Table 3-2
Treatment methods — Volumes of potable water treated, by source water type and unit processes for water treatment

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Treatment methods — Volumes of potable water treated, by source water type and unit processes for water treatment
Table summary
This table displays the volumes and percentages of potable water treated by drinking water plants, broken down by source water type and unit processes for water treatment for 2011. The row headers are comprised of 39 unit processes. The column headers are comprised of three source water type categories: Surface water; Groundwater and groundwater under the direct influence of surface water; and Total. Each of the source water types has subheaders for the volume of water with units of millions of cubic metres and for the percentage of the total volume. The Sedimentation row has a note which reads "Conventional, tube, plate or high rate." The Other clarification row has a note which reads "Sludge blanket, pulsed blanket, ballasted, solids contact or other." The Filtration - granular media row has a note which reads "Single, dual or triple media." The table has a note which reads "The same volumes of water may be treated with, and thus counted under, multiple treatment processes. Figures may not add up to totals due to rounding."
	Surface water		Groundwater and groundwater under the direct influence of surface water		Total
	Volume	Percentage of total	Volume	Percentage of total	Volume	Percentage of total
	millions of cubic metres	%	millions of cubic metres	%	millions of cubic metres	%
Unit process
Microscreening	781.8 ^A	17.3 ^A	18.6 ^A	3.2 ^A	800.4 ^A	15.7 ^A
Chlorination (hypochlorites or chlorine gas)	4,403.6 ^A	97.4 ^A	492.2 ^A	84.8 ^A	4,895.8 ^A	95.9 ^A
Chlorine dioxide	73.0 ^D	1.6 ^C	1.9 ^C	0.3 ^C	74.9 ^C	1.5 ^C
Chloramination	1,076.6 ^A	23.8 ^A	45.4 ^A	7.8 ^A	1,122.0 ^A	22.0 ^A
Ultraviolet irradiation	967.0 ^A	21.4 ^A	111.4 ^A	19.2 ^A	1,078.4 ^A	21.1 ^A
Ozonation	1,338.4 ^A	29.6 ^A	12.6 ^A	2.2 ^A	1,351.1 ^A	26.5 ^A
Application of potassium permanganate	267.6 ^A	5.9 ^A	33.5 ^A	5.8 ^A	301.0 ^A	5.9 ^A
Other disinfection or oxidation reagents	3.7 ^B	0.1 ^B	9.8 ^D	1.7 ^D	13.5 ^D	0.3 ^D
Fluoridation	1,778.5 ^A	39.3 ^A	78.6 ^A	13.6 ^A	1,857.1 ^A	36.4 ^A
Alkalinity adjustment for process control	428.6 ^A	9.5 ^A	22.5 ^A	3.9 ^A	451.1 ^A	8.8 ^A
pH adjustment for process control	1,386.1 ^A	30.6 ^A	44.3 ^A	7.6 ^A	1,430.4 ^A	28.0 ^A
pH adjustment for corrosion control	1,483.5 ^A	32.8 ^A	46.1 ^A	7.9 ^A	1,529.7 ^A	30.0 ^A
Alkalinity adjustment for corrosion control	541.5 ^A	12.0 ^A	11.2 ^A	1.9 ^A	552.7 ^A	10.8 ^A
Corrosion control inhibitors	530.1 ^A	11.7 ^A	63.9 ^A	11.0 ^A	594.0 ^A	11.6 ^A
Coagulation – aluminum-based	3,131.8 ^A	69.2 ^A	38.7 ^A	6.7 ^A	3,170.6 ^A	62.1 ^A
Coagulation – ferric-based	220.1 ^A	4.9 ^A	2.9 ^A	0.5 ^A	223.1 ^A	4.4 ^A
Other coagulant	356.6 ^A	7.9 ^A	10.9 ^B	1.9 ^B	367.5 ^A	7.2 ^A
Enhanced coagulation	778.0 ^A	17.2 ^A	6.4 ^A	1.1 ^A	784.4 ^A	15.4 ^A
Flocculation	3,074.1 ^A	68.0 ^A	36.6 ^A	6.3 ^A	3,110.7 ^A	61.0 ^A
Sedimentation ¹	2,025.8 ^A	44.8 ^A	25.7 ^A	4.4 ^A	2,051.5 ^A	40.2 ^A
Dissolved air flotation	171.8 ^A	3.8 ^A	1.0 ^D	0.2 ^D	172.8 ^A	3.4 ^A
Other clarification ²	1,071.3 ^A	23.7 ^A	13.8 ^A	2.4 ^A	1,085.1 ^A	21.3 ^A
Filtration – granular media ³	3,792.1 ^A	83.8 ^A	109.9 ^A	18.9 ^A	3,902.0 ^A	76.5 ^A
Granular activated carbon as part of filter media	1,332.9 ^A	29.5 ^A	31.6 ^A	5.5 ^A	1,364.6 ^A	26.7 ^A
Granular activated carbon – separate unit	313.4 ^A	6.9 ^A	3.4 ^A	0.6 ^A	316.8 ^A	6.2 ^A
Microfiltration (membrane)	78.2 ^A	1.7 ^A	3.0 ^B	0.5 ^B	81.2 ^A	1.6 ^A
Ultrafiltration (membrane)	297.1 ^A	6.6 ^A	2.0 ^A	0.3 ^B	299.0 ^A	5.9 ^A
Filtration – cartridge or bag	1.2 ^E	0.0 ^Es	6.8 ^A	1.2 ^A	8.0 ^B	0.2 ^B
Filtration – slow sand	98.1 ^A	2.2 ^A	12.8 ^A	2.2 ^A	110.9 ^A	2.2 ^A
Aeration	130.2 ^A	2.9 ^A	18.1 ^B	3.1 ^B	148.3 ^A	2.9 ^A
Air stripping	58.1 ^A	1.3 ^A	9.1 ^D	1.6 ^D	67.2 ^A	1.3 ^A
Lime softening	152.0 ^B	3.4 ^B	7.5 ^B	1.3 ^B	159.5 ^B	3.1 ^B
Activated alumina	2.9 ^D	0.1 ^D	F	F	3.3 ^D	0.1 ^D
Ion exchange	1.5 ^A	0.0 ^As	2.0 ^C	0.3 ^C	3.5 ^B	0.1 ^B
Sequestering	17.1 ^C	0.4 ^C	62.8 ^A	10.8 ^A	79.8 ^A	1.6 ^A
Greensand filtration	2.8 ^C	0.1 ^C	63.0 ^A	10.9 ^A	65.9 ^A	1.3 ^A
Powdered activated carbon	890.7 ^A	19.7 ^A	3.6 ^A	0.6 ^A	894.3 ^A	17.5 ^A
Reverse osmosis or nano filtration	3.2 ^B	0.1 ^B	7.1 ^B	1.2 ^B	10.3 ^A	0.2 ^A
Other processes	135.0 ^B	3.0 ^B	33.6 ^A	5.8 ^A	168.6 ^B	3.3 ^B

Conventional, tube, plate or high rate.

Sludge blanket, pulsed blanket, ballasted, solids contact or other.

Single, dual or triple media.

Note(s):

The same volumes of water may be treated with, and thus counted under, multiple treatment processes. Figures may not add up to totals due to rounding.

Source(s):

Statistics Canada, 2013, Environment Accounts and Statistics Division, Survey of Drinking Water Plants (survey number 5149).

Date modified:: 2015-11-27

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Table 3-2
Treatment methods — Volumes of potable water treated, by source water type and unit processes for water treatment

Archived Content

Table 3-2Treatment methods — Volumes of potable water treated, by source water type and unit processes for water treatment

Archived Content

Table 3-2
Treatment methods — Volumes of potable water treated, by source water type and unit processes for water treatment