Ziad Ghanem and Lyming Huang

Industry Accounts Division

July 3, 2014

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1. Introduction
2. The Value-added exports database
3. Measurement framework
4. Numerical example
5. Comparison of VAE to the OECD-WTO Trade in Value-added database
References

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1. Introduction

Globalization has brought about an increase in the gross flows of trade. While an important measure of the interconnectedness of economies, this increase in gross flows cannot be easily related to domestic value-added. To fill this important analytical gap, Statistics Canada is publishing a value-added exports database that provides a set of analytical measures of trade to complement the basic statistics on the gross exports and imports of goods and services.

The value-added exports database shows the exports and imports of industries, as well as the direct and indirect impacts of each industry's production for exports on total value-added^{Note 1}, jobs, and imports. These estimates provide a measure of the importance of each industry's exports for the entire economy. The database also includes the indirect impacts of all production for exports on each specific industry, thereby providing a measure of an industry's total reliance on exports beyond its own direct exports. Figures are separately articulated for U.S. and non-U.S. exports and imports.

The basic measurement framework relies on modelling methods that quantify the contribution of exports to domestic value-added and employment. These methods are based on tracking imports and domestic inter-industry transactions related to the production of exports. The main data sources are the input-output (IO) tables, which are published by Statistics Canada with a three year lag from their reference period. Geographic detail on U.S. and non-U.S. trade, which is not available from the IO tables, is compiled from merchandise trade and balance of payment statistics. Goods are attributed to the country of origin or destination in accordance with the customs-based merchandise trade statistics and services in accordance with balance of payments statistics. The industry jobs figures are from the Labour Productivity Measures.

The rest of this document is divided as follows. Section 2 provides a description of the database variables. Section 3 explains the basic measurement framework. Section 4 presents numerical examples of some of the basic calculations. Section 5 briefly compares the Canadian value-added exports framework to the Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) database published by the OECD and WTO and finally some basic evidence from the 2010 figures is shown in an annex to help illustrate the discussions.

2. The Value-added exports database

The data are presented according to the input-output industry classification system, which consists of 234 industries at the detailed level. The list and description of the variables in the database are provided in Table 1. Both the export and import figures exclude re-exported imports. Re-exports are products that are imported and that are subject to a change in ownership but that are not subject to any substantial transformations in the domestic economy before being exported^Note 2. Exports from inventory withdrawals are also excluded from the figures to avoid exaggerating the share of exports in each year's total production.

3. Measurement framework

In general terms, the contribution of exports to domestic value added is based on removing the double counting of all imported intermediate inputs used in the production of exported goods and services. Intermediate inputs are the goods and services, excluding fixed assets, consumed in the production process.

Figure 1 illustrates the basic framework of value-added exports. As shown in this example, value-added exports are equal to the value of gross exports less the value of imported intermediate inputs used in the production of the exported products ($400 = $600 - $200). These imported inputs must account for the consumption of imports in both the industry producing the exports as well as all upstream industries supplying inputs to the exporting industry.

Value-added exports are derived from calculations that are based on the rectangular, industry-by-product IO tables^Note 3. The IO tables show the use of products and primary inputs by industries in the production of supplies to other industries and to final expenditures as well as the type of final expenditures by product. The information contained in the rectangular input-output tables can be rearranged schematically in the supply and use framework shown in Figure 2. The tables are organized as matrices and vectors to illustrate the mathematical framework. Capital letters denote matrices, the small letters vectors, and the attachment of a superscript (T) the transposes of matrices and vectors.

The rectangular input-output tables show the supply of products by domestic producers (V) and from imports (m), value-added components by industry (W), the uses of products by industries (U) domestic final demands (f) and exports (x). Exports are articulated by product but not by supplying industry and similarly, imports are articulated by product but not by purchasing industry. Two basic accounting identities characterize the system: the total supply of each product must equal its total uses and the total output of an industry must equal its total inputs.

In the input-output modeling framework^Note 4, industry output is related to the sum of domestic demands for intermediate inputs and final consumption and foreign demand (exports) through the following accounting identity^Note 5:

where D is a matrix of industry market shares by product of dimensions industry by product, used to allocate products to their industry of origin

B is a matrix of intermediate input coefficients, of dimensions product by industry, used to estimate the intermediate inputs required to produce industry outputs

and μˆ is a diagonal matrix of import shares by product, which is defined as the share of imports in total domestic demand; more easily calculated as the share of imports in total supply net of exports, and which is used to calculate import leakages from domestic production

By isolating g in equation (1), domestic output by industry can be defined as a function of two basic elements, final expenditures and an inverse which embeds all inter-industry transactions required to produce those final expenditures:

The bracketed inverse, generally referred to as the Leontief or input-output inverse, [I−D(I−μˆ)B]−1, creates a link between final expenditures and all required production activities, inclusive of direct and all indirect (upstream) production activities. Focusing on the exports portion of final expenditures, the contribution of foreign demand to value-added by all industries, VAX, can thus be derived from:

where vˆ is a diagonalized vector of value-added to output ratios by industry, of dimensions industry by industry.

A useful term embedded in equation (1) is Dx; the pre-multiplication of the exports vector x by the market share matrix D, provides an estimate of gross exports by industry.

Similarly to equation (6), the contribution of exports to jobs, LX, can be defined as

where lˆ is a diagonalized vector of jobs to output ratios by industry, of dimensions industry by industry.

The value of imports both directly and indirectly embodied in exports, MX, can be derived from the industry import coefficients and the exports-related outputs of industries:

where ρˆ is a diagonalized vector of import shares by industry, derived through the multiplication of the average import shares by product and the input coefficients matrix:

The Leontief inverse accounts for all upstream impacts on the output of an industry as well as direct impacts. Measures that focus on the direct impacts of exports on value-added, VADX, excluding impacts on upstream, supplying industries, do not require the use of the inverse and can be simply derived from the pre-multiplication of the shares of industry outputs associated with exports (Dx) by the industry value-added to output ratios, as shown in equation (10); and similarly for the direct impact of exports on jobs, LDX, through the industry jobs to output ratios, in equation (11):

Aside from measuring impacts of all exports on each specific industry, it is also possible to measure the impacts of an industry's exports on the rest of the economy. This information can be derived from information in the rows of the Leontief inverse, as opposed to focusing on information in the columns as was done above. VAXFD, the impact of exports by all industries on an industry's value-added can be derived from:

Similarly LXFD, the impact of an industry's exports on jobs in all other industries can be derived from:

Product imports are converted into industry imports, M, based on the assumption that imported products have the same industry of origin as domestically produced products:

Imports of intermediate inputs by industry, MUSE, are based on multiplying the intermediate inputs of industries by the average import shares of products:

The two main underlying assumptions of the model relate to the homogeneity of production functions and the proportional allocation of supply. The first assumption is that each industry produces all its different outputs using a single production function. The second assumption is that each exported product is produced by industries based on their average market shares among domestic producers; and that all domestic demands are supplied from domestic industries and imports in proportion to their shares in total domestic demand by product.

These simplifying assumptions undermine the precision of the modeled estimates. The industries of origin of exports and of inputs used in their production, including the imported inputs, may differ from what average market shares may indicate; thus undermining the precision of the estimates. Furthermore, the use of a single industry-level production function may not properly reflect the differentiated production functions of domestic and world-market oriented firms, especially in the context of the growing globalization of production. In reality though, this latter assumption may not be as limiting as it may first appear. The high level of detail provided by the Canadian supply-use tables (234 industries by 470 products) likely classifies producing units and their products into highly homogeneous groupings.

4. Numerical example

This section provides a numerical example to illustrate the basic calculations. The first part provides an overview of the supply and use tables; the second part shows the calculations required for estimating the direct impacts of exports; and the third part shows the slightly more involved methods required to derive the total impacts of exports.

The estimates generated in sections 4.2 and 4.3 are only for demonstrative purposes. The high level of aggregation of the data undermines the precision of the calculations. Furthermore, for the sake of simplicity, the demonstration abstracts from the more differentiated treatment of certain elements such as re-exports and the expenditures of Canadian households while abroad.

4.1 Input-output tables

Tables 2 and 3 provide a numerical example of the industry-by-product input-output tables organized into the supply-use framework^Note 6. The supply table (Table 2) shows the output of products by domestic industries and international imports of products. The last row of the supply table shows total output by industry, total imports and total supply. The last column of the supply table shows total supply by product as the sum of domestically produced and imported products.

The use table (Table 3) shows the use of goods and services by product and by type of use, i.e. as intermediate consumption of industries, final use for consumption, gross capital formation and exports. It also contains the components of value-added by industry, i.e. labour income, gross mixed income, gross operating surplus, and other taxes net of subsidies on production. The last column of the use table shows total uses by product as the sum of domestic uses and international exports.

The different approaches to measuring value-added and GDP from the supply and use tables are shown in Figure 3. The two different methods of measuring value-added and the three different methods of measuring GDP are conceptually equivalent and provide exactly the same values when derived from balanced supply and use tables.

The production approach: provides an estimate of value-added at basic prices as the difference between output and intermediate consumption of each industry. The sum of value-added by all industries plus taxes net of subsidies is equal to GDP at market prices. Often value-added at basic prices is also referred to as GDP at basic prices.

The income approach: also provides an estimate of value-added by industry or for the aggregate economy and can be obtained from summing the contributions of labour and capital to the production process. It is equal to the sum of labour income, gross operating surplus, gross mixed income^Note 7, and taxes less subsidies on production. Similarly to the production approach, the sum of value-added by all industries plus taxes net of subsidies is equal to GDP at market prices.

The expenditure approach: provides a measure of GDP at market prices for the aggregate economy. It is equal to the sum of the final consumption expenditures of households, Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (NPISH) and government, gross capital formation, and exports net of imports.

4.2 Direct impact of exports

The direct impacts of exports on industry output are derived by converting exports by product into industry exports through industries' average market shares by product. The direct impact on value-added is subsequently derived by applying industries' value-added coefficients to the output values derived in the first step. These steps are further explained below.

The average product market shares by industry, matrix D, derived from the outputs by industry is shown in Table 4. It is equal to the value of each product output divided by its total output. Taking manufacturing as an example (column 4 of Table 4), Table 2 shows output of manufacturing products by the primary industries out of total output of manufacturing products, 1 / 541 = .001, for the manufacturing industry as 537 / 541 = .99 and for the services industry 3 / 541 = .01.

The input coefficients (or technology functions) of industries are shown in Table 5. These coefficients are derived from the input table and show the amount of inputs required to produce one unit of output. They are derived as the value of inputs divided by total inputs of each industry. The coefficients are split into two matrices, one for intermediate inputs, B, and one for the value-added components; for simplicity in this case only the sum of the value-added components is shown, w. For example, the value-added coefficient of manufacturing is derived from table 3 as the sum of the value-added components divided by the industry's total inputs (2 + 101 + 1 + 63) / 576 = .29.

As discussed in section 3, the formulation Dx, the pre-multiplication of the exports vector x, by the market share matrix D, provides a conversion of exports by product, as they appear in the SUTs, to exports by industry. The first column of Table 6 shows the result of these calculations. Taking the example of the services industry, the sum of an element by element multiplication of the last row of the D matrix by the exports vector, shows (.15 * 2) + (.01 * 264) + (.98 * 115) = 114; the share of the services industry in the production of utilities, manufacturing, and services times the export values of each of these products respectively is the value of exports by the services industry.

Pre-multiplying the exports by industry from Dx by the value-added coefficient of each industry (v) generates an estimate of the direct impact of exports on value-added, shown in the last column of Table 6. For example, the services industry value-added coefficient from v times the industry's exports (.56 x 114) = 65.

4.3 Total impact of exports

Quantifying the total impact of exports requires going beyond the direct impacts generated in the exporting industry to including all other upstream impacts on economic activity. A schematic view of these interactions is provided in figure 3. Exports by product originate in domestic production and their direct impact on value-added is described in section 4.2. However, purchases of intermediate inputs by the exporting industry are supplied from either imports or a second round of output by domestic producers. Similarly, these second round producers generate value-added and further purchases of domestically produced and imported intermediate inputs. This process can iterate for several rounds until it converges to trivial effects on the economy. In this manner, the value of an export can be fully decomposed into its constituents: the direct and indirect impacts on value-added and the indirect impacts on imports.

The round-by-round impacts described in figure 4 are calculated by tracking the inter-industry transactions required to produce the exports:

i) The market shares matrix, D, allocates the demand for exports to their producing industries.
ii) The intermediate inputs coefficient matrix, B, converts industry outputs into the required demands for intermediate inputs.
iii) The μ matrix derives the imports associated with the demand for intermediates and thus simultaneously the residual demand for output from domestic producers.
iv) The market shares matrix, D, allocates demands for domestic intermediate inputs to their producing industries.
v) Steps ii to iv are repeated until the impacts become trivial. With this method, less than ten iterations usually account for most of the impacts.

Equation (14) formalizes the impact of these iterative steps on industry output. The sum of the power series is merely an approximation of the IO inverse calculated in equation (3).

It is possible to examine any stage of the process by extracting the impact on industry output of the relevant terms from the right-hand-side of equation (16). Subsequent application of industry coefficients can be used to extend the analysis to other variables. Thus, the vector of value-added coefficients, v, can be applied to the industry outputs generated, g*, to derive the impact on value-added. Similarly, the import shares by industry coefficients vector, ρ, can be used to derive the value of imports.

Average import shares assumption

As discussed in the previous section, intermediate purchases must be allocated between domestic producers and imports. Multiplying the input coefficients by the import shares by product generates the import shares by industry. Table 7 shows the values of μ, the import shares by product vector. The table also shows μˆB, the import shares by product by industry, and their column sums, the vector ρ, which provides the value of total import shares by industry.

The import shares by product measure the observed average proportion of imports in domestic demands. This average however may hide a large heterogeneity in import shares by industry^Note 8 and may thus lead to a misallocation of upstream impacts on imports and value-added.

Total inter-industry impacts

The values of the IO inverse matrix are shown in Table 8. The matrix tabulates all the upstream impacts on the output of each row industry of deliveries to final demand by the column industry. For example, a one dollar's worth of exports by manufacturing will lead to 20 cents of output by primary industries, 1 cent by construction, 1.20 dollars by manufacturing (inclusive of the original export of 1 dollar's worth) and 33 cents by services.

Multiplying through the columns of the IO inverse by the value of industry exports (from Table 6) generates an estimate of their total upstream impacts on all industries' outputs, as shown in Table 9. Impacts on industries' value-added and imports are derived from the application of the respective industry coefficients to industry output levels. As expected, the sum of impacts on value-added and imports, 368 + 116 = 484, is almost equal to the value of gross exports (Table 3). The difference of one is accounted for by the impact of taxes net of subsidies on products which for the sake of simplicity has been ignored.

As an alternative to weighting the industry outputs, the inverse itself could have been weighted by industry value-added to output coefficients to provide a more direct relationship between a 1 dollar delivery to final demand and the upstream impacts on value-added by industry. This weighting could have been similarly applied to import coefficients or any other variable for which a direct relationship to industry output can be reasonably assumed such as jobs coefficients.

5. Comparison of VAE to the OECD-WTO Trade in Value-added database

The OECD and WTO have jointly published a Trade in Value-added (TiVA) database (OECD-WTO 2012). The TiVA database is calculated from a world input-output table and provides detail for 40 countries and 18 industries. The world input-output tables allow for the estimation of a large number of analytical variables and geographical detail that cannot be derived from the Canadian input-output tables.

The advantage of a world input-output table is that it allows tracking intermediate inputs as they cross geographic boundaries and industrial processing stages on their destination to foreign or possibly domestic final demands. Thus, the TiVA database tracks foreign value-added by industry and geography, including any recursive impacts on the domestic economy. The main weakness of the TiVA database, however, is the lower precision of its estimates due to the high industrial aggregation level used and the adjustments to national figures required to balance multilateral international trade—which is often contradictory in official statistics—across the different national IO tables.

Unlike the TiVA, the Canadian value-added exports database has no information on activities in the rest-of-the-world and thus cannot track 1) imports and their value-added content by country or 2) exports beyond their initial geographic destination. The VAE is not a tool for tacking the global value-added chain but rather, as its name indicates, it is a tool for tracking the impact of exports on the Canadian economy. Its main comparative advantages though are the greater industrial detail, the greater precision of the available variables, and the availability of additional information on jobs.

In general, the TiVA database is a very useful tool for international comparisons while Statistic's Canada's VAE is more appropriate for analyses that focus on the Canadian economy.

References

Miller and, R.E., and P.D. Blair, 2009, "Input-Output Analysis: Foundations and Extensions," Cambridge University Press, New York.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development – World Trade Organization, 2012, "Trade in Value-Added: Concepts, Methodologies and Challenges", OECD, Paris.

United Nations, 2009, System of National Accounts 2008, United Nations, New York.

Notes

The Water Account, produced every two years, describes the use of the natural resource input of water and of water accessed through municipal water supply or irrigation systems by industry, governments, institutions, and households. The unit of measure is thousand cubic metres.

The main data source for this account is a set of three Statistics Canada surveys administered as the Industrial Water Use Survey. This set of surveys covers direct water intake and the use of municipal water by the mining, thermal power, and manufacturing industries.

Water use by the agriculture industries is taken from two sources. The primary source is the use of water for irrigation in Alberta, the largest consumer of irrigation water, which is taken from estimates published by Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development. Other provinces are estimated based on the Agricultural Water Use survey from Statistics Canada combined with precipitation measures for the growing season produced by Agriculture Canada. Water use for livestock is based on livestock estimates from Statistics Canada combined with water use coefficients for watering and cleaning provided by Agriculture Canada.

Water use in the oil and gas industry is provided from the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. It includes both fresh and saline water used in oil and gas extraction.

Household water use is based on the municipal water supply from Statistics Canada’s Survey of Drinking Water Treatment Plants combined with an estimate from the producers of the proportion of this water supply that serves households. In addition, the water use of households not served by the municipal supply is estimated based on average household consumption figures.

Estimates of the amount of municipal water supply lost to leakage are based on historical data from Environment Canada’s Municipal Water Use Database and more recent survey information from Statistics Canada’s Survey of Drinking Water Treatment Plants. This leakage amount is recorded as water use by the water supply industry.

The amount of municipal water use that is not residential and not assigned to industries in the Industrial Water Use Survey is distributed across the remaining industries based on expenditure data for water supplied through mains from the Input-Output Accounts.

The greenhouse gas account covers annual emissions of the residuals carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide by industry, governments, institutions, and households. The unit of measure is kilotonnes.

The main data sources for the emissions estimates are the Energy Account and the National Inventory Report on Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks (NIR) published by Environment Canada.

The NIR is Canada’s official government response to Canada’s obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It provides estimates of emissions for seven greenhouse gases from energy use, industrial processes and other sources. The reporting requirements of the UNFCCC differ from the methodological guidelines of the SEEA, and as such there are differences between the totals reported in the Greenhouse Gas Account and the NIR. A reconciliation table is included with the Greenhouse Gas Account to explain these differences, which are also outlined in more detail below.

Greenhouse gas emissions estimates are calculated based on the Energy Use Account and emissions factors provided in the NIR. Emissions from industrial processes and other sources are taken directly from the NIR and attributed to the appropriate industries using the detailed data tables that Environment Canada submits to the UNFCCC.

The differences between the greenhouse gas emissions according to Environment Canada’s NIR and Statistics Canada’s Physical Flow Accounts (PFA) are due to two main reasons: a) conceptual differences between the UNFCCC reporting guidelines and the SEEA, and b) different data sources or lack of data preventing an accurate allocation of some types of emissions.

The largest conceptual difference between the NIR and the PFA is in the treatment of emissions stemming from the combustion of biomass (specifically wood and spent pulping liquor). UNFCCC guidelines exclude CO₂ emissions from biomass combustion because this CO₂ can also be absorbed through biomass production. SEEA guidelines focus on the estimation of emissions from economic units without accounting for the potential re-absorption of those emissions later.

Emissions from solid waste are the second largest conceptual difference. Emissions from landfill gas could be allocated to the waste management industry, but these emissions are not a result of current production: they represent releases associated with the decay of waste discarded in previous accounting periods. As such, they are not included in the Greenhouse Gas Account since they would not vary with current period economic output and thus would not yield proper conclusions if used in conjunction with the Input-Output tables for modeling purposes.

International aviation fuel purchases are the third largest conceptual difference. The UNFCCC requires airline emissions to be calculated based on the national territory. The SEEA requires that those emissions are based on the residence principle, meaning that the Greenhouse Gas Account must include purchases and thus emissions of aviation fuel abroad by domestic airlines and exclude those purchases and related emissions of foreign airlines in Canada. The NIR total for emissions covers those that occur over Canadian territory regardless of the ownership of the airline, and excludes emissions of domestic aircraft abroad (although these are included elsewhere in the NIR for information purposes).

Four gases are covered in Environment Canada’s NIR that are not covered in the Greenhouse Gas Account, namely HFCs, PFCs, SF₆ and NF₃. These are excluded from the PFA since there are no data available to allocate these emissions across industries and households. Several of these substances are refrigerants used in many industries, and attributing the leaks of the gases properly cannot be done with current data sources. The small amount of SF₆ emissions is a result of processes in several distinct industries, and the data to do this allocation properly are also not available. Emissions from solvent use suffer from the same data gap.

Another conceptual difference is the inclusion in the PFA of prescribed burns in the forestry industry as an industrial process that is part of the production function for forestry. This is allocated to the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry section of the NIR.

The final difference between the NIR and the greenhouse gas account relates to the consumption of motor gasoline. Environment Canada treats all transportation activity as a separate sector in the NIR. The fuel use from this activity is modeled so that it can be attributed to different vehicle types for the calculation of emissions. The modeling process allows for a discrepancy between the modeled fuel use and the fuel use totals from Statistics Canada’s energy supply and demand balances. The Greenhouse Gas Account retains the fuel consumption amount from the energy balances, leading to the difference between the two accounting approaches.

The remaining statistical difference results from other sources including changes to source data that are required to reconcile that information with other data sources.

Changes in legislation and the resulting change in the offence classification creates discontinuity in the historical record of particular criminal offences. Legislative changes to assault, sexual assault, theft, arson, mischief, prostitution and youth crime must be considered when making comparisons over time. Some of the more significant changes are as follows:

Sexual Assault: Bill C-127 (1983):

Bill C-127 abolished the offences of rape, attempted rape and indecent assault and introduced a three-tiered structure for sexual assault offences. The Bill also eased the circumstances under which police could lay charges in incidents of sexual and non-sexual assault.

Young Offenders Act (1984):

With the proclamation of the YOA in April 1984, 12 years became the minimum age for which criminal charges could be laid. However, the maximum age continued to vary until April 1985, when the maximum age of 17 (up to the 18th birthday) was established in all provinces and territories. Youths, as defined in this publication, refer to those aged 12 to 17 (inclusive). This definition applies to the target group who fall under the delegation of the Young Offenders Act (YOA).

Traffic Offences:

Bill C-18 (1985): In December 1985, Bill C18 made major legislative changes with respect to certain traffic offences (all 700 series offences). It imposed more stringent sentences for dangerous driving and drinking and driving. It also facilitated the enforcement of impaired driving laws by authorizing police to take blood and/or breath samples under certain circumstances. As a result, data previous to 1985 for traffic offences are not comparable and have not been presented.

Property value limits:

Bill C-18 (1985) and Bill C-42 (1995): In 1985, Bill C-18 altered the property value limits from under and over $200 to under and over $1,000. This applies to offences such as theft, possession of stolen goods, mischief and fraud. As of February 1995, Bill C-42 revised the property value limits to under and over $5,000.

Alternative measures: Bill C-41 (1996):

Bill C-41 was proclaimed into law September 3, 1996. One of its highlights was the introduction of "alternative measures" for adults, which provided ways of dealing with disputes and minor offences outside the formal court proceedings.

Firearms: Bill C-68 (1997):

Bill C-68, proclaimed on January 1, 1997, requires that all firearm owners must obtain a Firearms License by January, 2001. This license replaces the Firearms Acquisition Certificate in use since 1977. Commencing October 1, 1998, each weapon must be registered within five years and a Registration Certificate will be issued. Bill C-68 also provides for tougher penalties for using a firearm while committing a crime.

Controlled Drugs and Substances Act: Bill C-8 (1997):

This new legislation came into force on May 14, 1997. The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act (CDSA) repealed and replaced the Narcotic Control Act (NCA) and parts of the Food and Drugs Act (FDA) in 1996. With this change in legislation, offences related to the possession, trafficking and importation of certain controlled or restricted drugs not identified in the earlier statutes are now (since 1997) included in other drugs category. Hence, comparisons with years prior to 1997 should be made with caution.

Dangerous Operation Evading Police: Bill C-202 (2000):

Law C-202 came into effect March 30th, 2000. This legislation modifies section 249 of the Criminal Code, thus creating new offences of dangerous operation of a motor vehicle when used for evading police.

Youth Criminal Justice Act: Bill C-7 (2003):

The extrajudicial measures encouraged by the Youth Criminal Justice Act, proclaimed on April 1, 2003, include taking no further action, informal police warnings, referrals to community programs, formal police cautions, Crown cautions, and extrajudicial sanctions programs. It is presumed that extrajudicial measures are adequate to hold accountable non-violent offenders who have not previously been found guilty in court.

Street Racing: Bill C-19 (2006):

Bill C-19, proclaimed on December 14, 2006, addresses the street-racing problem by making four amendments to the Criminal Code: "Street-racing" has been defined, five new street-racing offences have been added, for three of the new offences, it provides maximum prison terms longer than those currently provided for dangerous operation or criminal negligence in the operation of a motor vehicle, and it introduces mandatory driving prohibition orders for a minimum period of time, with the length of the prohibition increasing gradually for repeat offences.

Unauthorized Recording of a Movie: Bill C-59 (2007):

Bill C-59, proclaimed on June 22, 2007, addresses the illegal recording of movies in theatres by creating two offences in the criminal code: recording for personal use of a movie shown in a theatre – liable to imprisonment for not more than two years, and recording for commercial purposes of a movie shown in a theatre – liable to imprisonment for not more than five years.

Tackling Violent Crime: Bill C-2 (2008)

As a result of Bill C-2, which was proclaimed on February 28, 2008, the age of consent was raised from 14 to 16 for the following Criminal Code offences: sexual interference, invitation to sexual touching, sexual exploitation, bestiality and exposure to person under 14. For sexual assault levels 1 to 3, the age changes for complainant (formerly 14) to under the age of 16.

Impaired operation and failure to provide blood sample now includes the separation between alcohol and drugs (or combination of drugs). Fail/refuse to provide breath sample and failure to comply or refusal (drugs) will now have a maximum penalty of 25 years.

New firearm offences will separate offences of breaking and entering by robbery to steal a firearm and to steal a firearm, which carry a maximum penalty of 25 years.

Tackling Violent Crime: Bill C-2 (2009)

As a result of Bill C-2, which was proclaimed on February 28, 2008, the UCR has also created a new code for sexual exploitation of a person with a disability. As well, two new Firearm violations have been added: Robbery to steal a firearm, and Break and Enter to steal a firearm.

Act to amend the Criminal Code (organized crime and protection of justice system participants) Bill C-14 (2009)

Bill C-14 officially came into effect on October 2, 2009. As a result, two new violation codes have been created: Assaulting with a weapon or causing bodily harm to a peace officer, and aggravated assault to a peace officer.

In 2002, legislative changes were made to include the use of the Internet for the purpose of committing child pornography offences. As such, the percent change in this offence is calculated from 2003 to 2009.

Codifying Identity Theft: Bill S4 (2010)

Bill S-4 officially came into effect on January 8, 2010. As a result, two new violation codes were created: Identity Theft and Identity Fraud.

Trafficking in Person's under the age of 18: Bill C-268 (2010)

Bill C-268 officially came into effect on June 29, 2010. As a result, a new section was added to the Criminal Code; Section 279.011(1). This section will be coded into the existing UCR code of Trafficking in Persons.

An Act to amend the Criminal Code (suicide bombings): Bill S-215 (2010)

Bill S-215 officially came into effect on December 15, 2010. This enactment amends the Criminal Code to clarify that suicide bombings fall within the definition "terrorist activity". As such they should be included in UCR codes: Participate in Terrorist Activity, Facilitate Terrorist Activity, and Instruct/Carry Out Terrorist Activity.

Tackling Auto Theft and Trafficking in Property Obtained by Crime: Bill S-9 (2011)

Bill S-9 officially came into effect on April 29, 2011. As a result, a new UCR violation code for Motor Vehicle Theft was created, replacing the current UCR violations of Motor Vehicle Theft over $5,000 and Motor Vehicle Theft $5,000 and under.

Possession of Stolen Goods is now separated into two categories; Possession of Stolen Goods over $5,000 and Possession of Stolen Goods $5,000 and under.

Three new UCR violation codes were also created: Altering/Destroying/Removing a vehicle identification number (VIN), Trafficking in Stolen Goods over $5,000, Trafficking in Stolen Goods $5,000 and under.

Amendment to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act: Bill C-475 (2011)

Bill C-475 officially came into effect on June 26, 2011. As a result, a new section was added to the Criminal Code; Section 7.1(1). This section will be coded into the new UCR violation code of Precursor/Equipment (crystal meth, ecstasy).

The Safe Streets Act: Bill C-10 (2012)

Bill C-10 officially came into effect on August 9, 2012. As a result, two new sections were added to the Criminal Code; Section 172.2(1) and Section 171.1(1). Section 172.2(1) will be mapped to the existing UCR code of Luring a child via computer. Section 171.1(1) will be mapped to the new UCR violation code of Making Sexually Explicit material available to Children.

Combating Terrorism Act: Bill S-7 (2013)

Bill S-7 officially came into effect on July 15th, 2013. This enactment amends the Criminal Code to create offences of leaving or attempting to Canada to commit certain terrorism offences, and brought changes in relation to offences of harbouring terrorists. Seven new UCR violation codes were introduced mid-2013 in response reaction to this legislation.

Mischief to war memorials: Bill C-217 (2014)

Under Criminal Code sections 430(4.11(a)), 430(4.11(b)) and 430 (4.2), Bill C-217 created new criminal offenses of mischief relating to war memorials (2177) and mischief in relation to cultural property (2175) when it came into force on the 19th of June, 2014.

Recruitment to Criminal Organizations: Bill C-394 (2014)

This bill came into force on September 6th, 2014 and makes the recruitment of members by a criminal organization a criminal offense under section 467.111 of the Criminal Code. Incidents of this offence will be coded under violation code 3843.

Protection of Communities and Exploited Persons Act: Bill C-36 (2014)

Bill C-36 came into effect in December 2014. The new legislation targets "the exploitation that is inherent in prostitution and the risks of violence posed to those who engage in it" (Criminal Code Chapter 25, preamble). New violations classified as "Commodification of sexual activity" under "violations against the person" include: the purchasing of sexual services or communicating for that purpose, receiving a material benefit deriving from the purchase of sexual services, procuring of persons for the purpose of prostitution, and advertising sexual services offered for sale. In addition, a number of other offences related to prostitution continue to be considered non-violent offences and are classified under "Other Criminal Code offences". These include communicating to provide sexual services for consideration, and; stopping or impeding traffic for the purpose of offering, providing or obtaining sexual services for consideration. At the same time, the survey was amended to classify the violations codes of Parent or guardian procuring sexual activity, and Householder permitting prohibited sexual activity under "violations against the person". The following violations officially expired on December 05, 2014: bawdy house, living off the avails of prostitution of a person under 18, procuring, obtains/communicates with a person under 18 for purpose of sex, and other prostitution. Police services are able to utilize these codes as their Records Management Systems are updated to allow it. As a result, these data should be interpreted with caution.

Effective December 2014, Bill C-36 amended the definition of the term "common bawdy house" in the Criminal Code to remove reference to prostitution. As a result of this amendment, the UCR violation of "Bawdy house" was terminated, and the new violation of "Common bawdy house" was introduced. Police services are able to utilise this amendment as their Records Management Systems are updated to allow it. As a result, these data should be interpreted with caution.

Protecting Canadians from Online Crime Act: Bill C-13 (2015)

On March 9, 2015, Bill C-13 Protecting Canadians from Online Crime Act came into effect. As a result, the law created a new criminal offence of non-consensual distribution of intimate images. It also clarified that Criminal Code offences of harassing / indecent communications can be committed by any means of telecommunication. Police services are able to utilize these amendments as their Records Management Systems are updated to allow them.

Tackling Contraband Tobacco Act: Bill C-10 (2015)

On April 10 2015, Bill C-10 Tackling Contraband Tobacco Act came into effect. As a result, this law created the Criminal Code offence of trafficking in contraband tobacco which is counted under the violation "Offences against the administration of law and justice". Prior to April 2015, the offence was counted under "Excise Act". As such, comparisons of these two violations to previous years should be made with caution.

Tougher Penalties for Child Predators Act: Bill C-26 (2015)

Coming into effect on July 17th, 2015, Bill C-26 increased the maximum penalties for certain sexual offences against children, including failure to comply with orders and probation conditions relating to sexual offences against children. In the UCR, the most serious violation is partially determined by the maximum penalty. As such, changes in maximum penalty may affect the most serious violation in an incident reported by police. Police services are able to utilize these amendments as their Records Management Systems are updated to allow them.

Comparing UCR Data with Courts and Corrections Data

It is difficult to make comparisons between data reported by police and data from other sectors of the criminal justice system (i.e., courts and corrections). There is no single unit of count (i.e., incidents, offences, charges, cases or persons) which is defined consistently across the major sectors of the justice system. As well, charges actually laid can be different from the most serious offence by which incidents are categorized. In addition, the number and type of charges laid by police may change at the pre-court stage or during the court process. Time lags between the various stages of the justice process also make comparisons difficult.

The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Survey was designed to measure the incidence of crime in Canadian society and its characteristics. Presented are the data elements that are captured by the survey, and the violation codes that are used in data collection.

Data Elements

Aboriginal Indicator

Apparent Age

Attempted/Completed Violation

Charges Laid Or Recommended

Clearance Date

Counter Frauds And Motor Vehicles – UCR 2.1

Counter Frauds And Motor Vehicles – UCR 2.2

CSC Status (Charged/Suspect - Chargeable)

Cybercrime

Date Charges Laid Or Recommended Or Processed By Other Means

Date Of Birth

FPS Number

Fraud Type

Geocode Information

Hate Crime

Incident Clearance Status

Incident Date/Time (From and To [Date and Time])

Incident File Number

Level Of Injury

Location Of Incident

Most Serious Violation / Violations

Most Serious Violation Against The Victim (VAV)

Most Serious Weapon Present

Motor Vehicle Recovery

Organized Crime / Street Gang

Peace – Public Officer Status

Property Stolen

Relationship of CSC, (Charged/Suspect – Chargeable), To The Victim

Report Date

Respondent Code

Sex

Shoplifting Flag

Soundex Code – UCR 2.1

Soundex Code – UCR 2.2

Special Survey Feature

Target Vehicle

Update Status

Vehicle Type

Weapon Causing Injury

Violation Structure for the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey

Crimes Against The Person

Violations Causing Death

• Murder 1^st Degree
• Murder 2^nd Degree
• Manslaughter
• Infanticide
• Criminal Negligence Causing Death
• Other Related Offences Causing Death

Attempting The Commission Of A Capital Crime

• Attempted Murder
• Conspire To Commit Murder

Sexual Violations

• Aggravated Sexual Assault
• Sexual Assault With A Weapon
• Sexual Assault
• Other Sexual Crimes (expired 2008-03-31)
• Sexual Interference (effective 2008-04-01)
• Invitation To Sexual Touching (effective 2008-04-01)
• Sexual Exploitation (effective 2008-04-01)
• Sexual Exploitation Of A Person With A Disability (effective 2008-05-01)
• Incest (effective 2008-04-01)
• Corrupting Children (effective 2008-04-01)
• Making Sexually Explicit material available to Children (effective 2012-08-09)
• Parent or guardian procuring sexual activity
• Householder permitting prohibited sexual activity
• Luring A Child Via A Computer (effective 2008-04-01)
• Anal Intercourse (effective 2008-04-01)
• Bestiality - Commit / Compel / Incite A Person (effective 2008-04-01)
• Voyeurism (effective 2008-04-01)
• Nonconsensual distribution of intimate images (effective 2015-03-09)

Assaults

• Aggravated Assault Level 3
• Assault With Weapon or Causing Bodily Harm Level 2
• Assault Level 1
• Unlawfully Causing Bodily Harm
• Discharge Firearm With Intent
• Using Firearm/Imitation Of Firearm In Commission Of Offence (effective 2008-04-01)
• Pointing A Firearm (effective 2008-04-01)
• Assault Against Peace Public Officer
• Assault Against Peace Officer With A Weapon Or Causing Bodily Harm (effective 2009-10-02)
• Aggravated Assault Against Peace Officer (effective 2009-10-02)
• Criminal Negligence Causing Bodily Harm
• Trap Likely To Or Causing Bodily Harm (effective 2008-04-01)
• Other Assaults

Violations Resulting In The Deprivation Of Freedom

• Kidnapping / Forcible Confinement (expired 2010-01-08)
• Kidnapping (effective 2010-01-08)
• Forcible Confinement (effective 2010-01-08)
• Hostage Taking
• Trafficking In Persons (effective 2005-11-01)
• Abduction Under 14, Not Parent/Guardian
• Abduction Under 16
• Removal Of Children From Canada (effective 1998-01-01)
• Abduction Under 14 Contravening A Custody Order
• Abduction Under 14, By Parent/Guardian

Commodification of Sexual Activity

• Obtaining sexual services for consideration (effective 2014-12-06)
• Obtaining sexual services for consideration from person under 18 years (effective 2014-12-06)
• Receive material benefit from sexual services (effective 2014-12-06)
• Receive material benefit from sexual services provided by a person under 18 years (effective 2014-12-06)
• Procuring (effective 2014-12-06)
• Procuring - person under 18 years (effective 2014-12-06)
• Advertising sexual services (effective 2014-12-06)

Other Violations Involving Violence Or The Threat of Violence

• Robbery
• Robbery To Steal Firearm (effective 2008-05-01)
• Extortion
• Intimidation Of A Justice System Participant Or A Journalist (effective 2008-04-01)
• Intimidation Of A Non-Justice System Participant (effective 2008-04-01)
• Criminal Harassment (effective 1994-01-01)
• Indecent/Harassing Communications (effective 2008-04-01)
• Utter Threats To Person (effective 1998-01-01)
• Explosives Causing Death/Bodily Harm (effective 1998-01-01)
• Arson – Disregard For Human Life (effective 1999-05-01)
• Other Violations Against The Person

Crimes Against Property

• Arson
• Break And Enter
• Break And Enter To Steal Firearm (effective 2008-05-01)
• Break And Enter A Motor Vehicle (Firearm) (effective 2008-05-01)
• Theft Over $5,000
• Theft Of A Motor Vehicle Over $5,000 (effective 2004-01-01) (expired 2011-04-28)
• Theft Over $5,000 From A Motor Vehicle (effective 2004-01-01)
• Shoplifting Over $5,000 (effective 2008-04-01)
• Motor Vehicle Theft (effective 2011-04-29)
• Theft $5,000 Or Under
• Theft Of A Motor Vehicle $5,000 And Under (effective 2004-01-01) (expired 2011-04-28)
• Theft $5,000 Or Under From A Motor Vehicle (effective 2004-01-01)
• Shoplifting $5,000 Or Under (effective 2008-04-01)
• Have Stolen Goods (expired 2011-04-28)
• Trafficking in Stolen Goods over $5,000 (effective 2011-04-29)
• Possession of Stolen Goods over $5,000 (effective 2011-04-29)
• Trafficking in Stolen Goods $5,000 and under (effective 2011-04-29)
• Possession of Stolen Goods $5,000 and under (effective 2011-04-29)
• Fraud
• Identity Theft (effective 2010-01-08)
• Identity Fraud (effective 2010-01-08)
• Mischief
• Mischief Over $5,000 (expired 2008-03-31)
• Mischief $5,000 Or Under (expired 2008-03-31)
• Mischief in relation to cultural property (effective 2014-06-19)
• Mischief To Religious Property Motivated By Hate (effective 2008-04-01)
• Mischief relating to war memorials (effective 2014-06-19)
• Altering/Destroying/Removing a vehicle identification number (effective 2011-04-29)

Other Criminal Code Violations

Prostitution

• Bawdy House (expired 2014-12-05)
• Living Off The Avails Of Prostitution Of A Person Under 18 (effective 1998-01-01)(expired 2014-12-05)
• Procuring (expired 2014-12-05)
• Obtains/Communicates With A Person Under 18 For Purpose Of Sex (effective 1998-01-01)(expired 2014-12-05)
• Other Prostitution (expired 2014-12-05)
• Communicating to provide sexual services for consideration (effective 2014-12-06)
• Stopping or impeding traffic for the purpose of offering, providing or obtaining sexual services for consideration (effective 2014-12-06)

Disorderly Houses, Gaming and Betting

• Betting House
• Gaming House
• Other Gaming And Betting
• Common Bawdy House (effective 2014-12-06)

Offensive Weapons

• Explosives
• Prohibited (expired 1998-12-01)
• Restricted (expired 1998-12-01)
• Firearm Transfers/Serial Numbers (expired 1998-12-01)
• Other Offensive Weapons (expired 1998-12-01)
• Using Firearms/Imitation (expired 2008-03-31)
• Weapons Trafficking (effective 1998-12-01)
• Weapons Possession Contrary To Order (effective 1998-12-01)
• Possession Of Weapons (effective 1998-12-01)
• Unauthorized Importing/Exporting Of Weapons (effective 1998-12-01)
• Pointing a Firearm (expired 2008-03-31)
• Firearms Documentation/Administration (effective 1998-12-01)
• Unsafe Storage Of Firearms (effective 1998-12-01)

Other Criminal Code

• Failure To Comply With Conditions
• Counterfeiting Currency
• Disturb The Peace
• Escape Custody
• Indecent Acts
• Child pornography
• Production/Distribution Of Child Pornography
• Voyeurism (expired 2008-03-31)
• Public Morals
• Luring A Child Via A Computer (expired 2008-03-31)
• Obstruct Public Peace Officer
• Prisoner Unlawfully At Large
• Trespass At Night
• Failure To Attend Court
• Breach Of Probation
• Threatening/Harassing Phone Calls (expired 2008-03-31)
• Utter Threats Against Property Or Animals (effective 2008-04-01)
• Advocating Genocide (effective 2008-04-01)
• Public Incitement Of Hatred (effective 2008-04-01)
• Unauthorized recording of a movie/purpose of sale, rental, commercial distribution (2007-06-22)
• Offences Against Public Order (Part II CC)
• Property Or Services For Terrorist Activity (effective 2002-01-01)
• Freezing Of Property, Disclosure, Audit (effective 2002-01-01)
• Participate In Activity Of Terrorist Group (effective 2002-01-01)
• Facilitate Terrorist Activity (effective 2002-01-01)
• Instruction/Commission Of Act Of Terrorism (effective 2002-01-01)
• Harbour Or Conceal Terrorist (effective 2002-01-01)(expired 2013-07-14)
• Hoax – Terrorism (effective 2005-01-01)
• Advocating/Promoting Terrorism Offence (effective 2015-07-18)
• Firearms And Other Offensive Weapons (Part III CC)
• Leaving Canada to participate in activity of terrorist group (effective 2013-07-15)
• Leaving Canada to facilitate terrorist activity (effective 2013-07-15)
• Leaving Canada to commit offence for terrorist group (effective 2013-07-15)
• Leaving Canada to commit offence that is terrorist activity (effective 2013-07-15)
• Concealing person who carried out terrorist activity that is a terrorism offence for which that person is liable to imprisonment for life (effective 2013-07-15)
• Concealing person who carried out terrorist activity that is a terrorism offence for which that person is liable to any punishment other than life (effective 2013-07-15)
• Concealing person who is likely to carry out terrorist activity (effective 2013-07-15)
• Offences Against The Administration Of Law And Justice (Part IV CC)
• Sexual Offences, Public Morals And Disorderly Conduct (Part V CC)
• Invasion Of Privacy (Part VI CC)
• Disorderly Houses, Gaming And Betting (Part VII CC) (expired 2008-03-31)
• Offences Against The Person And Reputation (Part VIII CC)
• Offences Against The Rights Of Property (Part IX CC)
• Fraudulent Transactions Relating To Contracts And Trade (Part X CC)
• Intimidation Of Justice System Participant (expired 2008-03-31)
• Wilful And Forbidden Acts In Respect Of Certain Property (Part XI CC)
• Offences Related To Currency (Part XII CC)
• Proceeds Of Crime (Part XII.2 CC) (effective 1998-01-01)
• Attempts, Conspiracies, Accessories (Part XIII CC)
• Instruct Offence For Criminal Organization (effective 2002-01-01)
• Commit Offence For Criminal Organization (effective 2002-01-01)
• Participate In Activities Of Criminal Organization (effective 2002-01-01)
• Recruitment of members by a criminal organization (effective 2014-09-06)
• All Other Criminal Code (includes Part XII.1 CC)

Controlled Drugs And Substances Act (Effective 1997-06-01)

Possession

• Heroin
• Cocaine
• Other Controlled Drugs And Substances Act
• Cannabis
• Methamphetamine (Crystal Meth) (effective 2008-04-01)
• Methylenedioxyamphetamine (Ecstasy) (effective 2008-04-01)

Trafficking

• Heroin
• Cocaine
• Other Controlled Drugs And Substances Act
• Cannabis
• Methamphetamine (Crystal Meth) (effective 2008-04-01)
• Methylenedioxyamphetamine (Ecstasy) (effective 2008-04-01)

Importation And Exportation

• Heroin
• Cocaine
• Other Controlled Drugs And Substances Act
• Cannabis
• Methamphetamine (Crystal Meth) (effective 2008-04-01)
• Methylenedioxyamphetamine (Ecstasy) (effective 2008-04-01)

Production

• Heroin (effective 2008-04-01)
• Cocaine (effective 2008-04-01)
• Other Controlled Drugs And Substances Act (effective 2008-04-01)
• Cannabis
• Methamphetamine (Crystal Meth) (effective 2008-04-01)
• Methylenedioxyamphetamine (Ecstasy) (effective 2008-04-01)

Precursor/Equipment (crystal meth, ecstasy) (effective 2011-06-26)

Proceeds of Crime (CDSA) (expired 2002-02-01)

Other Federal Statute Violations

Bankruptcy Act

Income Tax Act

Canada Shipping Act

Canada Health Act

Customs Act

Competition Act

Excise Act

Young Offenders Act (expired 2003-03-31)

Youth Criminal Justice Act (effective 2003-04-01)

Immigration And Refugee Protection Act

Human Trafficking (effective 2011-04-29)

Human Smuggling fewer than 10 persons (effective 2011-04-29)

Human Smuggling 10 persons or more (effective 2011-04-29)

Firearms Act (effective 1998-12-01)

National Defence Act (effective 2002-01-01)

Other Federal Statutes

Traffic Violations

Dangerous Operation

• Causing Death
• Causing Bodily Harm
• Operation Of Motor Vehicle, Vessel Or Aircraft

Flight From Peace Officer (effective 2000-03-30)

• Causing Death
• Causing Bodily-Harm
• Flight From Peace Officer

Impaired Operation/Related Violations

• Causing Death (Alcohol)
• Causing Death (Drugs)
• Causing Bodily Harm (Alcohol)
• Causing Bodily Harm (Drugs)
• Operation Of Motor Vehicle, Vessel Or Aircraft Or Over 80 Mg. (Alcohol)
• Operation Of Motor Vehicle, Vessel Or Aircraft Or Over 80 Mg. (Drugs)
• Failure To Comply Or Refusal (Alcohol)
• Failure To Comply Or Refusal (Drugs)
• Failure To Provide Blood Sample (Alcohol)
• Failure To Provide Blood Sample (Drugs)

Other Criminal Code Traffic Violations

• Failure To Stop Or Remain (unspecified) (expired 2011-04-28)
• Failure to Stop Causing Death (effective 2011-04-29)
• Failure to Stop Causing Bodily Harm (effective 2011-04-29)
• Failure to Stop or Remain (effective 2011-04-29)
• Driving While Prohibited
• Other Criminal Code

Street Racing

• Causing Death By Criminal Negligence While Street Racing (effective 2006-12-14)
• Causing Bodily Harm By Criminal Negligence While Street Racing (effective 2006-12-14)
• Dangerous Operation Causing Death While Street Racing (effective 2006-12-14)
• Dangerous Operation Causing Bodily Harm While Street Racing (effective 2006-12-14)
• Dangerous Operation Of Motor Vehicle While Street Racing (effective 2006-12-14)

For more information, contact Information and Client Services (toll-free 1-800-387-2231; 613-951-9023), Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics.

Note

Source: Statistics Canada, Demography Division and Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics

For the reporting of crime statistics and police personnel, official Statistics Canada census metropolitan area (CMA) populations have been adjusted to follow policing boundaries. Police service boundaries often do not correspond directly with CMA boundaries, particularly in the case of rural detachments. In an effort to match as closely as possible, the following guidelines are used:

• If more than half of a detachment's population falls within CMA boundaries, then all of that detachment's crime is included and the portion of its population falling outside the CMA is added to the official CMA population.
• Conversely, if less than half of a detachment's population falls within CMA boundaries, then all of that detachment's crime is excluded and the portion of its population falling within the CMA is subtracted from the official CMA population.

CMA Abbotsford-Mission

• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: Upper Sumas 6 (5909877).

CMA Barrie

• The following area outside the CMA has been included: Bradford West Gwillimbury (3543014).
• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: Springwater (3543009).

CMA Brantford

• The following area outside the CMA has been included: Six Nations (Part) 40 (3528037).

CMA Calgary

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 62% of Wheatland County (4805012), 28% of Kneehill County (4805041), Acme (4805044), Linden (4805046), 2% of Mountain View County (4806028), 2% of Kananaskis (4815013), 28% of Bighorn No.8 (4815015), Ghost Lake (4815027), Waiparous (4815030), Stoney 142, 143, 144 (4815802), Standard (4805021), and Rockyford (4805022).

CMA Edmonton

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 98% of Thorhild County No. 7 (4813036), 51% of Lac Ste. Anne County (4813001), Val Quentin (4813005), West Cove (4813006), Yellowstone (4813007), Ross Haven (4813008), Castle Island (4813009), Sunset Point (4813011), Alberta Beach (4813012), Onoway (4813014), 8% of Wetaskiwin County No.10 (4811001), Argentina Beach (4811003), Silver Beach (4811009), Sandy Beach (4813016) and Sunrise Beach (4813017).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: 2% of Leduc County (4811012), 11% of Parkland County (4811034), Seba Beach (4811038), Betula Beach (4811039), Bruderheim (4810066) and 5% of Sturgeon County (4811059).

CMA Greater Sudbury

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Wahnapitei 11 (3553040) and Whitefish Lake 6 (3552051).

CMA Guelph

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Puslinch (3523001) and Guelph/Eramosa (3523009). 

CMA Halifax

• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: Shubenacadie 13 (1209029).

CMA Hamilton

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: 65% of Burlington (3524002) and Grimsby (3526065).
• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 35% of Oakville (3524001), 35% of Milton (3524009) and 35% of Halton Hills (3524015).

CMA Kelowna

• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: 64% of Central Okanagan J (5935020).
• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 5% of Kootenay Boundary E (5905054) and 2% of Okanagan-Similkameen F (5907051).

CMA Kingston

• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: Frontenac Islands (3510005).

CMA Kitchener – Cambridge – Waterloo

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Wilmot (3530020) and Wellesley (3530027).

CMA London

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Southwest Middlesex (3539005), North Middlesex (3539041), Lucan Biddulph (3539060), Newbury (3539002), Chippewas of the Thames First Nation 42 (3539017), Munsee-Delaware Nation 1 (3539018) and Oneida 41 (3539021).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Central Elgin (3534020) and Southwold (3534024).

CMA Moncton

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 64% of Havelock (1305028), Hopewell (1306001), Riverside-Albert (1306003), Harvey (1306004), Alma (1306006), Alma (1306007), Salisbury (1307024), Petitcodiac (1307029), Westmorland (1307001), Port Elgin (1307002), Botsford (1307004) and Sackville (1307008).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Saint-Paul (1308008) and 1% of Moncton (1307019).

CMA Montréal

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Rivière-Beaudette (2471005), Saint-Télesphore (2471015), Saint-Polycarpe (2471020), Saint-Clet (2471045), Sainte-Marthe, (2471110), Sainte-Justine-de-Newton, (2471115), Très-Saint-Rédempteur, (2471125), Rigaud (2471133), Pointe-Fortune (2471140), Saint-Jean-Baptiste (2457033), Calixa-Lavallée (2459030) and Contrecoeur (2459035).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Lavaltrie (2452007), L’Épiphanie (2460035), L’Épiphanie (2460040) and Gore (2476025).

CMA Oshawa

• Not currently used due to the fact that data would have to be based on estimates from Durham Regional Police.
• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 65% of Pickering (3518001), 65% of Ajax (3518005), 65% of Scugog (3518020), 65% of Mississaugas of Scugog Island (3518022), 65% of Uxbridge (3518029) and 65% of Brock (3518039).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: 35% of Whitby (3518009), 35% of Oshawa (3518013) and 35% of Clarington (3518017).

CMA Ottawa-Gatineau (Ontario Portion)

• Perfect match.

CMA Ottawa-Gatineau (Québec Portion)

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Denholm (2483005), Mayo (2480065), Val-des-Bois (2480140) and Bowman (2480145).

CMA Peterborough

• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: Curve Lake First Nation 35 (3515019).

CMA Québec

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Lac-Croche (2422902), Saint-Tite-des-Caps (2421005), Saint-Ferréol-les-Neiges (2421010), Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague-du-Cap-Tourmente (2421015), Saint-Joachim (2421020), Beaupré (2421025), Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré (2421030), Sault-au-Cochon (2421902) and Lac-Jacques-Cartier (2421904).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon (2426070), Saint-Henri (2419068), Beaumont (2419105) and Neuville (2434007).

CMA Regina

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Dufferin No.190, (4706059), Bethune (4706061), Findlater (4706062), Kannata Valley (4706075), Silton (4706077), Craven (4706078), Lajord No. 128 (4706011) and 50% of South Qu'Appelle No. 157 (4706034).
• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: 5% of Pense No. 160 (4706021).

CMA Saguenay

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Petit-Saguenay (2494205), L’Anse-Saint-Jean (2494210), Rivière-Éternité (2494215), Ferland-et-Boilleau (2494220), Bégin (2494250), Saint-Ambroise (2494255), Lalemant (2494926), Lac-Ministuk (2494928) and Mont-Valin (2494930).

CMA Saint John

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Norton (1305016), Norton (1305018) and Clarendon (1302014).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: 50% of Saint Martins (1301001), 50% of Musquash (1301016) and Lepreau (1302008).

CMA Saskatoon

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Rosedale No. 283 (4711031), Hanley (4711032), McCraney No. 282 (4711034), Kenaston (4711036), Bladworth (4711038), Lost River No. 313 (4711059), Viscount No. 341 (4711091), Viscount (4711092), Plunkett (4711094),  25% of Bayne No. 371 (4715011), Grant No. 372 (4715014), Prud’Homme (4715016), Vonda (4715017), Aberdeen No. 373 (4715018), Aberdeen (4715019), Montrose No. 315 (4712026), Ruddell (4716003), Maymont (4716004), Mayfield No. 406 (4716005), Great Bend No. 405 (4716008), Radisson (4716009) and Borden (4716011) .  

CMA Sherbrooke

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Sainte-Catherine-de-Hatley (2445060) and Austin (2445085).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: North Hatley (2445050), Hatley (2445055), Compton (2444071), Waterville (2444080), Ascot Corner (2441055), Stoke (2442005), Saint-Denis-de-Brompton (2442025) and Val-Joli (2442095).

CMA St. Catharines-Niagara

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: West Lincoln (3526021) and Grimsby (3526065).

CMA St. John’s

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Bay Bulls (1001557) and Witless Bay (1001559).

CMA Thunder Bay

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Fort William 52 (3558003), Gillies (3558012), O’Connor (3558016) and Conmee (3558019).

CMA Toronto

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 65% of Burlington (3524002), 29% of Whitby (3518009), 29% of Oshawa (3518013), 29% of Clarington (3518017), 29% of Scugog (3518020), 29% of Mississaugas of Scugog Island (3518022), 29% of Brock (3518039), Adjala Tosorontio (3543003) and 78% of Essa (3543021).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: 35% of Oakville (3524001), 35% of Milton (3524009), 35% of Halton Hills (3524015), 71% of Pickering (3518001), 71% of Ajax (3518005), 71% of Uxbridge (3518029) and Bradford West Gwillimbury (3543014).

CMA Trois-Rivières

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Wôlinak (2438802), Yamachiche (2451020), Champlain (2437220), Saint-Luc-de-Vincennes (2437225) and Saint-Maurice (2437230).
• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Saint-Sylvère (2438005), Sainte-Marie-de-Blandford (2438015), Lemieux (2438020), Manseau (2438028), Sainte-Françoise (2438035), Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard (2438040), Fortierville (2438047), Parisville (2438055), Sainte-Cécile-de-Lévrard (2438060), Saint-Pierre-les-Becquets (2438065) and Deschaillons-sur-Saint-Laurent (2438070).

CMA Vancouver

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 64% of Squamish-Lillooet D (5931021) and Cheakamus 11 (5931801).

CMA Victoria

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 2% of Capital G (5917029), Capital H (Part 2) (5917056) and Gordon River 2 (5917815).

CMA Windsor

• Perfect match.

CMA Winnipeg

• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: 64% of Rosser (4614015), 53% of St. Clements (4613056) and Brokenhead 4 (4613062).
• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Cartier (4610043), Brokenhead (4612054), Beausejour (4612056), De Salaberry (4602032), St-Pierre-Jolys (4602037), 22% of Hanover (4602041) and Niverville (4602046).

Note

Source: Statistics Canada, Demography Division and Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics

For the reporting of crime statistics and police personnel, official Statistics Canada census metropolitan area (CMA) populations have been adjusted to follow policing boundaries. Police service boundaries often do not correspond directly with CMA boundaries, particularly in the case of rural detachments. In an effort to match as closely as possible, the following guidelines are used:

• If more than half of a detachment's population falls within CMA boundaries, then all of that detachment's crime is included and the portion of its population falling outside the CMA is added to the official CMA population.

• Conversely, if less than half of a detachment's population falls within CMA boundaries, then all of that detachment's crime is excluded and the portion of its population falling within the CMA is subtracted from the official CMA population.

CMA Abbotsford-Mission

• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: Upper Sumas 6 (5909877).

CMA Barrie

• The following area outside the CMA has been included: Bradford West Gwillimbury (3543014).
• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: Springwater (3543009).

CMA Brantford

• The following area outside the CMA has been included: Six Nations (Part) 40 (3528037).

CMA Calgary

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 62% of Wheatland County (4805012), 28% of Kneehill County (4805041), Acme (4805044), Linden (4805046), 2% of Mountain View County (4806028), 2% of Kananaskis (4815013), 28% of Bighorn No.8 (4815015), Ghost Lake (4815027), Waiparous (4815030), Stoney 142, 143, 144 (4815802), Standard (4805021), and Rockyford (4805022).

CMA Edmonton

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 98% of Thorhild County No. 7 (4813036), 51% of Lac Ste. Anne County (4813001), Val Quentin (4813005), West Cove (4813006), Yellowstone (4813007), Ross Haven (4813008), Castle Island (4813009), Sunset Point (4813011), Alberta Beach (4813012), Onoway (4813014), 8% of Wetaskiwin County No.10 (4811001), Argentina Beach (4811003), Silver Beach (4811009), Sandy Beach (4813016) and Sunrise Beach (4813017).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: 2% of Leduc County (4811012), 11% of Parkland County (4811034), Seba Beach (4811038), Betula Beach (4811039), Bruderheim (4810066) and 5% of Sturgeon County (4811059).

CMA Greater Sudbury

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Wahnapitei 11 (3553040) and Whitefish Lake 6 (3552051).

CMA Guelph

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Puslinch (3523001) and Guelph/Eramosa (3523009). 

CMA Halifax

• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: Shubenacadie 13 (1209029).

CMA Hamilton

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: 65% of Burlington (3524002) and Grimsby (3526065).
• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 35% of Oakville (3524001), 35% of Milton (3524009) and 35% of Halton Hills (3524015).

CMA Kelowna

• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: 64% of Central Okanagan J (5935020).
• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 5% of Kootenay Boundary E (5905054) and 2% of Okanagan-Similkameen F (5907051).

CMA Kingston

• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: Frontenac Islands (3510005).

CMA Kitchener

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Wilmot (3530020) and Wellesley (3530027).

CMA London

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Southwest Middlesex (3539005), North Middlesex (3539041), Lucan Biddulph (3539060), Newbury (3539002), Chippewas of the Thames First Nation 42 (3539017), Munsee-Delaware Nation 1 (3539018) and Oneida 41 (3539021).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Central Elgin (3534020) and Southwold (3534024).

CMA Moncton

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 64% of Havelock (1305028), Hopewell (1306001), Riverside-Albert (1306003), Harvey (1306004), Alma (1306006), Alma (1306007), Salisbury (1307024), Petitcodiac (1307029), Westmorland (1307001), Port Elgin (1307002), Botsford (1307004) and Sackville (1307008).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Saint-Paul (1308008) and 1% of Moncton (1307019).

CMA Montréal

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Rivière-Beaudette (2471005), Saint-Télesphore (2471015), Saint-Polycarpe (2471020), Saint-Clet (2471045), Sainte-Marthe, (2471110), Sainte-Justine-de-Newton, (2471115), Très-Saint-Rédempteur, (2471125), Rigaud (2471133), Pointe-Fortune (2471140), Saint-Jean-Baptiste (2457033), Calixa-Lavallée (2459030) and Contrecoeur (2459035).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Lavaltrie (2452007), L’Épiphanie (2460035), L’Épiphanie (2460040) and Gore (2476025).

CMA Oshawa

• Not currently used due to the fact that data would have to be based on estimates from Durham Regional Police.
• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 64% of Pickering (3518001), 64% of Ajax (3518005), 64% of Scugog (3518020), 64% of Mississaugas of Scugog Island (3518022), 64% of Uxbridge (3518029) and 64% of Brock (3518039).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: 36% of Whitby (3518009), 36% of Oshawa (3518013) and 36% of Clarington (3518017).

CMA Ottawa-Gatineau (Ontario Portion)

• Perfect match.

CMA Ottawa-Gatineau (Québec Portion)

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Denholm (2483005), Mayo (2480065), Val-des-Bois (2480140) and Bowman (2480145).

CMA Peterborough

• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: Curve Lake First Nation 35 (3515019).

CMA Québec

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Lac-Croche (2422902), Saint-Tite-des-Caps (2421005), Saint-Ferréol-les-Neiges (2421010), Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague-du-Cap-Tourmente (2421015), Saint-Joachim (2421020), Beaupré (2421025), Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré (2421030), Sault-au-Cochon (2421902) and Lac-Jacques-Cartier (2421904).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Saint-Lambert-de-Lauzon (2426070), Saint-Henri (2419068), Beaumont (2419105) and Neuville (2434007).

CMA Regina

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Dufferin No.190, (4706059), Bethune (4706061), Findlater (4706062), Kannata Valley (4706075), Silton (4706077), Craven (4706078), Lajord No. 128 (4706011) and 50% of South Qu'Appelle No. 157 (4706034).
• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: 5% of Pense No. 160 (4706021).

CMA Saguenay

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Petit-Saguenay (2494205), L’Anse-Saint-Jean (2494210), Rivière-Éternité (2494215), Ferland-et-Boilleau (2494220), Bégin (2494250), Saint-Ambroise (2494255), Lalemant (2494926), Lac-Ministuk (2494928) and Mont-Valin (2494930).

CMA Saint John

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Norton (1305016), Norton (1305018) and Clarendon (1302014).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: 50% of Saint Martins (1301001), 50% of Musquash (1301016) and Lepreau (1302008).

CMA Saskatoon

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Rosedale No. 283 (4711031), Hanley (4711032), McCraney No. 282 (4711034), Kenaston (4711036), Bladworth (4711038), Lost River No. 313 (4711059), Viscount No. 341 (4711091), Viscount (4711092), Plunkett (4711094),  25% of Bayne No. 371 (4715011), Grant No. 372 (4715014), Prud’Homme (4715016), Vonda (4715017), Aberdeen No. 373 (4715018), Aberdeen (4715019), Montrose No. 315 (4712026), Ruddell (4716003), Maymont (4716004), Mayfield No. 406 (4716005), Great Bend No. 405 (4716008), Radisson (4716009) and Borden (4716011) .  

CMA Sherbrooke

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Sainte-Catherine-de-Hatley (2445060) and Austin (2445085).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: North Hatley (2445050), Hatley (2445055), Compton (2444071), Waterville (2444080), Ascot Corner (2441055), Stoke (2442005), Saint-Denis-de-Brompton (2442025) and Val-Joli (2442095).

CMA St. Catharines-Niagara

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: West Lincoln (3526021) and Grimsby (3526065).

CMA St. John’s

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Bay Bulls (1001557) and Witless Bay (1001559).

CMA Thunder Bay

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Fort William 52 (3558003), Gillies (3558012), O’Connor (3558016) and Conmee (3558019).

CMA Toronto

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 65% of Burlington (3524002), 30% of Whitby (3518009), 30% of Oshawa (3518013), 30% of Clarington (3518017), 30% of Scugog (3518020), 30% of Mississaugas of Scugog Island (3518022), 30% of Brock (3518039), Adjala Tosorontio (3543003) and 78% of Essa (3543021).
• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: 35% of Oakville (3524001), 35% of Milton (3524009), 35% of Halton Hills (3524015), 70% of Pickering (3518001), 70% of Ajax (3518005), 70% of Uxbridge (3518029) and Bradford West Gwillimbury (3543014).

CMA Trois-Rivières

• The following areas within the CMA have been excluded: Wôlinak (2438802), Yamachiche (2451020), Champlain (2437220), Saint-Luc-de-Vincennes (2437225) and Saint-Maurice (2437230).
• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Saint-Sylvère (2438005), Sainte-Marie-de-Blandford (2438015), Lemieux (2438020), Manseau (2438028), Sainte-Françoise (2438035), Sainte-Sophie-de-Lévrard (2438040), Fortierville (2438047), Parisville (2438055), Sainte-Cécile-de-Lévrard (2438060), Saint-Pierre-les-Becquets (2438065) and Deschaillons-sur-Saint-Laurent (2438070).

CMA Vancouver

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 64% of Squamish-Lillooet D (5931021) and Cheakamus 11 (5931801).

CMA Victoria

• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: 2% of Capital G (5917029), Capital H (Part 2) (5917056) and Gordon River 2 (5917815).

CMA Windsor

• Perfect match.

CMA Winnipeg

• The following area within the CMA has been excluded: 66% of Rosser (4614015), 90% of St. Clements (4613056) and Brokenhead 4 (4613062).
• The following areas outside the CMA have been included: Cartier (4610043), Brokenhead (4612054), De Salaberry (4602032), St-Pierre-Jolys (4602037), 26% of Hanover (4602041) and Niverville (4602046).