
Statistics Canada
Attention of Director, Investment, Science and Technology Division
150 Tunney's Pasture Driveway
Ottawa, ON
K1A 0T6

You may also contact us by email at statcan.istdinformation-distinformation.statcan@statcan.gc.ca.

For this survey, there are Section 12 agreements with the statistical agencies of Prince Edward Island, Northwest Territories and Nunavut, as well as with Public Safety Canada .

For agreements with provincial and territorial government organizations, the shared data will be limited to information pertaining to business establishments located within the jurisdiction of the respective province or territory.

Record linkage

To enhance the data from this survey and to reduce respondent burden, Statistics Canada may combine it with information from other surveys or from administrative sources.

Reporting instructions

For this questionnaire:

Please complete this questionnaire for Canadian operations of this organization.

Report dollar amounts in Canadian dollars.
Report dollar amounts rounded to the nearest dollar.
If precise figures are not available, provide your best estimate.
Enter "0" if there is no value to report.

Organization characteristics

Organization characteristics - Question identifier: 1

Which of the following does your organization currently use? Select all that apply.

Website for your organization
Social media accounts for your organization
E-commerce platforms and solutions
Web-based applications
Open source software
Cloud computing or storage
Internet-connected smart devices or Internet of Things (IoT)
Intranet
Blockchain technologies
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services
OR
Organization does not use any of the above

Organization characteristics - Question identifier: 2

What type of data does your organization store on cloud computing or storage services? Include data that are backed-up. Select all that apply.

Confidential employee information
Confidential information about customers, suppliers or partners
Confidential organizational information
Commercially sensitive information
Non-sensitive or public information
OR
Organization does not store data on cloud computing or storage services

Organization characteristics - Question identifier: 3

Does anyone in your organization use personally-owned devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops or desktop computers to carry out regular work-related activities? Include devices that are subsidized by the organization.

Yes
No
Do not know

Cyber security environment

Cyber security environment - Question identifier: 4

Which cyber security measures does your organization currently have in place?

Include on-site and external security measures, including those provided by parent organizations or other external parties (e.g., Shared Services Canada, Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat). Select all that apply.

Mobile security
Anti-malware software to protect against viruses, spyware, ransomware, etc.
Web security
Email security
Network security
Data protection and control
Point-Of-Sale (POS) security
Software and application security
Hardware and asset management
Identity and access management
Physical access controls
OR
Organization does not have any cyber security measures in place
OR
Do not know

Cyber security environment - Question identifier: 5

Did any of the following parent organizations or external parties require your business or organization to implement certain cyber security measures?

Select all that apply.

Supplier of physical goods
Supplier of digitally delivered goods or services
Supplier of other services that are not digitally delivered
Customer
Partner
Canadian regulator
Cyber security standard or cyber security certification program
Federal Government lead agency, partner or service provider
Cyber risk insurance provider
OR
None of the above

Cyber security environment - Question identifier: 6

How many employees does your organization have that complete tasks related to cyber security as part of their regular responsibilities?

Include part-time and full-time employees. Examples of tasks these employees may complete include:

managing, evaluating or improving the security of networks, web presence, email systems or devices
patching or updating the software or operating systems used for security reasons
completing tasks related to recovery from previous cyber security incidents.

Exclude individuals employed by a parent organization, or external IT consultants or contractors.

If precise figures are not available, please provide your best estimate.

One employee
Two to five employees
6 to 15 employees
Over 15 employees
None
Do not know

Cyber security environment - Question identifier: 7

What are the main reasons your organization does not have any employees that complete tasks related to cyber security as part of their regular responsibilities? Select all that apply.

Organization uses private sector consultants or contractors to monitor cyber security
Organization uses public sector consultants or contractors to monitor cyber security
Organization has cyber risk insurance
Organization is in the process of recruiting a cyber security employee
Organization is unable to find an adequate cyber security employee
Organization lacks the resources to employ a cyber security employee
Cyber security is not a high enough risk to the organization

Cyber security environment - Question identifier: 8

What percentage of the employees that complete tasks related to the cyber security of your organization as part of their regular responsibilities identify as the following genders? Gender refers to current gender, which may be different from sex assigned at birth and may be different from what is indicated on legal documents.

Exclude individuals employed by a parent organization, or external IT consultants or contractors.

If precise figures are not available, please provide your best estimate.

Female
Male
Another gender

Cyber security environment - Question identifier: 9

Did your organization share best practices or general information on cyber security risks with your employees in 2022?

Include the sharing of information through email, bulletin boards, general information sessions on subjects related to:

recognizing and avoiding email scams
importance of password complexity and basic security techniques
securing your web browser and safe web browsing practices
avoiding phishing attacks
recognizing and avoiding spyware.

Information shared with internal IT personal
Information shared with other employees
- Yes
- No
- Not applicable
- Do not know

Cyber security environment - Question identifier: 10

Did your organization provide formal training to develop or upgrade cyber security related skills of your employees or stakeholders in 2022 ? Include training provided by parent organizations or other external sources.

Provided training to internal IT personnel
Provided training to other employees
Provided training to stakeholders such as suppliers, customers or partners
- Yes
- No
- Not applicable
- Do not know

Cyber security environment - Question identifier: 11

What are the three main reasons your organization spends time or allocates budget on cyber security measures or related skills training? Select up to three.

Allow employees to work remotely securely
Protect the reputation of the organization
Protect personal information of employees, suppliers, customers or partners
Protect trade secrets and intellectual property
Compliance with laws, regulations, contracts or other government organizations
Organization has suffered a cyber security incident previously
Prevent downtime and outages
Prevent fraud and theft
Secure continuity of organizational operations
OR
Organization does not spend time or money on cyber security measures or related skills training

Cyber security readiness

Cyber security readiness - Question identifier: 12

Which risk management arrangements does your organization currently have in place?

Select all that apply.

A written policy in place to manage internal cyber security risks
A written policy in place to manage cyber security risks associated with supply chain partners
A written policy in place to report cyber security incidents
Other type of written policy related to cyber security
A Business Continuity Plan (BCP) with processes to manage cyber security threats, vulnerabilities and risks
Employees with responsibility for overseeing cyber security risks and threats
Members of senior management with responsibility for overseeing cyber security risks and threats
A consultant or contractor to manage cyber security risks and threats
Monthly or more frequent patching or updating of operating systems for security reasons
Monthly or more frequent patching or updating of software for security reasons
Cyber risk insurance
OR
Organization does not have any risk management arrangements for cyber security

Cyber security readiness - Question identifier: 13

Which are covered under your cyber risk insurance policy? Select all that apply.

Direct losses from an incident
Restoration expenses for software, hardware, and electronic data
Interruptions (loss of productive time) and reputation losses
Third-party liability
Financial losses
Security breach remediation and notification expenses
Claims made by employees

Cyber security readiness - Question identifier: 14

Prior to responding to this survey, were you aware of any cyber security standards or cyber security certification programs that organizations can apply for?

Include:

Canadian, foreign and international standards and programs
standards and programs that you were aware of but your organization was not eligible for or did not apply for.

Select all that apply.

Cyber security standards
- Specify which standards you were aware of
Cyber security certification programs
- Specify which certification programs you were aware of
OR
Not aware of any cyber security standards or certification programs

Cyber security readiness - Question identifier: 15

Which activities does your organization undertake to identify cyber security risks?

Select all that apply.

Monitoring employee behaviour
Monitoring network and organizational systems
A formal assessment of cyber security risks, undertaken by an employee
A formal assessment of cyber security risks, undertaken by a parent organization or other external party
Penetration testing, undertaken by an employee
Penetration testing, undertaken by a parent organization or other external party
Assessment of the security of Internet-connected smart devices or Internet of Things (IoT) devices
Investment in threat intelligence
Complete audit of IT systems, undertaken by a parent organization or other external party
Organization conducts other activities to identify cyber security risks
OR
Organization does not conduct any activity to identify cyber security risks

Cyber security readiness - Question identifier: 16

How often does your organization conduct activities to identify cyber security risks? Select all that apply.

On a scheduled basis
After a cyber security incident occurs
When a new IT initiative or project is launched
On an irregular basis

Cyber security readiness - Question identifier: 17

How often is senior management in your organization given an update on actions taken regarding cyber security? Select all that apply.

On a scheduled basis
After a cyber security incident occurs
When a new IT initiative or project is launched
Senior management have tools to track cyber security issues
Senior management is given an update on an irregular basis
OR
Senior management is not updated on cyber security issues

Organization resiliency

Organization resiliency – Question identifier: 18

Which three cyber security risks or threats would you consider to have the most detrimental impact on your organization? Select up to three.

Theft or compromise of software or hardware
Unauthorized access, manipulation and theft of data
Identity theft
Scams and fraud
Improper usage of computers or network
Malicious software
Denial of Service (DoS) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
Disruption or defacing of web presence
Loss of reputation or erosion of public trust

Organization resiliency - Question identifier: 19

How concerned is your organization about its susceptibility to future cyber security risks and threats?

Extremely concerned
Very concerned
Somewhat concerned
Slightly concerned
Not at all concerned

Cyber security incidents

Cyber security incidents - Question identifier: 20

To the best of your knowledge, which cyber security incidents impacted your organization in 2022? Select all that apply.

Incidents to disrupt or deface the business or web presence
Incidents to steal personal or financial information
Incidents to steal money or demand ransom payment
Incidents to steal or manipulate intellectual property or organizational data
Incidents to access unauthorised or privileged areas
Incidents to monitor and track organizational activity
Incidents with an unknown motive
OR
Organization was not impacted by any cyber security incidents in 2022

Cyber security incidents - Question identifier: 21

In 2022, was your organization contacted by any of the following parent organizations or other external parties regarding their cyber security events because they may have involved your organization?

Select all that apply.

Suppliers, customers or partners
IT consultant or contractor
Persons or group that perpetrated the incidents
Cyber risk insurance provider
Police services
Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (Cyber Centre)
Office of the Privacy Commissioner
Regulator
Another government organization
Industry association
Bank or other financial institution
Software or service vendor
Other parties not mentioned above
OR
Parent organizations or other external parties did not report cyber security incidents to the organization in 2022

Cyber security incidents - Question identifier: 22

You previously indicated that parent organizations or other external parties contacted your organization about their cyber security events because they may have involved your organization in 2022. How did your organization handle those cyber security events?

Select all that apply.

Events were resolved internally
Events were resolved with the parent organization or other external party
Events were resolved through an IT consultant or contractor
Events were reported to a police service
Events were reported to other parents organizations or other external parties
Organization is currently working with the parent organization or other external party to resolve the events
OR
No action was taken by the organization

Cost of cyber security incidents

Cost of cyber security incidents - Question identifier: 23

In 2022, what was the total amount your organization spent to prevent or detect cyber security incidents? Exclude costs that were incurred specifically due to previous cyber security incidents (e.g., recovery costs from previous cyber security incidents).

If precise figures are not available, provide your best estimate in Canadian dollars.

Enter "0" if there is no value to report.

Cost of employee salary related to prevention or detection
Cost of training employees, suppliers, customers, or partners
Cost of hiring IT consultants or contractors
Cost of legal services or public relations (PR) services
Cost of cyber security software
Cost of hardware related to cyber security
Annual cost of cyber risk insurance or equivalent
Other related costs

Cost of cyber security incidents - Question identifier: 24

In 2022, what was the total cost to your organization to recover from the cyber security incidents? Exclude costs related to prevention and detection of cyber security incidents as these were asked in the previous question.

If precise figures are not available, provide your best estimate in Canadian dollars.

Enter "0" if there is no value to report.

Cost of employee salary related to recovery
Cost of training employees, suppliers, customers, or partners
Cost of hiring IT consultants or contractors
Cost of legal services or public relations (PR) services
Cost of new or upgraded cyber security software
Cost of new or upgraded hardware related to cyber security
Increased cost of cyber risk insurance or equivalent
Reimbursing suppliers, customers, or partners
Fines from regulators or authorities
Ransom payments
Other related costs

Impact of cyber security incidents

Impact of cyber security incidents - Question identifier: 25

To the best of your knowledge, who perpetrated the cyber security incidents in 2022? Select all that apply.

Incidents to disrupt or deface the organization or web presence
Incidents to steal personal or financial information
Incidents to steal money or demand ransom payment
Incidents to steal or manipulate intellectual property or organizational data
Incidents to access unauthorised or privileged areas
Incidents to monitor and track organizational activity
Incidents with an unknown motive

An employee at a parent organization or other external party
An internal employee
Supplier, customer or partner
OR
Do not know

Impact of cyber security incidents - Question identifier: 26

What were the methods used by the perpetrator for the cyber security incidents? Select all that apply.

Exploiting software, hardware, or network vulnerabilities
Hacking or password cracking
Identity theft
Scams and fraud
Ransomware
Other malicious software
Denial of Service (DoS) or Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
Disruption or defacing of web presence
Abuse of access privileges by a current or former internal party
Other
OR
Do not know

Impact of cyber security incidents - Question identifier: 27

You previously indicated that your organization has cyber risk insurance. Did your organization attempt to make a claim on that policy after the cyber security incidents in 2022? Select all that apply.

Yes, we successfully made a claim against the organization's cyber risk insurance
Yes, we attempted to make a claim against the organization's cyber risk insurance but were unsuccessful
Yes, we attempted to make a claim against the organization's cyber risk insurance and it is still in progress
OR
No, we have not attempted to make a claim for any of the cyber security incidents

Impact of cyber security incidents - Question identifier: 28

How was your organization impacted by the cyber security incidents in 2022?

Select all that apply.

Loss of revenue
Loss of suppliers, customers, or partners
Additional repair or recovery costs
Prevented the use of resources or services
Prevented employees from carrying out their day-to-day work
Additional time required by employees to complete their day-to-day work
Damage to the reputation of the organization or erosion of public trust
Fines from regulators or authorities
Discouraged organization from carrying out a future activity that was planned
Minor incidents, impact was minimal to the organization
Other
OR
Do not know

Impact of cyber security incidents - Question identifier: 29

As a result of cyber security incidents, approximately how many hours of downtime did your organization experience in 2022?

Include:

total downtime for mobile devices, desktops and networks
time periods during which there was either reduced activity or inactivity of employees or the organization.

If precise figures are not available, provide your best estimate.

Hours
OR
Organization did not experience any downtime in 2022
OR
Do not know

Cyber security incidents reporting

Cyber security incidents reporting - Question identifier: 30

Did your organization report any cyber security incidents to a police service in 2022?

Include all levels of police service including federal, provincial, territorial, municipal and Indigenous.

Yes
No
Do not know

Cyber security incidents reporting - Question identifier: 31

Which cyber security incidents did your organization report to a police service in 2022?

Select all that apply.

Incidents to disrupt or deface the organization or web presence
Incidents to steal personal or financial information
Incidents to steal money or demand ransom payment
Incidents to steal or manipulate intellectual property or organizational data
Incidents to access unauthorised or privileged areas
Incidents to monitor and track organizational activity
Incidents with an unknown motive

Cyber security incidents reporting - Question identifier: 32

What were the reasons for reporting incidents to a police service in 2022? Select all that apply.

To reduce the damage caused by the incidents
To lower the probability of other organizations being impacted by the same incidents
To help catch the perpetrators
To fulfill the requirements of customers, suppliers, partners, regulators, cyber security standards or cyber security certification programs
Other
- Specify other reasons

Cyber security incidents reporting - Question identifier: 33

What were the reasons for not reporting some or all of the cyber security incidents to a police service in 2022?

Select all that apply.

Incidents were resolved internally
Incidents were resolved through an IT consultant or contractor
To protect the reputation of the organization or stakeholders
Did not want to spend more time or money on the issue
Police service would not consider incidents important enough
Police service was unsatisfactory in the past
Unsure of where or how to report
Reporting process is too complicated
Did not think the perpetrator would be convicted or adequately punished
Minor incidents, not important enough for organization
Lack of evidence
Did not think of contacting a police service
OR
Organization reported all cyber security incidents to a police service in 2022

Cyber security incidents reporting - Question identifier: 34

Excluding police services, which parent organization or other external party did your organization report the cyber security incidents to in 2022?

Select all that apply.

Suppliers, customers or partners
IT consultant or contractor
Cyber risk insurance provider
Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (Cyber Centre)
Office of the Privacy Commissioner
Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre (CAFC)
Other government department or agency
Regulator
Industry association
Bank or other financial institution
Software or service vendor
OR
Organization did not report any cyber security incidents to a parent organization or other external parties in 2022

Cyber security incidents reporting - Question identifier: 35

What were the reasons for not reporting some or all the of the cyber security incidents to a parent organization or other external party in 2022?

Select all that apply.

Incidents were reported to a police service only
Incidents were resolved internally
To keep knowledge of the incidents internal
To protect the reputation of the organization or stakeholders
Lack of evidence
No benefit to reporting
Minor incidents, not important enough for organization
Did not think of reporting the incidents to a parent organization or other external party
OR
Organization reported all cyber security incidents to a parent organization or other external parties in 2022

Cyber security incidents reporting - Question identifier: 36

In responding to the cyber security incidents in 2022, which parent organizations or external parties did your organization contact for information or advice?

Select all that apply.

Suppliers, customers or partners
IT consultant or contractor
Cyber risk insurance provider
Legal services
Police services
Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (Cyber Centre)
Office of the Privacy Commissioner
Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre (CAFC)
Other Government department or agency
Regulator
Industry association
Bank or other financial institution
Software or service vendor
Internet community
Family, friends, or acquaintances
Computer repair shop
OR
Organization did not contact any parent organizations or external parties in 2022

Notification of intent to extract web data

Notification of intent to extract web data - Question identifier: 37

What is this organization's website address?

We may also visit this organization's website to search for additional publicly available information using automated methods, being careful not to impede the functionality of the website.

Website address

Current cyber security trends

Current cyber security trends - Question identifier: 38

In 2022, what was the total value of ransom payments made by your organization?

More than $0, but less than or equal to $10,000
More than $10,000, but less than or equal to $50,000
More than $50,000, but less than or equal to $100,000
More than $100,000, but less than or equal to $250,000
More than $250,000, but less than or equal to $500,000
More than $500,000
The organization did not make ransom payments in 2022
Do not know

Current cyber security trends - Question identifier: 39

In 2022, did your organization make ransom payments using cryptocurrency?

Yes
No
Do not know

Current cyber security trends - Question identifier: 40

In 2022, which parent organizations or external parties did your organization work with to resolve ransomware incidents?

Include all parent organizations or external parties your organization reported the ransomware incident to.

Select all that apply.

IT consultant or contractor
Cyber risk insurance provider
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
Other police services
Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (Cyber Centre)
Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre (CAFC)
Office of the Privacy Commissioner
Other parent organizations or external parties
OR
The organization did not work with parent organizations or external parties to resolve ransomware incidents in 2022
OR
Do not know

Current cyber security trends - Question identifier: 41

Why does your organization not have cyber risk insurance?

Select all that apply.

The organization's existing insurance policies cover cyber security risks
The cost of cyber risk insurance is too high
The organization's existing cyber security measures provide enough protection that cyber risk insurance is unnecessary
The organization had no cyber security risks
The organization has not considered obtaining cyber risk insurance
Not applicable to this organization
Other reasons for not having cyber risk insurance
OR
Do not know

Current cyber security trends - Question identifier: 42

Which of the following population groups do your organization's cyber security employees belong to?

Select all that apply.

White
Indigenous
Visible minority
OR
Do not know

Current cyber security trends - Question identifier: 43

What are the highest academic certificates, diplomas or degrees your organization's cyber security employees hold?
Select the highest academic certificate, diploma or degree that each cyber security employee holds.

Less than high school diploma or its equivalent
High school diploma or a high school equivalency certificate
Trades certificate or diploma
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma (other than trades certificates or diplomas)
University certificate or diploma below the bachelor's level
Bachelor's degree
University certificate, diploma or degree above the bachelor's level
OR
Do not know

Current cyber security trends - Question identifier: 44

What cyber security certifications do your organization's cyber security employees hold?

Include certifications that are no longer active.
Exclude academic certificates, diplomas or degrees.

Select all that apply.

Certified Ethical Hacker
Certified Information Security Manager
Certified Information Systems Professional
GIAC Security Expert
Security+
Other certifications
OR
None
OR
Do not know

Current cyber security trends – Question identifier: 45

Which qualification does your organization value the most when evaluating a potential new cyber security employee?

Experience working in cyber security
Academic certificates, diplomas or degrees related to cyber security
Cyber security certifications
Other cyber security training
Other qualifications
- Specify other qualifications (text box)
Organization has never attempted to hire a cyber security employee
Do not know

Current cyber security trends – Question identifier: 46

In 2022, did your organization encounter any challenges finding qualified cyber security employees or retaining existing cyber security employees?

Select all that apply.

Challenges finding qualified cyber security employees
Challenges retaining cyber security employees
OR
The organization did not encounter any challenges finding or retaining qualified cyber security employees in 2022
OR
Do not know

Current cyber security trends – Question identifier: 47

What challenges did your organization encounter when hiring cyber security employees in 2022?

Select all that apply.

Applicants lacking skills
Applicants lacking experience
Salary requests too high
Not enough time or resources for effective recruitment
Lack of candidate interest in the position
Other challenges
- Specify other challenges (text box)
OR
Do not know

Current cyber security trends – Question identifier: 48

For which reasons did cyber security employees leave your organization in 2022?

Select all that apply.

Recruited by other organization
Limited internal promotion or development opportunities
High stress levels at work
Lack of flexibility (work-life balance)
Better salary
Other reasons
- Specify other reasons (text box)
OR
No cyber security employees left the organization in 2022
OR
Do not know

Statement outlining results, risks and significant changes in operations, personnel and program

A) Introduction

Statistics Canada's mandate

Statistics Canada ("the agency") is a member of the Innovation, Science and Industry portfolio.

Statistics Canada's role is to ensure that Canadians have access to a trusted source of statistics on Canada that meets their highest priority needs.

The agency's mandate derives primarily from the Statistics Act. The Act requires that the agency collects, compiles, analyzes and publishes statistical information on the economic, social, and general conditions of the country and its people. It also requires that Statistics Canada conduct the census of population and the census of agriculture every fifth year and protects the confidentiality of the information with which it is entrusted.

Statistics Canada also has a mandate to co-ordinate and lead the national statistical system. The agency is considered a leader, among statistical agencies around the world, in co–ordinating statistical activities to reduce duplication and reporting burden.

More information on Statistics Canada's mandate, roles, responsibilities and programs can be found in the 2022-2023 Main Estimates and in the Statistics Canada 2022-2023 Departmental Plan.

The Quarterly Financial Report:

should be read in conjunction with the 2022-2023 Main Estimates;
has been prepared by management, as required by Section 65.1 of the Financial Administration Act, and in the form and manner prescribed by Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat;
has not been subject to an external audit or review.

Statistics Canada has the authority to collect and spend revenue from other federal government departments and agencies, as well as from external clients, for statistical services and products.

Basis of presentation

This quarterly report has been prepared by management using an expenditure basis of accounting. The accompanying Statement of Authorities includes the agency's spending authorities granted by Parliament and those used by the agency consistent with the Main Estimates for the 2022-2023 fiscal year. This quarterly report has been prepared using a special purpose financial reporting framework designed to meet financial information needs with respect to the use of spending authorities.

The authority of Parliament is required before moneys can be spent by the Government. Approvals are given in the form of annually approved limits through appropriation acts or through legislation in the form of statutory spending authority for specific purposes.

The agency uses the full accrual method of accounting to prepare and present its annual departmental financial statements that are part of the departmental results reporting process. However, the spending authorities voted by Parliament remain on an expenditure basis.

B) Highlights of fiscal quarter and fiscal year-to-date results

This section highlights the significant items that contributed to the net decrease in resources available for the year, as well as actual expenditures for the quarter ended September 30.

Description for Chart 1: Comparison of gross budgetary authorities and expenditures as of September 30, 2021, and September 30, 2022, in thousands of dollars
This bar graph shows Statistics Canada's budgetary authorities and expenditures, in thousands of dollars, as of September 30, 2021 and 2022:

As at September 30, 2021
Net budgetary authorities: $880,572

Vote netting authority: $120,000

Total authority: $1,000,572

Net expenditures for the period ending September 30: $560,849

Year-to-date revenues spent from vote netting authority for the period ending September 30: $33,338

Total expenditures: $594,187

As at September 30, 2022
Net budgetary authorities: $617,492

Vote netting authority: $120,000

Total authority: $737,492

Net expenditures for the period ending September 30: $384,638

Year-to-date revenues spent from vote netting authority for the period ending September 30: $19,201

Total expenditures: $403,839

Description for Table A: Departmental expenditures by Standard Object (unaudited)

This table displays the variance of departmental expenditures by standard object between fiscal 2021-2022 and 2022-2023. The variance is calculated for year to date expenditures as at the end of the second quarter. The row headers provide information by standard object. The column headers provide information in thousands of dollars and percentage variance for the year to date variation.

Description for Appendix A: Statement of authorities (unaudited)

This table displays the departmental authorities for fiscal years 2021-2022 and 2022-2023. The row headers provide information by type of authority, Vote 105 – Net operating expenditures, Statutory authority and Total Budgetary authorities. The column headers provide information in thousands of dollars for Total available for use for the year ending March 31; used during the quarter ended September 30; and year to date used at quarter-end of both fiscal years.

Description for Appendix B: Departmental expenditures by Standard Object (unaudited)

This table displays the departmental expenditures by standard object for fiscal years 2021-2022 and 2022-2023. The row headers provide information by standard object for expenditures and revenues. The column headers provide information in thousands of dollars for planned expenditures for the year ending March 31; expended during the quarter ended September 30; and year to date used at quarter-end of both fiscal years.

Chart 1 outlines the gross budgetary authorities, which represent the resources available for use for the year as of September 30.

Significant changes to authorities

Total authorities available for 2022-23 have decreased by $263.1 million, or 26.3%, from the previous year, from $1,000.6 million to $737.5 million (Chart 1). The net decrease is mostly the result of the following:

A decrease of $293 million for the 2021 Census of Population and Census of Agriculture programs due to the cyclical nature of funding winding down in 2022–2023;
An increase of $36.8 million for the Disaggregated Data Action Plan;
An increase of $6.8 million for collective bargaining;
An increase of $28.1 million for various initiatives including Census of Environment, Quality of Life Framework for Canada, Cost Recovery & Census Program Integrity, and Supporting Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health Care Information and Services.

In addition to the appropriations allocated to the agency through the Main Estimates, Statistics Canada also has vote net authority within Vote 1, which entitles the agency to spend revenues collected from other federal government departments, agencies, and external clients to provide statistical services. The vote netting authority is stable at $120 million when comparing the second quarter of fiscal years 2021-2022 and 2022-2023.

Significant changes to expenditures

Year-to-date net expenditures recorded to the end of the second quarter decreased by $176.2 million, or 31.4% from the previous year, from $560.8 million to $384.6 million (see Table A: Variation in Departmental Expenditures by Standard Object).

Statistics Canada spent approximately 63% of its authorities by the end of the second quarter, compared with 63.7% in the same quarter of 2021-2022.

Table A: Variation in Departmental Expenditures by Standard Object (unaudited)
Departmental Expenditures Variation by Standard Object:	Q2 year-to-date variation between fiscal year 2021-2022 and 2022-2023
Departmental Expenditures Variation by Standard Object:	$'000	%
(01) Personnel	-9,330	-2.6
(02) Transportation and communications	-46,099	-86.3
(03) Information	-12,628	-78.7
(04) Professional and special services	-118,754	-86.0
(05) Rentals	-3,085	-17.1
(06) Repair and maintenance	-558	-67.8
(07) Utilities, materials and supplies	-220	-36.9
(08) Acquisition of land, buildings and works	-	N/A
(09) Acquisition of machinery and equipment	-395	-14.6
(10) Transfer payments	-	N/A
(12) Other subsidies and payments	721	126.9
Total gross budgetary expenditures	-190,348	-32.0
Less revenues netted against expenditures:
Revenues	-14,137	-42.4
Total net budgetary expenditures	-176,211	-31.4
Note: Explanations are provided for variances of more than $1 million.

Personnel: There is an overall decrease in the agency's activities as the 2021 Census was in its main operational period last fiscal year. This decrease is partly offset by the increase in salary spending due the Budget 2021 Initiatives that started towards the end of 2021-22.

Transportation and communications: The decrease is mainly due to postage costs for the mailing of Census questionnaires and related materials and travel expenditures for enumerators for 2021 Census collection which occurred last fiscal year.

Information: The decrease is mainly due to printing costs for the 2021 Census materials which occurred last fiscal.

Professional and special services: The decrease is mainly due to the remuneration of Statistics Act employees hired to conduct the 2021 Census.

Rentals: The overall decrease is mainly due to the building space rentals related to the census operations as they are winding down in 2022-2023. This decrease is partly offset by the increase of the Software Licenses and Maintenance Fees for the GCDocs Licenses caused by a timing difference in invoicing compared to last year.

Revenues: The decrease is mainly due to a timing difference in invoicing compared to last year.

C) Significant changes to operations, personnel and programs

In 2022–2023, Statistics Canada will continue processing and analysing Census data, and disseminating the remaining major 2021 Census data releases. Six data releases are planned in 2022-23. For the Census of Population, four releases took place so far (April, July, August and September) and the others are scheduled in October and November 2022. There are seven major 'themed' release dates for the dissemination of data from the 2021 Census of Population (2021 Census dissemination planning: Release plans). The Census of Agriculture took place in May of 2021. This contrasts with last year, when Statistics Canada focused on data collection and processing activities of the 2021 Census program.

The agency is managing other changes in operations and program activities with financial implications including:

Continued effort and collaboration to provide data and insights related to the impact of the pandemic on the society and economy;
New initiatives announced in the Budget 2021 are ramping up and activities related to those initiatives are on track;
Increase in revenues due to cyclical programs and restoring paused programs post pandemic.

D) Risks and uncertainties

Statistics Canada will address the issues and corresponding uncertainties raised in this Quarterly Financial Report by implementing corresponding risk mitigation measures captured in the 2022-23 Corporate Risk Profile and at the program level.

Statistics Canada continues to pursue and invest in modernizing business processes and tools to maintain its relevance and maximize the value it provides to Canadians. To address uncertainties, the agency is implementing the Census of Environment, the Quality of Life Framework for Canada and the Disaggregated Data Action Plan initiatives to meet the evolving needs of users and remain relevant as an agency.

Statistics Canada requires a skilled workforce to achieve its objectives; however, it is difficult to compete with other organizations in the data ecosystem and the current labour market situation. To address uncertainties, Statistics Canada proactively recruits from universities and colleges across Canada promoting a strong workplace culture, a healthy work-life balance and put forward the Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Action Plan. In addition, the Integrated Business and Human Resources plan targets attracting talented employees with an increased focus on diversity, inclusion and official languages.

Statistics Canada is collaborating with federal partners to access IT services and support to realise its modernization objectives and transition its infrastructure and applications to the Cloud, while incurring minimal impact to activities and costs. To address uncertainties, the agency is working closely with its federal partners, while adhering to the agency's notable financial planning management practices and integrated strategic planning framework.

Approval by senior officials

Approved by:

Anil Arora
Chief Statistician
Ottawa, Ontario
November 24, 2022

Kathleen Mitchell
Acting Chief Financial Officer
Ottawa, Ontario
November 24, 2022

Appendix

Statement of Authorities (unaudited)
	Total available for use for the year ending March 31, 2023^{Table note *}	Used during the quarter ended September 30, 2022	Year-to-date used at quarter-end	Total available for use for the year ending March 31, 2022^{Table note *}	Used during the quarter ended September 30, 2021	Year-to-date used at quarter-end
	Fiscal year 2022-2023			Fiscal year 2021–2022
	in thousands of dollars
Vote 1 — Net operating expenditures	537,525	179,360	344,655	794,138	242,754	520,295
Statutory authority — Contribution to employee benefit plans	79,967	19,992	39,983	86,434	20,277	40,554
Total budgetary authorities	617,492	199,352	384,638	880,572	263,031	560,849
Table note * Includes only Authorities available for use and granted by Parliament at quarter-end. Return to the first table note * referrer

Departmental budgetary expenditures by Standard Object (unaudited)
	Planned expenditures for the year ending March 31, 2023	Expended during the quarter ended September 30, 2022	Year-to-date used at quarter-end	Planned expenditures for the year ending March 31, 2022	Expended during the quarter ended September 30, 2021	Year-to-date used at quarter-end
	Fiscal year 2022-2023			Fiscal year 2021–2022
	in thousands of dollars
Expenditures:
(01) Personnel	616,003	183,705	354,558	663,309	186,653	363,888
(02) Transportation and communications	17,064	3,734	7,320	72,692	18,122	53,419
(03) Information	13,135	2,079	3,418	27,902	11,290	16,045
(04) Professional and special services	52,156	11,063	19,349	205,167	62,863	138,104
(05) Rentals	24,931	4,828	14,956	18,503	9,062	18,041
(06) Repair and maintenance	690	111	265	779	734	823
(07) Utilities, materials and supplies	2,523	162	377	1,922	377	597
(08) Acquisition of land, buildings and works	807	-	-	756	-	-
(09) Acquisition of machinery and equipment	10,115	734	2,307	9,485	1,162	2,702
(10) Transfer payments	-	-	-	-	-	-
(12) Other subsidies and payments	68	463	1,289	57	438	568
Total gross budgetary expenditures	737,492	206,879	403,839	1,000,572	290,701	594,187
Less revenues netted against expenditures:
Revenues	120,000	7,526	19,201	120,000	27,670	33,338
Total revenues netted against expenditures	120,000	7,526	19,201	120,000	27,670	33,338
Total net budgetary expenditures	617,492	199,353	384,638	880,572	263,031	560,849

Residential and Non-residential Property Assessment Values at Current Prices, 2021

Investment, Science, and Technology Division

Introduction
Key definitions
Input data
1. Data sources
2. Unit reported
Auxiliary Data
Classification
1. Geography
2. Type of Property
Imputation for missing data
1. Imputation of residential values
2. Imputation of non-residential values
Price adjustments
Volume adjustments
1. Residential volume adjustments
2. Non-residential volume adjustments
Removals and adjustments in accordance with typical property assessment and taxation practices
Quality control
Annex 1. List of CSD types representing First Nations and other Aboriginal Groups
Annex 2. List of Provinces and Territories with Microdata in tax year 2021

1. Introduction

The Property Values Program produces annual estimates of assessment values of properties at current prices across Canada. Finance Canada uses these estimates to determine fiscal capacity with respect to property taxes for the Equalization program and the Territorial Formula Financing (TFF) program. ^{Footnote 1} In order to ensure comparability of the data, a number of adjustments are made, including: coding property categories to a common classification; adjusting to a common price base date and volume state (or stock) date; and imputation of missing property values in some areas. Additionally, other removals and adjustments are carried out in order to produce estimates of assessment values at current price that meet the requirements to determine fiscal capacity.

This document presents these adjustments in more detail.

2. Key definitions

a. Price base date ^{Footnote 2}

The price base date (also called the valuation date) corresponds to a fixed point in time as of when a property is valued.

b. Volume state date

The volume state date is the fixed point in time as of when the stock of properties is recorded, which also corresponds to the date where all properties are represented in an assessment roll data file.

c. Residential property

Defined as all types of property categorized as residential for assessment purposes in the majority of provinces and territories. It includes single and multi-unit properties, farm residences, cottages and vacation homes, mobile homes, and vacant lands which are lawfully usable for residential purposes.

d. Non-residential property

Defined as all types of property categorized as non-residential for assessment purposes in the majority of provinces and territories. It includes industrial, commercial and institutional properties, engineering construction and mining properties, and vacant lands which are lawfully usable for non-residential purposes.

Agricultural properties ^{Footnote 3} (not including farm residences, which are part of residential property) as well as machinery and equipment properties are excluded from final estimates.

e. Properties subject to municipal, provincial, territorial and federal payment-in-lieu

Defined as municipal, provincial, territorial and federal government-owned property for which owners remit payment-in-lieu of tax to municipal governments or local taxation authorities for receiving municipal services. A payment-in-lieu of taxes is made to compensate a local government for some or all of the tax revenue that it loses because of the nature of the ownership or use of a particular piece of real property. Usually, no property tax is collected for buildings owned by government.

3. Input data

a. Data sources

Assessment data are collected from provincial, territorial and municipal assessment entities and are based on municipal assessment rolls. Data providers agree to provide the data on a regular basis either through formal agreements or responding per data request.

Starting in January 2018, assessment roll microdata is gradually being received from every jurisdiction, to replace the use of assessment roll aggregate data. See Annex 2.

b. Unit reported

Data are reported either at the municipality level, or at property or sub-property level.

4. Auxiliary Data

a. Multiple Listing Service data

Multiple Listing Service (MLS) data are produced by the Canadian Real Estate Association (CREA). The data are obtained via Haver Analytics, a company that is the sole distributer of CREA MLS data. MLS data are for resale homes and are comprised of dollar volume sales and number of units sold by real estate board. Data are available for all provinces and territories with the exception of Québec and Nunavut.

b. Building permit and investment in construction data

Data on the number of residential and non-residential building permits issued, investment in construction completion, by type of work (e.g., new unit, conversion, etc.), is obtained from Statistics Canada's Building and Demolition Permits (BDP) and Investment programs. The data are produced monthly, by jurisdiction.

c. Census of Population

Data from Census of population are available every five years. Between census years, yearly values, referred to as "Intercensal" values, are derived using linear interpolation. ^{Footnote 4} These values are used at various stages of the production cycle such as for the imputation of missing values and for the estimation of farm residences.

d. Census of Agriculture

Similar to the Census of population, data from Census of Agriculture are available every five years. Yearly values ("Intercensal" values) are also derived using linear interpolation and used during the production cycle. Census of Agriculture values are used to estimate the values of farm residences in Ontario, Saskatchewan and British Columbia, provinces where such values are embedded in totals or are missing.

e. List of CSDs from the Data Integration Infrastructure Division

The list of Census Subdivisions (CSD) is produced, maintained and updated annually by the Data Integration Infrastructure Division at Statistics Canada.

5. Classification

a. Geography

The municipalities covered by the collected data are assigned to Census Subdivisions (CSDs) updated annually by Statistics Canada's Data Integration Infrastructure Division, using the Standard Geographical Classification system. The assignment of CSDs is revised yearly to reflect changes (municipal amalgamations, legal status changes, etc.) that occur during the year.

CSDs containing First Nations or other autonomous or self-governing areas are out of scope for Fiscal Arrangements purposes (see Annex 1); consequently, estimates are not produced for these CSDs.

b. Type of Property

The Type of Property Classification was reviewed to improve comparability of the data amongst provinces and territories. The classification of properties is more precise when more details are available in the data.

6. Imputation for missing data

There exist municipalities or regions that are not assessed by provincial or territorial assessment bodies, and therefore no property taxes are levied. As a result, assessment values are missing for some jurisdictions, mostly in unorganized areas. ^{Footnote 5} Additionally, on occasion, some municipalities submit their assessment values to assessment bodies later than when the data are required. Missing property assessment values for these municipalities are imputed.

For taxation year 2021, there were 148 jurisdictions with missing data that were imputed, 138 of which were in Newfoundland-and-Labrador, 8 were in Northwest Territories and 2 were in Saskatchewan.

a. Imputation of residential values

The imputed residential value for a CSD is calculated by multiplying the number of private dwellings by the average value of owner-occupied dwellings for the CSD from the intercensal Census of Population file.

In order to produce an imputed value that best reflects the desired price base and volume state dates:

the number of private dwellings value is taken from the yearly intercensal file of the same year as the volume state date of the raw file; and
the average value of owner-occupied dwellings is taken from the yearly intercensal file or derived from assessed values of the same year as the price base date of the raw file.

The resulting imputed values are then processed and adjusted ^{Footnote 6} using the same methodology as for raw values.

b. Imputation of non-residential values

Unlike the imputation for residential property values where dwelling values from intercensal files can be used to estimate the value of residential properties, no similar direct indicator is available for non-residential properties. Therefore, non-residential values are imputed using data of CSDs with similar Census population counts within the same province or territory.

Ratios of the total non-residential values over the total population are calculated using data from CSDs for each population class (see table 1 below) for each province and territory. These ratios ^{Footnote 7} are then applied to the population count of the missing CSD to derive the imputed non-residential value. Most of the missing CSDs are from rural areas.

Table 1 – Population class used for imputation on non-residential values ^{Footnote 8}
Population Class	Description
1	Rural
2	Small Sized Municipalities
3	Medium Sized Municipalities
4	Large Sized Municipalities

7. Price adjustments

Due to differences in assessment practices and frequency of revaluation practices, data received do not always align with the target price base date of July 1 of the year preceding the taxation year.

a. Choice of Source Data Vintage

In order to minimize price adjustments, the data from the file whose price base date most closely aligns with the target price base date is used to produce the estimates of a given taxation year. In the event that two input files have the same time interval between their price base date and the target price base date, the file with the closest volume state date is selected.

b. Jurisdictions that are not price adjusted

The following provinces do not undergo price adjustments since their price base date corresponds to the desired target price base dates:

Quebec
Alberta
British Columbia

c. Residential Price adjustment

i. Modelling of residential assessment data

MLS resale values are used in the reassessment of properties by assessment agencies, however they are not the only information that are used. Other information such as demolition/construction permits, renovation permits, construction costs, and other indicators are used in their complex modelling methodology. Also, MLS resale values are a subset of all residential property values as they exclude private sales as well as properties that have not sold in many years. By consequence, although they are a good indicator, MLS resale values do not always closely follow assessment values price movements.

Statistics Canada does not attempt to replicate the complex modelling of assessment agencies, but rather favours the use of price indices to price adjust assessment values to the target price base date.

For certain provinces, reassessments occur yearly or on a frequent basis and the target price base date is close to the price base date of the data received. To make better use of the assessment data collected since the onset of this program and to improve the quality of estimates, a price index is generated by calculating the polynomial trend^{Footnote 9} of average values by property classes. Using average values excludes the effect due to yearly changes in volume (new construction and demolition) and help isolate price movements. Such an index is called Assessment Roll Trend (AR Trend). This modelling is performed at the provincial level.

This method is used in the following provinces:

Newfoundland
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick

ii. Modelling of MLS monthly resale values

For remaining provinces and territories (except Nunavut), in order to represent yearly price movements, a price index is generated by calculating the polynomial trend of seasonally adjusted MLS monthly average resale values. These polynomial trend series are calculated by MLS jurisdiction and applied by CSD.

This method is used in the following provinces and territories:

Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Yukon
Northwest Territories

iii. Residential price index for Nunavut

As resale data do not exist for Nunavut, Statistics Canada uses data for the region of northern Quebec ^{Footnote 10} as a proxy for this territory. ^{Footnote 11} The property assessment data are provided by the provincial Government of Quebec.

The Nunavut residential index is calculated using an unweighted average of residential and non-residential property values reported. ^{Footnote 12}

An annual series is generated and converted into a monthly series by adding one twelfth of the dollar difference between two observations to each successive month between observed values (linear interpolation), creating a monthly index. Residential price-adjustments are then applied to Nunavut property values using the same algorithm (for ratios) designed for resale data.

d. Non-residential price adjustment

Unlike residential properties, non-residential properties (more specifically industrial, commercial, and industrial (ICI)) are not often for sale. It is therefore comparatively more difficult to find appropriate market indicators to use for non-residential price adjustment. To overcome this, the correlation between residential and non-residential price changes was analysed.

A regression analysis was performed, and a model was constructed using assessment data from four provinces: Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, and British Columbia. The reasons for using these specific four provinces are twofold: (1) these provinces evaluate their property stock on an annual basis ^{Footnote 13} and (2) they report data for both assessment values and numbers of properties. This level of detail allowed the derivation of the annual non-residential price movements. The conclusion was to use the model coefficient of 0.73336 as a discount factor to the residential series.

The Discount Factor methodology was satisfactory for several years, while MLS resale values observed a constant behaviour compared to non-residential values. However, over the last 3 years, the correlation between residential and non-residential values became weaker. This combined with the fact that assessment data was collected since 2006, it became realistic to favour the development of the Polynomial Trend of Assessment Data (AR Trend) methodology to replace the Discount Factor methodology, where possible.

i. Modelling of residential assessment data

Similar to the modelling of residential assessment data, non-residential assessment data is modelled using polynomial trend of average values by broad property types.

This method is used in:

Newfoundland (provincial level)
Prince Edward Island (provincial level)
Nova Scotia (provincial level)
New Brunswick (provincial level)
Ontario (separate modelling for Toronto and rest of province)
Manitoba (separate modelling for Winnipeg and rest of province)

ii. Discount Factor applied to MLS Polynomial Trend series

For remaining provinces and territories (except Nunavut), it is not possible to model the assessment data as the reassessments cycle is long and there is not yet enough source data for modelling. In these cases, the discount factor is applied to the MLS polynomial trend series to price adjust the non-residential property values. In future, it may become possible to update this methodology, as more assessment data is received.

This method is used in:

Saskatchewan
Yukon
Northwest Territories

iii. Discount factor applied to Nunavut price index

Similarly, the discount factor is applied to the Nunavut residential price index.

e. Calculating the price adjusted value

The price adjustment ratio is calculated by taking the value of the index value representing the month of the target price date over the index value for the month of the price base date of the source data. This price adjustment ratio is then applied to the assessment value to yield the adjusted value.

$Price Adjustment Ratio = \frac{Target Price Base Date INDEX VALUE}{Price Base Date INDEX VALUE}$

$Price Adjusted Value = Price Adjustment Ratio x Assessment Value$

8. Volume adjustments

Volume adjustments ensure that properties reflect a common volume state date of January 1st of the taxation year. For assessment data that reflects a volume state date earlier or later than the target volume state date, the value of all completed construction that occurred in the period between the two dates is estimated using Statistics Canada's monthly Building and Demolition Permits (BDP) Program or from the Investment Program and then added or subtracted, as the case may be, from the total property values. This methodology is used for both residential and non-residential property values.

a. Residential volume adjustments

For residential properties, the volume adjustment is calculated by estimating the construction that was completed in between the volume state date and the target volume state date using the investment in construction completion values.

Construction completion values represent the total investment in construction available upon completion of construction. Monthly values that fall between the volume state date and the target volume state date are summed for an estimated total volume adjustment for the period. Residential volume adjustments account for approximately 2% of total values.

b. Non-residential volume adjustments

As for residential volume adjustments, non-residential investment in construction completion values are used in the calculations of volume adjustments. Non-residential volume adjustments account for approximately 2% of total values.

9. Removals and adjustments in accordance with typical property assessment and taxation practices

a. Removal of CSDs on account of First Nations and other Aboriginal Groups

Census subdivisions containing First Nations reserves, and autonomous or self-governing areas are removed as they are deemed out of scope. Such CSDs are identified based on their CSD type.^{Footnote 14}

b. Exclusion of exempt residential property

In some provinces, certain properties are identified as exempt from property taxes as presented in the input files received from the assessment bodies. Any value associated with these properties are excluded from estimates for the purposes of fiscal arrangements.

c. Exclusions of schools, churches and hospitals

The most important non-residential properties which are generally exempt from property taxes are schools, churches and hospitals (S/C/H).

Some provinces and territories provide detailed breakdowns of S/C/H in their assessment data. For these provinces and territories, the exact proportion of S/C/H is removed from the final estimates.

For provinces and territories where the S/C/H breakdowns are not available, the proportion of the S/C/H assessment values relative to total assessment values for non-residential properties is estimated by calculating and applying the proportion of S/C/H property values from a similar reporting province or territory. It should be noted that values for engineering and mining properties are excluded from the total assessment value for non-residential properties used in the calculation of the S/C/H proportions.

The list of provinces and territories used in the calculation of estimated S/C/H proportion depends on data availability and can change from one year to the next as microdata is received.

d. Removal of properties subject to provincial-territorial and municipal payments-in-lieu of taxes

Instead of regular property taxes, federal, provincial or municipal government usually remit a payment in lieu of taxes (PILT) for their exempt properties. However, only federal PILT property represents fiscal capacity for the consolidated provincial-territorial-municipal-local sector; provincial, territorial and municipal (PTM) PILT properties are excluded.

When breakdowns of values of PILT properties are not available, as is the case for a number of provinces and territories, these values are estimated. The estimation of PM-PILT values takes into account the S/C/H values, some of which are also PTM-PILT properties, which have already been removed. Only the "remaining" PILT values are estimated and removed.

Although the estimation methodology using aggregate assessment roll data is successful in estimating the remaining proportion to remove, the arrival of assessment roll microdata allows for a more precise estimation of remaining PILT proportions to remove.

e. Adjustments in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut

Unlike in provinces and the Yukon, property assessments in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut do not consistently follow market value standards.

Land values within the municipal taxation areas (Iqaluit in Nunavut; Yellowknife, Fort Simpson, Fort Smith, Hay River, Norman Wells and Inuvik in NWT), reflect full market value, while land values in the remainder of the two territories (i.e. in the General Taxation Areas) are, according to the data provider, based on average regional development costs.

Improvements (i.e. buildings) in both territories are assessed based on depreciated Edmonton construction costs, using Alberta's depreciation schedule. The value so determined for Yellowknife is then multiplied by a factor of 1.35, which is set out in regulations. According to the assessment data provider, this was done to reflect Yellowknife's actual construction costs relative to Edmonton's. Yellowknife's assessed building values therefore approximately reflect market value. ^{Footnote 15}

Outside of Yellowknife, in the two territories, a discount factor of 0.666 has been applied to building values initially assessed at depreciated Edmonton construction costs. This factor is also set out in regulations and, according to the assessment data provider, was introduced to encourage development. Upon data entry, this embedded 0.666 scaling factor is removed from the building values in the Northwest Territories outside of Yellowknife and Nunavut.

f. Removal of machinery and equipment values in Alberta, Northwest Territories and Nunavut

Property values for machinery and equipment (M&E) components in the non-residential category are deemed to be out of scope.

The data received from Northwest Territories and Nunavut contain a sizeable share of M&E components in the non-residential total. They are mainly embedded in the following three non-residential classes: mineral, transmission and hydrocarbon. The M&E components are removed by multiplying the reported improvement values by a deflationary factor for each of the previously mentioned three non-residential classes. These factors are provided yearly by the respondents. This treatment ensures that only real property values are included in final estimates, and that the M&E components are excluded.

In Alberta, property values for the M&E components are reported separately by the data providers and are excluded from the final estimates.

g. Removal of personal property values in Manitoba

The assessment roll in Manitoba includes personal property such goods and chattels, which are not considered real property. Such property values are excluded from the estimate.

h. Mixed-use properties

Some properties are used for both residential and non-residential purposes. In cases where no further breakdowns are available, the values of mixed-use properties are redistributed between residential and non-residential property types according to the existing distribution of total residential and non-residential property values by CSD. In cases where further breakdowns are available, mostly in jurisdictions where microdata was received, the values are assigned according to the exact breakdown. Mixed-use residential and non-residential properties that are redistributed represent 0.015% of the total valuation of properties in Canada.

One of the most common cases of mixed-use type properties are of a building consisting of ground level commercial with one or more floors of residential units above.

10. Quality control

Statistics Canada's quality assurance framework requires an assessment of data relevance, accuracy, timeliness, accessibility, interpretability and coherence. The quality of the raw input data collected from provincial, territorial and municipal assessment departments and agencies cannot be evaluated in this framework. However, confrontational analysis is performed to compare the source data to existing statistical programs and public information such as annual reports obtained from Provincial websites and assessment agencies. Any irregularities identified are carefully reviewed and analyzed before the official release of the data.

Total adjusted residential estimates, for both taxable and exempt properties, are compared to Statistics Canada's Census of Population. The coherence of the values is examined by census coverage analysis, which compares the source data to private dwelling counts and values found in Statistics Canada's Census of Population.

Annex 1. List of CSD types representing First Nations and other Aboriginal Groups ^{Footnote 16}

The following are the list of CSD types representing First Nations and other Aboriginal groups presented by province and territory.

Annex 1. List of CSD types representing First Nations and other Aboriginal Groups
Province / Territory	CSD Type	CSD Type description	Legal Code	Legal Code description	Number of CSDs
NS	IRI	Indian reserve	FL	Federally legislated	2
NB	IRI	Indian reserve	FL	Federally legislated	3
ON	IRI	Indian reserve	FL	Federally legislated	1
MB	IRI	Indian reserve	FL	Federally legislated	9
MB	S-É	Indian settlement	U	Not legal municipality - aboriginal geography	1
SK	IRI	Indian reserve	FL	Federally legislated	3
SK	S-É	Indian settlement	U	Not legal municipality - aboriginal geography	1
AB	IRI	Indian reserve	FL	Federally legislated	1
BC	IGD	Indian government district	PL	Provincially legislated - legal municipality	2
BC	IRI	Indian reserve	FL	Federally legislated	3
BC	NL	Nisga'a land	FL	Federally legislated	1

Annex 2. List of Provinces and Territories with Microdata in tax year 2021

Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Manitoba (except Winnipeg), Saskatchewan (Swift Current only), British Columbia, Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut.

Footnotes

Footnote 1

Fiscal capacity refers to the ability of provinces and territories (or, more precisely, the consolidated Provincial-Territorial-municipal-local sector) to raise revenues.

Return to footnote 1 referrer

Footnote 2

Price base and volume state dates differ between provinces and territories and sometimes even between municipalities within a province or territory.

Return to footnote 2 referrer

Footnote 3

Because of the variation in assessment practices of agricultural properties across provinces and territories, Finance Canada uses another data source for these properties.

Return to footnote 3 referrer

Footnote 4

Linear interpolation refers to the use of a linear trend which is derived from the data points of the two most recent Census years, and applied to future non-census years in order to produce extrapolated values.

Return to footnote 4 referrer

Footnote 5

An unorganized area is a geographic region that is not part of a municipality or Indian reserve. In these areas, the lowest level of government is provincial or territorial. Unorganized areas are identified by a specific Census Subdivision type.

Return to footnote 5 referrer

Footnote 6

Refer to Sections 7 and 8 of this report for more information on the price and volume adjustments

Return to footnote 6 referrer

Footnote 7

The average provincial/territorial ratio of non-residential values to population is calculated using properties belonging to Industrial, Commercial and Institutional property types only. Properties belonging to the Engineering and Mining property types are not included in these calculations. When computing the average provincial/territorial ratio, outliers are first removed, i.e., CSDs with ratios that are considered extreme or unrepresentative are not included in the calculations.

Return to footnote 7 referrer

Footnote 8

Population classes are formed based upon ranges of population counts for a CSD. The rural population class is cut-off uniformly across provinces and territories at population count less than 1,000. The ranges for each of the other three classes vary amongst the provinces and territories.

Return to footnote 8 referrer

Footnote 9

No data are received for St. John's even if the MLS website includes data for this CMA.

Return to footnote 9 referrer

Footnote 10

CSDs from Census Division (CD) 2491 to 2499, excluding CSD 2497.

Return to footnote 10 referrer

Footnote 11

The choice of NQC is based on analysis of property markets with similar demography, geography, and economic activity

Return to footnote 11 referrer

Footnote 12

An analysis comparing the growth of the proposed index to Census and CMHC data for Nunavut showed that non-residential properties should be included in the calculation of the Residential Property Price Index; otherwise, the derived Nunavut residential index would yield an overestimation.

Return to footnote 12 referrer

Footnote 13

Each year Quebec only re-assesses one-third of their municipalities, but the province undertakes a process called "uniformization" which uses comparative factors by municipality to equalize the assessed values annually.

Return to footnote 13 referrer

Footnote 14

For the list of CSD types for every province and territory that fall into this category refer to Annex 1.

Return to footnote 14 referrer

Footnote 15

The market value of a building, measured separately from the land that is sits on, consists of the local cost of constructing an equivalent new structure in place of the existing structure, minus the depreciation that has occurred over the life span of the existing building. Differences from market value for buildings in Yellowknife would therefore only arise to the extent that Alberta's depreciation schedule does not align with how depreciation affects the market value of buildings in Yellowknife.

Return to footnote 15 referrer

Footnote 16

This list is based on the Census 2021 Geography.

Return to footnote 16 referrer

Education – 2021 Census promotional material

Help spread the word about 2021 Census data on education in Canada. These data were released on November 30, 2022.

Quick facts

Canada continues to rank first in the G7 for the share of working-age people (aged 25 to 64) with a college or university credential (57.5%). A key factor in this is Canada's strong college sector: nearly one in four working-age people (24.6%) had a college certificate or diploma or similar credential in 2021, more than in any other G7 country.
From 2016 to 2021, the working-age population saw an increase of nearly one-fifth (+19.1%) in the number of people with a bachelor's degree or higher, including even larger rises in degree-holders in the fields of health care (+24.1%) and computer and information science (+46.3%).
In contrast, the number of working-age apprenticeship certificate holders has stagnated or fallen in three major trades fields—construction trades (+0.6%), mechanic and repair technologies (-7.8%) and precision production (-10.0%)—as fewer young workers replace the baby boomers who are retiring. Job vacancies in some industries related to these trades, such as construction and fabricated metal product manufacturing, reached record highs in 2022.
Recent immigrants made up nearly half of the growth in the share of Canadians with a bachelor's degree or higher. However, some immigrants' talents remain underutilized, as over one-quarter of all immigrants with foreign degrees were working in jobs that require, at most, a high school diploma. This is twice as high as the overqualification rate for Canadian-born or Canadian-educated degree holders.
Even foreign-educated immigrants with credentials in high-demand areas such as health care faced high rates of job mismatch: 36.5% of immigrants with a foreign degree in registered nursing worked as registered nurses or in closely related occupations, and 41.1% of immigrants with foreign medical degrees worked as doctors. This compares to job match rates of approximately 9 in 10 for the population with Canadian nursing (87.4%) or medical (90.1%) degrees.
The share of Canadian-born young adults (aged 25 to 34) with a bachelor's degree or higher is also rising (+2.7 percentage points from 2016 to 2021). The increase was larger among Canadian-born young women (+3.3 percentage points, reaching 39.7%) than Canadian-born young men (+2.2 percentage points, reaching 25.7%). Nonetheless, among young men the increase in this 5-year period from 2016 to 2021 was nearly as large as the increase during the 10-year period from 2006 to 2016 (+2.3 percentage points).
Educational gaps faced by First Nations people, Métis, and Inuit are narrowing at the high school level. In 2021, over half of Inuit aged 25 to 64 had completed high school, up from 45.4% in 2016. At the same time, gaps are widening at the level of a bachelor's degree or higher for all Indigenous groups.
People with credentials above the bachelor level were better able to weather the labour market shocks of the pandemic, partly due to working in industries that were more suited to remote work. They had higher employment rates and earnings in 2021 than 2016, while those with most other levels of education saw lower employment rates.

Resources

The Daily - Canada leads the G7 for the most educated workforce, thanks to immigrants, young adults and a strong college sector, but is experiencing significant losses in apprentice certificate holders in key trades

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Monthly Survey of Food Services and Drinking Places: CVs for Total Sales by Geography - September 2022

Monthly Survey of Food Services and Drinking Places: CVs for Total Sales by Geography - September 2022
Table summary
This table displays the results of CVs for Total sales by Geography. The information is grouped by Geography (appearing as row headers), Month and percentage (appearing as column headers).
Geography	Month
	202109	202110	202111	202112	202201	202202	202203	202204	202205	202206	202207	202208	202209
	percentage
Canada	0.16	0.19	0.18	0.15	0.68	0.82	0.94	0.38	0.55	0.70	0.47	0.17	0.15
Newfoundland and Labrador	0.47	0.52	0.52	0.57	0.98	1.60	1.62	1.56	1.70	0.62	0.60	0.67	0.68
Prince Edward Island	2.75	7.74	7.11	4.93	8.04	10.63	9.24	8.78	7.24	16.27	9.30	5.41	3.42
Nova Scotia	0.30	0.38	0.38	1.13	0.93	0.58	13.41	1.03	1.27	1.85	0.77	0.55	0.81
New Brunswick	0.52	0.49	0.53	1.69	8.61	13.21	0.89	0.69	1.38	0.67	0.60	0.69	0.68
Quebec	0.53	0.59	0.51	0.27	2.15	2.64	2.34	0.44	1.81	1.67	0.95	0.38	0.40
Ontario	0.23	0.25	0.31	0.20	1.19	1.04	1.17	0.67	0.89	1.37	0.87	0.28	0.25
Manitoba	0.35	0.68	0.78	0.50	4.84	0.59	0.57	0.48	1.04	0.76	4.08	0.65	0.51
Saskatchewan	0.76	1.51	1.22	0.74	1.38	1.19	1.16	1.70	1.23	7.67	4.35	1.41	0.91
Alberta	0.37	0.45	0.36	0.74	1.23	2.53	2.37	0.65	0.56	1.44	0.66	0.43	0.37
British Columbia	0.32	0.41	0.33	0.27	1.16	1.74	3.01	1.39	1.18	0.66	1.08	0.32	0.27
Yukon Territory	1.91	2.96	19.04	12.40	2.59	2.40	2.10	3.27	22.68	3.59	3.00	3.06	2.48
Northwest Territories	2.14	3.33	24.74	4.96	3.70	2.58	2.27	3.02	30.07	3.69	3.02	3.40	2.53
Nunavut	3.48	5.52	3.56	2.53	0.65	0.69	0.66	0.59	103.39	2.09	3.27	2.76	4.32

National Travel Survey: C.V.s for Visit-Expenditures by Duration of Visit, Main Trip Purpose and Country or Region of Expenditures – Q2 2022

National Travel Survey: C.V.s for Visit-Expenditures by Duration of Visit, Main Trip Purpose and Country or Region of Expenditures, including expenditures at origin and those for air commercial transportation in Canada, in Thousands of Dollars (x 1,000)
Table summary
This table displays the results of C.V.s for Visit-Expenditures by Duration of Visit, Main Trip Purpose and Country or Region of Expenditures. The information is grouped by Duration of trip (appearing as row headers), Main Trip Purpose, Country or Region of Expenditures (Total, Canada, United States, Overseas) calculated using Visit-Expenditures in Thousands of Dollars (x 1,000) and c.v. as units of measure (appearing as column headers).
Duration of Visit	Main Trip Purpose	Country or Region of Expenditures
		Total		Canada		United States		Overseas
		$ '000	C.V.	$ '000	C.V.	$ '000	C.V.	$ '000	C.V.
Total Duration	Total Main Trip Purpose	25,406,146	A	17,217,684	A	4,639,561	B	3,548,901	B
	Holiday, leisure or recreation	13,202,357	A	7,836,269	A	3,033,116	C	2,332,972	B
	Visit friends or relatives	5,927,879	A	4,574,981	A	575,846	B	777,052	C
	Personal conference, convention or trade show	370,761	C	317,505	C	48,725	E	4,531
	Shopping, non-routine	936,947	B	769,457	B	167,212	E	278	E
	Other personal reasons	1,399,110	B	1,186,020	B	100,634	D	112,456	E
	Business conference, convention or trade show	1,587,666	C	955,666	D	452,627	D	179,373	E
	Other business	1,981,426	B	1,577,787	B	261,401	D	142,239	E
Same-Day	Total Main Trip Purpose	5,469,245	A	5,273,027	A	180,136	D	16,082	E
	Holiday, leisure or recreation	2,017,588	B	1,946,876	B	54,954	E	15,759	E
	Visit friends or relatives	1,421,770	B	1,393,176	B	28,594	E	..
	Personal conference, convention or trade show	88,746	D	86,360	D	2,387		..
	Shopping, non-routine	719,226	B	634,767	B	84,459	E	..
	Other personal reasons	535,477	B	530,848	B	4,305	E	324
	Business conference, convention or trade show	70,378	E	68,786	E	1591	E	..
	Other business	616,060	C	612,214	C	3,847	E	..
Overnight	Total Main Trip Purpose	19,936,901	A	11,944,658	A	4,459,425	B	3,532,818	B
	Holiday, leisure or recreation	1,1184,769	B	5,889,394	A	2,978,162	C	2,317,213	B
	Visit friends or relatives	4,506,109	B	3,181,804	B	547,252	B	777,052	C
	Personal conference, convention or trade show	282,014	D	231,145	D	46,339	E	4,531
	Shopping, non-routine	217,721	C	134,690	C	82,753	E	278	E
	Other personal reasons	863,633	B	655,172	B	96,329	D	112,132	E
	Business conference, convention or trade show	1,517,288	C	886,879	C	451,036	D	179,373	E
	Other business	1,365,366	B	965,574	B	257,554	D	142,239	E
.. data not available Estimates contained in this table have been assigned a letter to indicate their coefficient of variation (c.v.) (expressed as a percentage). The letter grades represent the following coefficients of variation: A c.v. between or equal to 0.00% and 5.00% and means Excellent. B c.v. between or equal to 5.01% and 15.00% and means Very good. C c.v. between or equal to 15.01% and 25.00% and means Good. D c.v. between or equal to 25.01% and 35.00% and means Acceptable. E c.v. greater than 35.00% and means Use with caution.

National Travel Survey: C.V.s for Person-Trips by Duration of Trip, Main Trip Purpose and Country or Region of Trip Destination – Q2 2022

National Travel Survey: C.V.s for Person-Trips by Duration of Trip, Main Trip Purpose and Country or Region of Trip Destination – Q2 2022
Table summary
This table displays the results of C.V.s for Person-Trips by Duration of Trip, Main Trip Purpose and Country or Region of Trip Destination. The information is grouped by Duration of trip (appearing as row headers), Main Trip Purpose, Country or Region of Trip Destination (Total, Canada, United States, Overseas) calculated using Person-Trips in Thousands (× 1,000) and C.V. as a units of measure (appearing as column headers).
Duration of Trip	Main Trip Purpose	Country or Region of Trip Destination
		Total		Canada		United States		Overseas
		Person-Trips (x 1,000)	C.V.	Person-Trips (x 1,000)	C.V.	Person-Trips (x 1,000)	C.V.	Person-Trips (x 1,000)	C.V.
Total Duration	Total Main Trip Purpose	70,591	A	64,924	A	3,993	A	1,674	A
	Holiday, leisure or recreation	27,747	A	24,872	A	1,839	A	1,036	A
	Visit friends or relatives	26,934	A	25,550	A	902	B	482	B
	Personal conference, convention or trade show	923	B	841	B	80	D	2	E
	Shopping, non-routine	3892	B	3319	B	571	C	1	E
	Other personal reasons	5,263	B	5,091	B	119	C	54	D
	Business conference, convention or trade show	1,364	B	1,060	B	261	B	43	D
	Other business	4,467	B	4,192	B	220	C	55	D
Same-Day	Total Main Trip Purpose	42,995	A	41,798	A	1,196	B	..
	Holiday, leisure or recreation	14,446	A	14,129	A	317	C	..
	Visit friends or relatives	16,723	A	16,440	A	283	C	..
	Personal conference, convention or trade show	571	B	554	B	16	E	..
	Shopping, non-routine	3,667	B	3,164	B	503	C	..
	Other personal reasons	3,997	B	3,961	B	36	E	..
	Business conference, convention or trade show	373	D	369	D	4	E	..
	Other business	3,218	B	3,180	B	38	E	..
Overnight	Total Main Trip Purpose	27,596	A	23,126	A	2,797	A	1,674	A
	Holiday, leisure or recreation	13,301	A	10,742	A	1,523	A	1,036	A
	Visit friends or relatives	10,211	A	9,110	A	619	B	482	B
	Personal conference, convention or trade show	352	C	286	C	64	E	2	E
	Shopping, non-routine	225	B	155	C	68	C	1	E
	Other personal reasons	1,266	B	1,129	B	83	C	54	D
	Business conference, convention or trade show	992	B	691	B	257	B	43	D
	Other business	1,249	B	1,012	B	182	C	55	D
.. data not available Estimates contained in this table have been assigned a letter to indicate their coefficient of variation (c.v.) (expressed as a percentage). The letter grades represent the following coefficients of variation: A c.v. between or equal to 0.00% and 5.00% and means Excellent B c.v. between or equal to 5.01% and 15.00% and means Very good. C c.v. between or equal to 15.01% and 25.00% and means Good. D c.v. between or equal to 25.01% and 35.00% and means Acceptable. E c.v. greater than 35.00% and means Use with caution.

National Travel Survey: Response Rate – Q2 2022

National Travel Survey: Response Rate – Q2 2022
Table summary
This table displays the results of Response Rate. The information is grouped by Province of residence (appearing as row headers), Unweighted and Weighted (appearing as column headers), calculated using percentage unit of measure (appearing as column headers).
Province of residence	Unweighted	Weighted
Province of residence	Percentage
Newfoundland and Labrador	21.0	19.2
Prince Edward Island	20.2	18.5
Nova Scotia	27.5	24.7
New Brunswick	26.0	22.5
Quebec	30.9	27.4
Ontario	28.0	26.1
Manitoba	28.9	25.5
Saskatchewan	27.8	25.0
Alberta	25.3	24.0
British Columbia	30.5	29.2
Canada	27.8	26.5

Eh Sayers Episode 11 - Green Houses, Not Gases

Release date: November 22, 2022

Catalogue number: 45200003
ISSN: 2816-2250

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Canada is facing both a climate crisis and a housing crisis, and they are interconnected.

Choices we make about our homes impact the environment: their location and how much we need to use a car to get around, the heat source that they use, the materials used in their construction.

At the same time, the climate impacts our homes: when severe weather strikes and causes damage to our homes, we have no choice but to rebuild, and even if we escape unscathed, we still have to decide how much to change our lifestyles to adapt to a changing climate.

Andrew DeFazio, CMHC Climate Change Advisor, joins us to explore how we can climate-proof our housing strategy and home-proof our climate strategy.

Host

Tegan Bridge

Guest

Andrew DeFazio

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Eh Sayers Episode 11 - Green Houses, Not Gases - Transcript

Tegan: Welcome to Eh Sayers, a podcast from Statistics Canada, where we meet the people behind the data and explore the stories behind the numbers. I'm your host, Tegan Bridge.

It's fall: the season of knitted sweaters and pumpkin spice. Where we must ask ourselves the question, how much giant scarf is too much giant scarf? As the leaves turn and fall and the temperature drops, my household's battle over the thermostat begins. My husband is a walking furnace and I am not. So, one of us wants the temperature to be just a smidge higher than the other. We weigh arguments for different temperatures: mornings are harder if you have to get out of a warm bed into a freezing cold room versus this is why we own giant sweaters and extra-thick socks.

But with our choices, to raise the thermostat or to do some DIY window insulation or to invest in some energy-friendly renovations, it's not just our wallets that are impacted. It's also the climate. We're just one household, so our choices may seem small, but there are millions like us across the country—there were over 10 million families counted in the 2021 census. What impact do we and our homes have on the environment?

Let's ask an expert, shall we?

Andrew: Hi, I'm Andrew DeFazio and I work for Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation as an advisor in CMHC's Climate Change Office.

Tegan: How long has CMHC had a climate change office and what kind of work do you do?

Andrew: The Climate change office was fully staffed up in 2020, and it was some deliberate actions taken by our management to realize the importance of climate on housing and to recognize that CMHC has a role to play in the housing system.

It's our aspiration that by 2030 everyone in Canada has a home that they can afford and that meets their needs. And with climate change this becomes even more of a focus. The Climate Change Office, what we're trying to do here is we're trying to have an outcome on the housing system so that the housing system will support sustainability and stability.

Tegan: According to the 2021 census, 1 in 10 households were in core housing need, meaning that they live in an unsuitable, inadequate or unaffordable dwelling and cannot afford alternative housing in their community.

Andrew, you just mentioned CMHC's goal to have everyone in Canada in housing that they can afford by 2030. Could you talk about the difference between available housing and affordable housing?

Andrew: Sure. When we want look at affordability, you need to take a look at the existing stock and what type of impact does it have on people's incomes to live in the existing stock.

The other element is the stock that we need. And there's been a lot of focus on that we don't have the stock needed to reach levels of affordability that we would've seen in the past. So, in thinking of that, one of the main challenges that the housing system is facing is how do we get units into the market, find places for people to live that meets their needs.

We've done some research on that and used a lot of data to come up with what we feel is the number of units that will bring housing markets back into what we would view as affordable. When you think and when you look at the system and what's going on, if we think about from now until 2030, we project out that there'll be 2.3 million units that are created. So that would take the housing stock to 19 million units. That won't be enough. There will need to be more. There will need to be another 3.5 million added on to bring the total stock up to 22 million.

And another element that's important there around affordability: there'll be a range of housing that's needed from single detached all the way to rental. And that's, I think, an area that's important to focus on is rental. Because rental brings in a lot of interesting factors that help with affordability. But it also helps with being climate friendly because you can get density. So, for us it's a matter of how can the supply start to increase in Canada so that you can have more balance and more affordability for individuals living in Canada.

Tegan: The 2021 Census found that 17% of people living in Canada were in a household that spent 30% or more of its income on shelter costs, or said another way, they lived in unaffordable housing.

How do the climate crisis and the housing crisis affect each other?

Andrew: I think it's first important to understand that we know that housing emits greenhouse gases which creates pollution. This happens through a few ways. It happens through the appliances, the heat source that you use in your home, your everyday living. It also contributes to when you think about it, the materials that go into producing your home. So, when you're building that home, that in itself, those materials, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.

The other side of the equation is thinking about how climate impacts the home. So, you'll have severe weather events that will create challenges and issues for your home that will create damage. Which then in turn requires you to do renovations, to do adaptations, so that you can see how housing itself will contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Climate will then impact housing. And it's just a circle that, that keeps going.

Tegan: I think that for a long time, we've imagined climate change as something's going to happen in the future. It's a future problem. It's a problem for our kids, for our grandkids. But that's not necessarily the case now, is it? What aspects of climate change would people in Canada have seen in their own lives so far?

Andrew: When we talk about climate change and the impact on housing there's two key concepts here. There's physical risk and there's transition risk.

It's easier to see the physical risk. So, we know with a warming planet that we're seeing a greater intensity of storms. We're seeing higher wind levels. We're experiencing drier dry seasons, which lead to wildfires. We're experiencing rapid snow melt, heavy rain, precipitation, that results in flooding. So, you can see the physical risk, you can see how that impacts and can damage housing.

The other component of it, that is not as easy to see, that we are starting to experience and that we will experience just as much in the future, is around what's called transition risk. So that's looking at the changes to the economy and the changes to lifestyles that'll be brought on by trying to have a lower carbon imprint. So, think of that as industries that are carbon intensive are going to have to adapt. What type of economic impact will that have? Think about where people want to live in seeing that there are areas in the country that are more susceptible to weather risks and decisions that'll be made to migrate to areas that still pose a risk because we're not immune from anywhere in the country to the risk. But that the likelihood and the intensity of those weather events will have a lesser impact.

So those two things together, you can see the transition we're starting to face, but it is something that just kind of creeps up on you. But in the future, that's what it's going to be about, the transition risk to a lower carbon footprint.

Tegan: Who's most vulnerable in this conversation?All Canadians aren't going to experience this the same way. You already brought up geography. What else is there to consider?

Andrew: When we talk about vulnerability, an area that often gets overlooked is the rental market. And when we think about who renters are, renters are more likely to be in core housing need than individual homeowners. Some stats that we have here would say that roughly 27% of renters are in core housing need. These individuals are in less in control of being able to make the changes to the dwellings that they live in. Those decisions are made by landlords and housing providers. But we can't lose sight of the fact that is a group that will be impacted more by climate change because the means to recover aren't there.

At CMHC last year we had an internal conference where we brought in some individuals in housing to speak about vulnerable groups and the impact on climate. And there was one of the speakers, her name was Estelle Le Roux Joky. And one of the things that she said that has stuck with me in my work and my thinking is that adapting to climate change can't be a luxury. We need to consider how vulnerable peoples will be impacted where they live. We can't allow energy efficiency and resiliency to become a luxury. Vulnerable groups can't afford it. But we have to find ways, through government, through the private sector, to ensure that that housing will be climate compatible in the future. Because the ability to recover… it's a lot harder.

Tegan: Renters are more likely than owners to be in core housing need. According to the 2021 census, 20% of renter households were in core housing need, compared to just 5% of owner households.

How does the existing housing stock rank in terms of resilience in the context of climate change?

Andrew: This is an area that needs to be further explored and understood. And this gets back to the, the reason why we have a mission on data. So, we've got housing data, you have climate data. But you don't have those two merging together.

Understanding how global warming will impact weather patterns is important. To do that, to build models, you need to have data on understanding what's the current stock. So, what's it made of? How resilient will it be? You then need to have data to understand the impact of water levels. And based on rainfall amounts, at what point will water levels breach rivers? Will they get to points where they'll impact, you know, a hundred meters from the shoreline? A kilometer? So that's an area where we feel that there is a gap. And that's where data needs to play that role to help educate all of the players in the system to what their risks are so that then they can make those decisions on how best do they adapt the housing that they live in to the risks that they face.

Tegan: How does the design of our built environment, the homes that we live in, our neighborhoods, the roads we drive on, how do these affect climate change?

Andrew: I like the way that you phrased that question because it brings out community. All those things together form a community and home is a part of that. So, when you think about what we need to do, we need to think about where we locate our homes to accommodate a lifestyle where we can be less carbon intensive. Meaning you're less reliant on cars, that you can walk to places, that you can… cycling, that you can use transit. You can also think about density into that equation. The denser the area, the less green space needs to be used. And then that in itself leads to better quality of life, better community living, mental health impacts. Think about as well to maintenance, for roads. All that gets reduced, and you create these communities where you can have affordability through density and housing that's climate compatible.

Tegan: Solving the climate crisis might require us to rethink some of what we take for granted. The COVID-19 pandemic forced us to rethink many assumptions about work, and many people found themselves teleworking to keep themselves and each other safe.

A StatCan report from 2021 explored the environmental implications of telework, asking the question, if all Canadians who usually work outside the home in jobs that can be done from home started to telework, public transit use, traffic congestion, and greenhouse gas emissions would likely fall. But by how much? The authors found that the resulting decline in commuting and use of public transit could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by about 8.6 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per year, or 11.0% of the direct emissions from transportation activities by households in 2015.If you're wondering how to visualize 8.6 megatonnes of carbon, it's the equivalent of the annual Co2 emissions from over 2.6 million passenger vehicles.

The climate crisis and the housing crisis are both obviously very complex. Is it possible to address both of these issues? Or do we have to choose to have either affordable housing or a viable climate, but you can't have both?

Andrew: You can have both. And this is where conventional thinking needs to be challenged. And I'm working off of a concept that our Chief Climate Officer, Steve Mennill, has been talking about. And it's this false dichotomy that they both oppose each other, that affordability and being climate compatible contradict each other.

First main point here is around density. So, when you have dense housing it can create affordability, but then also it has a positive impact on climate. You're getting people off of cars. They can have a lower carbon footprint because there's more amenities which you need to live… is all around you. So that's the first point around the false dichotomy, is that density is the key link to both.

The second key point here is around thinking about costs but at a point in time. We typically think about just what hits our wallet today. We're not thinking about the future. We tend to think about payback, like, how long will it take me to get my money back? But what we're not thinking about often is the life cycle cost. So, think of the cost to governments and to municipalities from climate change from not doing things that will have a positive impact on climate. Think about cost to healthcare for living in a world where you could have more health challenges as a result of a changing climate.

Think about the cost that you currently pay today for insurance without taking actions to either make your home more resilient or collectively as a society taking actions to stop with global warming and the impacts that that can have on catastrophic weather events. And thus, on damages to the place where you live.Think about as well lending rates and how that possibly could impact over time with climate change.

And then another element that I'm hoping is starting to develop is about the demand. And that as individuals become more educated and more aware, they will start to demand these types of products in their homes. And then that starts to get the ball rolling in what gets produced. So, what we may think is valuable today, to the next generation may not be. And that generation being focused more on climate and being understanding of it and having more tools and resources to comprehend what that will do to their lives, they will require a change in the type of housing that that they live in.

Tegan: Could the next generation be more aware of their impact on the environment? A 2022 release from StatCan revealed that 5% of people 15 to 30 donated to environmental organizations in 2018, more than any other age group.

I don't know if it's true, but I think that climate change sometimes feels like an issue that's too big for one person to do anything about, to have any kind of impact. What are some of are of the ways that listeners, whether they live in houses or apartments or condos or wherever they live, what are some of the ways that they can make a positive difference?

Andrew: You're right. It seems daunting and where to start is difficult. I think the first thing to do is to start to become aware about your environment. And this is being educated on what types of risks… Let's talk about first the physical risks. So, with where you live, understanding what type of weather will impact your housing, looking at the condition of your home.When you're planning and contemplating upgrades, talk to professionals about energy efficiency, the types of materials that you can use to put in your home.

Last point would be to use tools that can help educate you on what your carbon footprint is so that then you can see how you contribute to climate change. And that you can then use that information to help guide you in taking decisions on how you can contribute towards lessening the impact on climate change.

Tegan: A report by StatCan found that in 2018 about 40% of Canadian greenhouse gas emissions were attributable to Canadian household consumption and use of goods and services.

How do you get started thinking about adapting your home to climate change?

Andrew: That is a big question but there is a path to be able to do this. The first thing is to recognize that each home is different. Age, the technologies in it… Also, where we're located in the country, climate impacts different areas of the country in different ways.So, to get started, one of the things that I can suggest is to do some research on groups that are putting out publications on how you can find energy efficiency and climate resiliency.

One organization that has some interesting materials is the Intact Center on Climate Adaptation. So, if you're looking for ways to reduce flood risk, reduce wildfire risk, they have publications that you can use to see what you could do to your individual home.

Another place where you can go to get started to thinking about energy efficiency and resiliency is the NRCan Canada Greener Homes grant. There you go through the process of getting an NR Guide inspection that can help guide you through adaptations to your home. There's also a source of funding associated with that called the Canada Greener Homes Loans Program that can help guide you in the decisions and help you with financing.

Other products and places where you could go to find information is through our mortgage loan insurance products. We have an Eco Plus program that's designed for homeowners. We have a product for multi-unit residential owners called MLI Select. And we also have the NHS co-investment fund. So those are all places where you can go to get started to think about decisions and choices that you can make to make your house, your home, more climate compatible.

Tegan: StatCan found that in 2018, over 101,000 kilotonnes of CO2-equivalents were attributable to the production and use of motor fuels and lubricants consumed by households. Another almost 60,000 kilotonnes were attributable to the production and use of natural gas and other fuels consumed by households for heating and other stationary uses.

We've talked a bit about the role and importance of research and good data in the fight against both the climate change crisis and also the housing crisis. What data are we missing? And why does good data… why do they matter here?

Andrew: Good data matter for everyone in the housing system. And to give a few examples, it matters to the consumer who's looking to purchase that home. Think of first-time home buyers wanting to understand what is the flood risk to this major investment that they're going to make. Where can they go to find information on that flood risk?

It starts with producers and builders on understanding the technologies that are out there and what's the benefit? It's a benefit to players on the financial side of it to understand, you know, when they are either going to issue insurance premiums or lend to understand what's an additional risk that's now brought into the system to help them make effective decisions.

And also for governments as well. To help design public policy, you need data. You need to understand as much as you can about the current stock, about the new technologies to develop those strategies to achieve a lesser carbon footprint.

Tegan: Do you have any publications that are coming out that you'd like to direct our audience's attention to?

Andrew: Yes, there's two pieces of research produced that they're really interesting.

One is about insurance solutions. So, taking a look at how countries are developing strong insurance programs and products. We know that when there is a catastrophic event that it has an impact and a devastating impact to housing and that insurance plays a key role. So, this study will help show what other countries are doing to manage those risks.

Another piece of really interesting work is the work we've done with industry to try and understand climate risk to housing. And that's about the players in the system, looking at climate risk in the same way and coming to the realization that there's one common point that joins all of the players in the system. And that's data and the need for reliable data to help make decisions to manage climate change today and for the future.

Tegan: When you're looking to make an informed decision, it does always come back to data.

StatCan has a ton of information available on its website, statcan.gc.ca, including a housing statistics hub. Or you can get housing data from the 2021 census by visiting the census page of our website.

In terms of the thermostat war, I found some data on StatCan's website, laying out the different energy savings of various temperatures, so I think we'll be using that as our guide this winter, and maybe a programmable thermostat is in our future.

You've been listening to Eh Sayers. A special thank you to Andrew Defazio and the team at CMHC for their help with this episode.

You can subscribe to this show wherever you get your podcasts. There you can also find the French version of our show, called Hé-coutez bien. If you liked this show, please rate, review, and subscribe. Thanks for listening!

Psst! Hey! Hey you! What's up? You made it to the very end of the show. Congrats! And honestly, thank you! We work really hard to make this show, so we appreciate that you listen. As the newest member of our super secret Finishers Club that I just made up, I would like to ask you to do something. Every podcast you've ever listened to asks you to please rate, review, and subscribe, but hear me out.

We're a brand new show, we're just coming up on a year since we launched our very first episode, and we work incredibly hard on our content. We're trying to make a fun and easy way for Canadians to learn about the data StatCan produces. We're also trying to increase data literacy and help people understand the economic forces that shape our world. Today, for example, we explored the question, "How are the housing crisis and the climate crisis connected?" And we think that's a really important question for Canadians to think about. You made it to the end of the show, so we're hoping that you think our mission matters. If so, please share this episode with someone else, a friend, a colleague. Someone else who thinks that it's good to know just a little bit more about the world. We'd be really grateful.

And hey, even if you don't. We say it every time, but we really mean it. Thanks for listening.

Sources

Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. 2022. "Incorporating the Impact of Climate Change into Models Related to Housing and Housing Finance: A Review of the Literature."Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Housing Research. Incorporating the Impact of Climate Change
into Models Related to Housing and Housing. Finance: A Review of the Literature.

Insurance Bureau of Canada. 2022. "Designing the Path to Climate Compatibility: Climate Risk Disclosure and Action in the Canadian Housing Context."Insurance Bureau of Canada. http://assets.ibc.ca/Documents/Disaster/Designing-the-Path-to-Climate-Compatibility.pdf.

Statistics Canada. "Housing Indicators, 2021 Census." Statistics Canada, September 21, 2022. Housing indicators, 2021 Census.

A Look at the Potential Impact of Telework on Public Transit and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using 2015 Data. April 22, 2021. Infographic.Statistics Canada. A look at the potential impact of telework on public transit and greenhouse gas emissions using 2015 data.

A Portrait of Canada's Families in 2021. July 13, 2022. Infographic.Statistics Canda. A portrait of Canada's families in 2021.

Canadian Greenhouse Gas Emissions Attributable to Households, 2018. March 28, 2022. Infographic.Statistics Canada. Canadian Greenhouse Gas Emissions Attributable to Households, 2018.

Core Housing Need in Canada. September 21, 2022. Infographic.Statistics Canada. Core housing need in Canada.

Portrait of Youth in Canada: Environment. April 7, 2022. Infographic.Statistics Canada. Portrait of youth in Canada: Environment.

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Date modified:: 2025-06-12

Commuting – 2021 Census promotional material

Quick facts

Resources

Social media content

Post 1

Post 1

Post 31

Post 4

Web images

Terms of use

Information for respondents

Additional information

Authority

Confidentiality

Data-sharing agreements

Record linkage

Reporting instructions

Organization characteristics

Cyber security environment

Cyber security readiness

Organization resiliency

Cyber security incidents

Cost of cyber security incidents

Impact of cyber security incidents

Cyber security incidents reporting

Notification of intent to extract web data

Current cyber security trends

A) Introduction

Statistics Canada's mandate

Basis of presentation

B) Highlights of fiscal quarter and fiscal year-to-date results

Description for Table A: Departmental expenditures by Standard Object (unaudited)

Description for Appendix A: Statement of authorities (unaudited)

Description for Appendix B: Departmental expenditures by Standard Object (unaudited)

Significant changes to authorities

Significant changes to expenditures

C) Significant changes to operations, personnel and programs

D) Risks and uncertainties

Approval by senior officials

Appendix

Residential and Non-residential Property Assessment Values at Current Prices, 2021

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Key definitions

a. Price base date Footnote 2

b. Volume state date

c. Residential property

d. Non-residential property

e. Properties subject to municipal, provincial, territorial and federal payment-in-lieu

3. Input data

a. Data sources

b. Unit reported

4. Auxiliary Data

a. Multiple Listing Service data

b. Building permit and investment in construction data

c. Census of Population

d. Census of Agriculture

e. List of CSDs from the Data Integration Infrastructure Division

5. Classification

a. Geography

b. Type of Property

6. Imputation for missing data

a. Imputation of residential values

b. Imputation of non-residential values

7. Price adjustments

a. Choice of Source Data Vintage

b. Jurisdictions that are not price adjusted

c. Residential Price adjustment

i. Modelling of residential assessment data

ii. Modelling of MLS monthly resale values

iii. Residential price index for Nunavut

d. Non-residential price adjustment

i. Modelling of residential assessment data

ii. Discount Factor applied to MLS Polynomial Trend series

iii. Discount factor applied to Nunavut price index

e. Calculating the price adjusted value

8. Volume adjustments

a. Residential volume adjustments

b. Non-residential volume adjustments

9. Removals and adjustments in accordance with typical property assessment and taxation practices

a. Price base date ^{Footnote 2}

Annex 1. List of CSD types representing First Nations and other Aboriginal Groups ^{Footnote 16}