Distribution of foreign-born population, by region of birth, Canada, 1871 to 2036

Graph: Distribution of foreign-born population, by region of birth, Canada, 1871 to 2036
Data table for the graph
Distribution (in percentage) of foreign-born population, by region of birth, Canada, 1871 to 2036
  British Isles Europe (excluding the British Isles) United States Caribbean, Bermuda, Central and South America Africa Asia (including the Middle East) Oceania and others
Observed
1871 83.6 4.8 10.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7
1971 29.5 50.2 9.4 3.2 1.4 5.0 1.3
1981 23.3 43.4 7.8 7.3 2.6 14.1 1.5
1986 21.0 41.6 7.2 8.7 2.9 17.5 1.1
1991 17.2 37.2 5.7 10.4 3.8 24.6 1.1
1996 13.8 33.1 4.9 11.1 4.6 31.4 1.0
2001 11.6 30.4 4.4 11.0 5.2 36.5 1.0
2006 9.7 27.1 4.0 11.3 6.1 40.8 1.0
2011 8.3 23.1 3.9 11.7 7.3 44.9 0.8
2016 7.0 20.7 3.4 11.6 8.5 48.1 0.8
Projected
2021 6.0 17.2 3.4 11.6 9.7 51.3 0.8
2026 5.1 15.1 3.3 11.5 10.5 53.8 0.7
2031 4.5 13.4 3.1 11.4 11.2 55.8 0.7
2036 3.9 12.0 3.0 11.3 11.7 57.4 0.7
Sources: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 1871 to 2006, 2016; National Household Survey, 2011; Immigration and Diversity: Population Projections for Canada and its Regions, 2011 to 2036 (reference scenario).

Distribution (in percentage) of recent immigrants in Canada by provinces and territories, 1981 to 2016

Graph: Distribution (in percentage) of recent immigrants in Canada by provinces and territories, 1981 to 2016
Data table for the graph
Distribution (in percentage) of recent immigrants in Canada by provinces and territories, 1981 to 2016
  1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016
Atlantic provinces 2.3 2.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 2.0 2.3
Quebec 15.7 16.2 15.8 14.5 13.7 17.5 19.2 17.8
Ontario 46.0 48.5 55.9 54.2 55.9 52.3 43.1 39.0
Manitoba 4.3 4.2 2.7 1.8 1.8 2.8 5.0 5.2
Saskatchewan 1.9 1.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 2.3 4.0
Alberta 13.3 12.2 8.0 6.7 6.9 9.3 12.4 17.1
British Columbia 16.4 15.0 15.4 20.8 19.9 16.0 15.9 14.5
Territories 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
Note: "Recent immigrants" refers to immigrants who first obtained their landed immigrant or permanent resident status in Canada in the five years prior to a given census.
Sources: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 1981 to 2006, 2016; 2011 National Household Survey.

Distribution (in percentage) of immigrants living in Canada, by admission category and year of immigration, 2016

Graph: Distribution (in percentage) of immigrants living in Canada, by admission category and year of immigration, 2016
Data table for the graph
Distribution (in percentage) of immigrants living in Canada, by admission category and year of immigration, 2016
  Economic immigrants Immigrants sponsored by family Refugees Other immigrants
1980 38.1 33.2 28.4 0.2
1981 49.9 33.0 16.7 0.4
1982 45.6 36.4 17.7 0.4
1983 32.8 45.0 21.3 0.8
1984 35.2 40.9 23.0 0.9
1985 35.9 40.9 22.4 0.9
1986 37.6 37.5 24.3 0.6
1987 43.8 34.3 21.2 0.8
1988 48.3 29.5 21.4 0.8
1989 45.2 30.4 23.6 0.8
1990 41.4 34.5 23.2 0.9
1991 35.8 39.1 24.0 1.1
1992 36.2 42.2 20.3 1.4
1993 38.8 44.4 15.0 1.8
1994 41.5 42.2 14.6 1.7
1995 46.2 37.4 15.7 0.6
1996 51.5 32.5 14.6 1.4
1997 55.8 29.5 13.4 1.3
1998 51.4 31.3 15.9 1.4
1999 53.1 29.7 16.6 0.6
2000 56.5 29.1 14.2 0.2
2001 58.8 27.8 13.3 0.1
2002 57.3 28.9 12.9 0.8
2003 53.0 32.2 13.8 1.0
2004 54.2 29.1 14.9 1.8
2005 57.2 27.9 13.1 1.7
2006 53.4 31.7 12.8 2.2
2007 53.9 31.0 12.8 2.3
2008 57.7 29.0 11.4 1.8
2009 59.0 28.7 11.0 1.4
2010 65.2 23.9 9.7 1.2
2011 62.2 25.1 11.3 1.3
2012 62.8 27.0 8.8 1.4
2013 58.8 30.8 9.2 1.2
2014 62.0 27.1 9.6 1.3
2015 60.5 25.5 12.6 1.4
2016 50.6 24.1 24.1 1.2
Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016.

Number and proportion of foreign-born population in Canada, 1871 to 2036

Graph: Number and proportion of foreign-born population in Canada, 1871 to 2036
Data table for the graph
Number and proportion of foreign-born population in Canada, 1871 to 2036
  Number Percentage
Observed
1871 594,207 16.1
1881 602,984 13.9
1891 643,871 13.3
1901 699,500 13.0
1911 1,586,961 22.0
1921 1,955,736 22.3
1931 2,307,525 22.2
1941 2,018,847 17.5
1951 2,059,911 14.7
1961 2,844,263 15.6
1971 3,295,530 15.3
1981 3,843,335 16.0
1986 3,908,150 15.6
1991 4,342,890 16.1
1996 4,971,070 17.4
2001 5,448,480 18.4
2006 6,186,950 19.8
2011 6,775,770 20.6
2016 7,540,830 21.9
Projected
2021 9,036,000 23.7
2026 10,120,000 25.2
2031 11,234,000 26.7
2036 12,363,000 28.2
Sources: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 1871 to 2006, 2016; National Household Survey, 2011; Immigration and Diversity: Population Projections for Canada and its Regions, 2011 to 2036 (reference scenario).

CV's for Total Sales

CVs for Total Sales
Table summary
This table displays the results of CVs for Total Sales. The information is grouped by NAPCS-CANADA (appearing as row headers), Quarter, 2016Q3, 2016Q4, 2017Q1 and 2017Q2, calculated using percent units of measure (appearing as column headers).
NAPCS-CANADA Quarter
2016Q3 2016Q4 2017Q1 2017Q2
percent
Total commodities, retail trade commissions and miscellaneous services 1.18 1.83 1.34 1.63
Retail Services (except commissions) [561] 1.20 1.85 1.35 1.64
Food at retail [56111] 2.44 3.57 2.29 2.67
Soft drinks and alcoholic beverages, at retail [56112] 1.29 2.61 3.46 3.6
Clothing at retail [56121] 2.12 3.14 2.16 2.55
Footwear at retail [56122] 2.02 3.40 2.52 2.62
Jewellery and watches, luggage and briefcases, at retail [56123] 2.10 4.42 2.61 3.04
Home furniture, furnishings, housewares, appliances and electronics, at retail [56131] 2.64 3.77 2.94 3.54
Sporting and leisure products, at retail [56141] 3.39 4.09 3.23 3.71
Motor vehicles at retail [56151] 1.59 4.52 2.86 3.45
Recreational vehicles at retail [56152] 3.89 7.85 5.97 5.43
Motor vehicle parts, accessories and supplies, at retail [56153] 1.76 3.27 2.51 3
Automotive and household fuels, at retail [56161] 3.11 3.02 3.27 3.39
Home health products at retail [56171] 2.00 2.73 3.56 4.16
Infant care, personal and beauty products, at retail [56172] 2.71 3.59 3.30 3.6
Hardware, tools, renovation and lawn and garden products, at retail [56181] 3.17 3.97 3.54 3.43
Miscellaneous products at retail [56191] 1.85 1.94 2.70 2.63
Total retail trade commissions and miscellaneous services CVs for Note 1 1.32 2.09 1.94 2.15
Note 1

Comprises the following North American Product Classification System (NAPCS): 56211, 58122, 58141, 57111, 841, 58121, 58111, 53112 and 58131.

Return to note 1 referrer

Help-Wanted Index and the unemployment rate, Canada, January 1981 to January 2003

Graph: Help-Wanted Index and the unemployment rate, Canada, January 1981 to January 2003
Data table for the graph
Help-Wanted Index and the unemployment rate, Canada, January 1981 to January 2003
  Help-Wanted Index
(August 1996 = 100)		 Unemployment rate
(%)
January 1981 172 7.4
February 1981 177 7.4
March 1981 178 7.4
April 1981 179 7.1
May 1981 180 7.2
June 1981 178 7.2
July 1981 175 7.2
August 1981 170 7.1
September 1981 163 8.1
October 1981 155 8.3
November 1981 145 8.3
December 1981 135 8.7
January 1982 125 8.6
February 1982 116 8.9
March 1982 107 9.3
April 1982 99 9.8
May 1982 92 10.3
June 1982 85 11.1
July 1982 80 11.9
August 1982 77 12
September 1982 75 12.4
October 1982 75 12.9
November 1982 75 12.9
December 1982 77 13.1
January 1983 78 12.7
February 1983 80 12.7
March 1983 82 12.5
April 1983 85 12.4
May 1983 87 12.4
June 1983 90 12.4
July 1983 92 11.9
August 1983 94 11.7
September 1983 95 11.4
October 1983 97 11.3
November 1983 98 11.3
December 1983 100 11.3
January 1984 103 11.3
February 1984 106 11.3
March 1984 109 11.3
April 1984 113 11.5
May 1984 116 11.7
June 1984 119 11.3
July 1984 121 11.2
August 1984 122 11.3
September 1984 122 11.8
October 1984 122 11.3
November 1984 122 11.4
December 1984 123 11.1
January 1985 126 10.6
February 1985 129 10.8
March 1985 133 11
April 1985 136 10.8
May 1985 140 10.6
June 1985 143 10.7
July 1985 146 10.4
August 1985 149 10.3
September 1985 152 10.2
October 1985 156 10.3
November 1985 159 10.3
December 1985 162 10.1
January 1986 164 9.8
February 1986 165 9.9
March 1986 166 9.8
April 1986 167 9.7
May 1986 168 9.5
June 1986 168 9.6
July 1986 169 9.6
August 1986 171 9.6
September 1986 174 9.5
October 1986 178 9.4
November 1986 183 9.4
December 1986 188 9.5
January 1987 193 9.5
February 1987 197 9.5
March 1987 200 9.4
April 1987 203 9.2
May 1987 207 8.9
June 1987 211 8.9
July 1987 215 8.7
August 1987 220 8.6
September 1987 224 8.4
October 1987 227 8.3
November 1987 231 8.2
December 1987 233 8
January 1988 234 8.1
February 1988 234 7.8
March 1988 234 7.8
April 1988 234 7.7
May 1988 234 7.8
June 1988 235 7.6
July 1988 236 7.8
August 1988 237 7.8
September 1988 237 7.8
October 1988 237 7.8
November 1988 237 7.8
December 1988 239 7.5
January 1989 240 7.5
February 1989 243 7.6
March 1989 244 7.5
April 1989 243 7.8
May 1989 241 7.7
June 1989 239 7.5
July 1989 237 7.5
August 1989 235 7.3
September 1989 234 7.3
October 1989 232 7.2
November 1989 228 7.5
December 1989 223 7.7
January 1990 218 7.9
February 1990 213 7.7
March 1990 207 7.3
April 1990 200 7.6
May 1990 193 7.8
June 1990 185 7.6
July 1990 176 7.9
August 1990 168 8.1
September 1990 159 8.5
October 1990 150 8.8
November 1990 141 9.1
December 1990 133 9.5
January 1991 127 9.8
February 1991 123 10.2
March 1991 120 10.5
April 1991 118 10.3
May 1991 118 10.2
June 1991 117 10.5
July 1991 117 10.5
August 1991 115 10.5
September 1991 114 10.3
October 1991 112 10.3
November 1991 110 10.4
December 1991 108 10.3
January 1992 105 10.4
February 1992 103 10.5
March 1992 101 10.9
April 1992 99 10.7
May 1992 99 10.9
June 1992 99 11.4
July 1992 99 11.3
August 1992 99 11.7
September 1992 100 11.6
October 1992 100 11.4
November 1992 100 12.1
December 1992 101 11.7
January 1993 101 11.2
February 1993 102 11
March 1993 102 11.2
April 1993 102 11.6
May 1993 102 11.6
June 1993 102 11.7
July 1993 101 11.6
August 1993 101 11.2
September 1993 101 11.5
October 1993 101 11.3
November 1993 102 11.2
December 1993 104 11.4
January 1994 106 11.4
February 1994 107 11.1
March 1994 108 10.6
April 1994 109 10.9
May 1994 109 10.7
June 1994 110 10.3
July 1994 112 10.1
August 1994 113 10.2
September 1994 114 10.1
October 1994 115 10
November 1994 116 9.7
December 1994 116 9.6
January 1995 115 9.6
February 1995 114 9.6
March 1995 113 9.7
April 1995 112 9.5
May 1995 110 9.5
June 1995 109 9.5
July 1995 108 9.6
August 1995 106 9.5
September 1995 105 9.2
October 1995 104 9.3
November 1995 103 9.2
December 1995 101 9.4
January 1996 100 9.4
February 1996 99 9.5
March 1996 98 9.6
April 1996 98 9.3
May 1996 98 9.2
June 1996 99 9.8
July 1996 99 9.7
August 1996 100 9.4
September 1996 102 9.9
October 1996 104 9.9
November 1996 106 9.9
December 1996 108 9.7
January 1997 111 9.5
February 1997 113 9.5
March 1997 116 9.3
April 1997 119 9.4
May 1997 121 9.4
June 1997 124 9.1
July 1997 126 8.9
August 1997 128 8.9
September 1997 130 8.8
October 1997 131 8.9
November 1997 133 8.9
December 1997 135 8.5
January 1998 137 8.8
February 1998 139 8.6
March 1998 141 8.4
April 1998 142 8.3
May 1998 143 8.3
June 1998 143 8.4
July 1998 144 8.3
August 1998 144 8.1
September 1998 144 8.2
October 1998 144 8
November 1998 145 8
December 1998 146 8.1
January 1999 148.3 7.9
February 1999 150.6 7.9
March 1999 153.3 7.9
April 1999 156 8.2
May 1999 157.9 7.9
June 1999 159.1 7.6
July 1999 159.6 7.6
August 1999 160.3 7.4
September 1999 161.5 7.5
October 1999 163.3 7.2
November 1999 165.7 6.9
December 1999 167.7 6.8
January 2000 169.3 6.8
February 2000 169.8 6.9
March 2000 169.6 6.9
April 2000 169.4 6.7
May 2000 169.6 6.6
June 2000 170.6 6.7
July 2000 172.3 6.8
August 2000 174.7 7
September 2000 177 6.9
October 2000 178.4 7
November 2000 178.2 6.9
December 2000 176 6.8
January 2001 172.7 6.9
February 2001 168.9 7
March 2001 165.1 7.1
April 2001 161.3 7.1
May 2001 157.3 7
June 2001 153 7.2
July 2001 148.4 7.1
August 2001 143.5 7.2
September 2001 138.3 7.2
October 2001 133.5 7.3
November 2001 129.5 7.5
December 2001 127.2 8.1
January 2002 126.2 8
February 2002 126.4 7.9
March 2002 126.9 7.9
April 2002 127.3 7.7
May 2002 127.3 7.7
June 2002 126.5 7.7
July 2002 124.9 7.6
August 2002 122.6 7.4
September 2002 119.7 7.5
October 2002 116.9 7.5
November 2002 114.6 7.5
December 2002 112.9 7.6
January 2003 111.9 7.4

Notes: Unemployment rate estimates from the Labour Force Survey. The data for the help-wanted index and the unemployment rate are seasonally adjusted.

Sources: CANSIM table 277-0002 (data on the Help-Wanted index) and CANSIM table 282-0087 (data on the unemployment rate).

CVs for Total Sales by Geography

CVs for Total Sales by Geography
Table summary
This table displays the results of CVs for Total Sales by Geography. The information is grouped by Geography (appearing as row headers), Month, 201608, 201609, 201610, 201611, 201612, 201701, 201702, 201703, 201704, 201705, 201706, 201707 and 201708 (appearing as column headers).
Geography Month
201608 201609 201610 201611 201612 201701 201702 201703 201704 201705 201706 201707 201708
percentage
Canada 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7
Newfoundland and Labrador 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5
Prince Edward Island 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nova Scotia 1.7 1.6 2.5 2.4 4.2 1.8 3.1 1.4 2.4 2.9 3.1 2.1 1.3
New Brunswick 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.3 2.5 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.3 3.3 1.9 4.0
Québec 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.1 2.9 2.3 2.3 3.0 2.3 2.1 2.8 2.3
Ontario 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0
Manitoba 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.0 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.1 2.0 2.7 2.2 1.8 2.3
Saskatchewan 4.2 3.3 3.8 2.3 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.8
Alberta 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.3 0.9 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.8 0.9 1.0 1.0
British Columbia 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.3
Yukon Territory 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Northwest Territories 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nunavut 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Integrated Business Statistics Program (IBSP)

Reporting Guide

This guide is designed to assist you as you complete the 2016 Annual Survey of Research and Development in Canadian Industry – Industrial Non-profit Organizations. If you need more information, please call the Statistics Canada Help Line at the number below.

Help Line: 1-800-972-9692

Your answers are confidential.

Statistics Canada is prohibited by law from releasing any information it collects which could identify any person, business, or organization, unless consent has been given by the respondent or as permitted by the Statistics Act.

Statistics Canada will use information from this survey for statistical purposes.

NOTE:

  1. If this organization performs in-house research and development (R&D) and outsources R&D, complete all questions.
  2. If this organization performs in-house (R&D) and does not outsource R&D, complete questions 1-5, 8-19.
  3. If this organization outsources (R&D) and does not perform in-house R&D, complete questions 1-3, 5-7, 12, 16-19.
  4. If this organization does not perform in-house (R&D) and does not outsource R&D, complete questions 1-3, 5, 12, 16, 17 and 19.

For this survey

'In-house R&D' refers to

Expenditures within Canada for R&D performed within this organization by:

  • employees (permanent, temporary or casual)
  • self-employed individuals or contractors who are working on-site on this organization 's R&D projects.

'Outsourced R&D' refers to

Payments made within or outside Canada to other organizations, companies or individuals to fund R&D performance:

  • grants
  • fellowships
  • contracts.

Reporting period information

Here are some examples of common fiscal periods that fall within the targeted dates:

  • May 1, 2015 to April 30, 2016
  • June 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016
  • August 1, 2015 to July 31, 2016
  • October 1, 2015 to September 30, 2016
  • December 1, 2015 to November 30, 2016
  • January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016
  • February 1, 2016 to January 31, 2017
  • March 1, 2016 to February 28, 2017
  • April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017

Here are other examples of fiscal periods that fall within the required dates:

  • September 18, 2015 to September 15, 2016 (e.g., floating year-end)
  • June 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 (e.g., a newly opened organization)

Definitions and Concepts

Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge

R&D is performed in the natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities. There are three types of R&D activities: basic research, applied research and experimental development.

Activities included and excluded from R&D

Inclusions

Prototypes

Include design, construction and operation of prototypes provided that the primary objective is to make further improvements or to undertake technical testing. Exclude if the prototype is for commercial purposes.

Pilot plants

Include construction and operation of pilot plants provided that the primary objective is to make further improvement or to undertake technical testing. Exclude if the pilot plant is intended to be operated for commercial purposes.

New computer software or significant improvements/modifications to existing computer software

Includes technological or scientific advances in theoretical computer sciences; operating systems e.g. improvement in interface management, developing new operating system of converting an existing operating system to a significantly different hardware environment; programming languages; and applications if a significant technological change occurs.

Contracts

Include all contracts which require R&D. Report only the R&D costs for contracts which include other work.

Research work in the social sciences

Include if projects are employing new or significantly different modelling techniques or developing new formulae, analyzing data not previously available or applying new research techniques, development of community strategies for disease prevention, or health education.

Exclude:

  • Routine analytical projects using standard techniques and existing data
  • Routine market research
  • Routine statistical analysis intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Exclusions

Routine analysis in the social sciences including policy-related studies, management studies and efficiency studies

Exclude analytical projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies, principles and models of the related social sciences to bear on a particular problem (e.g. commentary on the probable economic effects of a change in the tax structure, using existing economic data; use of standard techniques in applied psychology to select and classify industrial and military personnel, students, etc., and to test children with reading or other disabilities).

Consumer surveys, advertising, market research

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for commercialization of the results of R&D.

Routine quality control and testing

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies not intended to create new knowledge even if carried out by personnel normally engaged in R&D.

Pre-production activities such as demonstration of commercial viability, tooling up, trial production, and trouble shooting

Exclude pre-production activities such as demonstration of commercial viability, tooling up, trial production, and trouble shooting. Although R&D may be required as a result of these steps, these activities are excluded from R&D.

Prospecting, exploratory drilling, development of mines, oil or gas wells

Include only if for R&D projects concerned with new equipment or techniques in these activities, such as in-situ and tertiary recovery research.

Engineering

Exclude engineering unless it is in direct support of R&D.

Design and drawing

Exclude design and drawing unless it is in direct support of R&D.

Patent and license work

Exclude all administrative and legal work connected with patents and licenses.

Cosmetic modifications or style changes to existing products

Exclude where no significant technical improvement or modification to the existing products.

General purpose or routine data collection

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Routine computer programming, systems maintenance or software application

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended to support on-going operations.

Routine mathematical or statistical analysis or operations analysis

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Activities associated with standards compliance

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended to support standards compliance.

Specialized routine medical care such as routine pathology services

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

In-house R&D expenditures within Canada (Q5 - Q7)

In-house R&D expenditures are composed of current in-house R&D expenditures and capital in-house R&D expenditures.

Current in-house R&D expenditures

Include:

  • Wages, salaries, benefits and fringe benefits, materials and supplies
  • Services to support R&D including on-site R&D consultants and contactors
  • Necessary background literature
  • Minor scientific equipment
  • Associated administrative overhead costs.
  1. Wages, salaries of permanent, temporary and casual R&D employees

Include benefits and fringe benefits of employees engaged in R&D activities. Benefits and fringe benefits include bonus payments, holiday or vacation pay, contributions to pension funds, other social security payments, payroll taxes, etc.

  1. Services to support R&D

Include:

  • Payments to on-site R&D consultants and contractors working under the direct control of your organization
  • Other services including indirect services purchased to support in-house R&D such as security, storage, repair, maintenance and use of buildings and equipment, computer services, software licensing fees and dissemination of R&D findings.
  1. R&D materials

Include:

  • Water, fuel, gas and electricity
  • Materials for creation of prototypes
  • Reference materials (books, journals, etc.)
  • Subscriptions to libraries and data bases, memberships to scientific societies, etc.
  • Cost of outsourced (contracted out or granted) small R&D prototypes or R&D models
  • Materials for laboratories (chemicals, animals, etc.)
  • All other R&D-related materials.
  1. All other current R&D costs including overhead

Include administrative and overhead costs (e.g. office, post and telecommunications, internet, insurance), prorated if necessary to exclude for non-R&D activities within the organization

Exclude:

  • Interest charges
  • Value added taxes (goods and services tax (GST) or harmonized sales tax (HST)).

Capital in-house R&D expenditures

Capital in-house R&D expenditures are the annual gross amount paid for the acquisition of fixed assets that are used repeatedly, or continuously in the performance of R&D for more than one year. Report capital in-house R&D expenditures in full for the period when they occurred.

Include costs for software, land, buildings and structures, equipment, machinery and other capital costs.

Exclude capital depreciation.

  1. Software
    Include applications and systems software (original, customized and off-the-shelf software), supporting documentation and other software-related acquisitions.
  2. Land acquired for R&D
    including testing grounds, sites for laboratories and pilot plants.
  3. Buildings and structures that are constructed or purchased for R&D activities or that have undergone major improvements, modifications, renovations and repairs for R&D activities.
  4. Equipment, machinery and all other capital

Include major equipment, machinery and instruments, including embedded software, acquired for R&D activities.

Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D expenditures (Q8 – Q11)

Include payments made through contracts, grants donations and fellowships to another organization, company or individual to purchase or fund R&D activities.
Exclude expenditures for on-site R&D contractors.

  1. Companies include all incorporated for-profit businesses and government business enterprises providing products in the market at market rates.
  2. Private non-profit organizations include voluntary health organizations, private philanthropic foundations, associations and societies and research institutes. They are not-for-profit organizations that serve the public interest by supporting activities related to public welfare (such as health, education, the environment).
  3. Industrial research institutes or associations include all non-profit organizations that serve the business sector, with industrial associations frequently consisting of their membership.
  4. Federal government includes all federal government ministries, departments and agencies. It excludes federal government business enterprises providing products in the market.
  5. Provincial or territorial governments include all provincial or territorial government ministries, departments and agencies. It excludes provincial or territorial government business enterprises providing products in the market.
  6. Provincial or territorial research organizations are organizations created under provincial or territorial law which conduct or facilitate research on behalf of the province or territory.
  7. Other – individuals, non-university educational institutions, foreign governments including ministries, departments and agencies of foreign governments.

Sources of funds for in-house R&D expenditures in 2014 (Q16)

Include Canadian and foreign sources.

Exclude payments for outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D which should be reported in question 6 on Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D; capital depreciation.

  1. Funds from this organization
    Amount contributed by this unit to R&D performed within Canada (include amounts eligible for income tax purposes, e.g., Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) program, other amounts spent for projects not claimed through SR&ED, and funds for land, buildings, machinery and equipment (capital expenditures) purchased for R&D).
  2. Funds from member companies or affiliates
    Amount received from member organizations and affiliated organizations used to perform R&D within Canada (include annual fees and sustaining grants, land, buildings and structures, equipment and machinery (capital expenditures) purchased for R&D).
  3. R&D contract work for companies
    Funds received from other companies to perform R&D on their behalf.
  4. Federal grants
    Funds from the federal government in support of R&D activities not connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
  5. Federal contracts
    Funds from the federal government in support of R&D activities connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
  6. R&D contract work for companies
    Funds received from other companies to perform R&D on their behalf.
  7. Provincial or territorial grants or funding
    Funds from the provincial or territorial government in support of R&D activities not connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
  8. Provincial or territorial contracts
    Funds from the provincial or territorial government in support of R&D activities connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
  9. R&D contract work for private non-profit organizations
    Funds received from non-profit organizations to perform R&D on their behalf.
  10. Other sources
    Funds received from all other sources not previously classified.

In-house R&D expenditures by fields of research and development in 2016 (Q18)

Exclude capital depreciation and payments for outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D, which should be reported in question 6 on Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D.

Natural and formal sciences

Mathematics, physical sciences, chemical sciences, earth and related environmental sciences, biological sciences, other natural sciences.

Exclude computer sciences, information sciences and bioinformatics (to be reported at lines s and t).

  1. Mathematics: pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics and probability.
  2. Physical sciences: atomic, molecular and chemical physics, interaction with radiation, magnetic resonances, condensed matter physics, solid state physics and superconductivity, particles and fields physics, nuclear physics, fluids and plasma physics (including surface physics), optics (including laser optics and quantum optics), acoustics, astronomy (including astrophysics, space science).
  3. Chemical sciences: organic chemistry, inorganic and nuclear chemistry, physical chemistry, polymer science and plastics, electrochemistry (dry cells, batteries, fuel cells, metal corrosion, electrolysis), colloid chemistry, analytical chemistry.
  4. Earth and related environmental sciences: geosciences, geophysics, mineralogy and palaeontology, geochemistry and geophysics, physical geography, geology and volcanology, environmental sciences, meteorology, atmospheric sciences and climatic research, oceanography, hydrology and water resources.
  5. Biological sciences: cell biology, microbiology and virology, biochemistry, molecular biology and biochemical research, mycology, biophysics, genetics and heredity (medical genetics under medical biotechnology), reproductive biology (medical aspects under medical biotechnology), developmental biology, plant sciences and botany, zoology, ornithology, entomology and behavioural sciences biology, marine biology, freshwater biology and limnology, ecology and biodiversity conservation, biology (theoretical, thermal, cryobiology, biological rhythm), evolutionary biology.
  6. Other natural sciences: other natural sciences.

Engineering and Technology

Civil engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering and communications technology, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, materials engineering, medical engineering, environmental engineering, environmental biotechnology, industrial biotechnology, nanotechnology, other engineering and technologies.

Exclude software engineering and technology (to be reported at line r).

  1. Civil engineering: civil engineering, architecture engineering, municipal and structural engineering, transport engineering.
  2. Electrical engineering, electronic engineering and communications technology: electrical and electronic engineering, robotics and automatic control, micro-electronics, semiconductors, automation and control systems, communication engineering and systems, telecommunications, computer hardware and architecture.
  3. Mechanical engineering: mechanical engineering, applied mechanics, thermodynamics, aerospace engineering, nuclear-related engineering (nuclear physics under physical sciences), acoustical engineering, reliability analysis and non-destructive testing, automotive and transportation engineering and manufacturing, tooling, machinery and equipment engineering and manufacturing, heating, ventilation and air conditioning engineering and manufacturing.
  4. Chemical engineering: chemical engineering (plants, products), chemical process engineering.
  5. Materials engineering: materials engineering and metallurgy, ceramics, coating and films (including packaging and printing), plastics, rubber and composites (including laminates and reinforced plastics), paper and wood and textiles, construction materials (organic and inorganic).
  6. Medical engineering: medical and biomedical engineering, medical laboratory technology (excluding biomaterials, which should be reported under industrial biotechnology).
  7. Environmental engineering: environmental and geological engineering, petroleum engineering (fuel, oils), energy and fuels, remote sensing, mining and mineral processing, marine engineering, sea vessels and ocean engineering.
  8. Environmental biotechnology: environmental biotechnology, bioremediation, diagnostic biotechnologies in environmental management (DNA chips and bio-sensing devices).
  9. Industrial biotechnology: industrial biotechnology, bioprocessing technologies, biocatalysis and fermentation bioproducts (products that are manufactured using biological material as feedstock), biomaterials (bioplastics, biofuels, bioderived bulk and fine chemicals, bio-derived materials).
  10. Nanotechnology: nano-materials (production and properties), nano-processes (applications on nano-scale).
  11. Other engineering and technologies: food and beverages, oenology, other engineering and technologies.

Software-related sciences and technology

Software engineering and technology, computer sciences, information technology and bioinformatics.

  1. Software engineering and technology: computer software engineering, computer software technology, and other related computer software engineering and technologies.
  2. Computer sciences: computer science, artificial intelligence, cryptography, and other related computer sciences.
  3. Information technology and bioinformatics: information technology, informatics, bioinformatics, biomathematics, and other related information technologies.

Medical and health sciences

Basic medicine, clinical medicine, health sciences, medical biotechnology, other medical sciences.

  1. Basic medicine: anatomy and morphology (plant science under biological science), human genetics, immunology, neurosciences, pharmacology and pharmacy and medicinal chemistry, toxicology, physiology and cytology, pathology.
  2. Clinical medicine: andrology, obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, cardiac and cardiovascular systems, haematology, anaesthesiology, orthopaedics, radiology and nuclear medicine, dentistry, oral surgery and medicine, dermatology, venereal diseases and allergy, rheumatology, endocrinology and metabolism and gastroenterology, urology and nephrology, and oncology.
  3. Health sciences: health care sciences and nursing, nutrition and dietetics, parasitology, infectious diseases and epidemiology, occupational health.
  4. Medical biotechnology: health-related biotechnology, technologies involving the manipulation of cells, tissues, organs or the whole organism, technologies involving identifying the functioning of DNA, proteins and enzymes, pharmacogenomics, gene-based therapeutics, biomaterials (related to medical implants, devices, sensors).
  5. Other medical sciences: forensic science, other medical sciences.

Agricultural Sciences

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sciences, animal and dairy sciences, veterinary sciences, agricultural biotechnology, other agricultural sciences.

  1. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sciences: agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, soil science, horticulture, viticulture, agronomy, plant breeding and plant protection.
  2. Animal and dairy sciences: animal and dairy science, animal husbandry.
  3. Veterinary sciences: veterinary science (all).
  4. Agricultural biotechnology: agricultural biotechnology and food biotechnology, genetically modified (GM) organism technology and livestock cloning, diagnostics (DNA chips and biosensing devices), biomass feedstock production technologies and biopharming.
  5. Other agricultural sciences: other agricultural sciences.

Social sciences and humanities

Psychology, educational sciences, economics and business, other social sciences, humanities.

  1. Psychology: cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics, experimental psychology, psychometrics and quantitative psychology, and other fields of psychology.
  2. Educational sciences: education, training and other related educational sciences.
  3. Economics and business: micro-economics, macro-economics, econometrics, labour economics, financial economics, business economics, entrepreneurial and business administration, management and operations, management sciences, finance and all other related fields of economics and business
  4. Other social sciences: anthropology (social and cultural) and ethnology, demography, geography (human, economic and social), planning (town, city and country), management, organization and methods (excluding market research unless new methods/techniques are developed), law, linguistics, political sciences, sociology, miscellaneous social sciences and interdisciplinary, and methodological and historical science and technology activities relating to subjects in this group.
  5. Humanities: history (history, prehistory and history, together with auxiliary historical disciplines such as archaeology, numismatics, palaeography, genealogy, etc.), languages and literature (ancient and modern), other humanities (philosophy (including the history of science and technology)), arts (history of art, art criticism, painting, sculpture, musicology, dramatic art (excluding artistic "research" of any kind)), religion, theology, other fields and subjects pertaining to the humanities, and methodological, historical and other science and technology activities relating to the subjects in this group.

In-house R&D expenditures by nature of R&D activity in 2016 (Q20)

R&D is performed in the natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities. There are three types of R&D activities: basic research, applied research and experimental development.

  1. Basic research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundation of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.
  2. Applied research is original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific, practical aim or objective.
  3. Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience and producing additional knowledge, which is directed to producing new products or processes or to improving existing products or processes.

In-house R&D personnel in 2016 (Q70 to Q72)

R&D personnel

Include:

  • Permanent, temporary and casual R&D employees
  • Independent on-site R&D consultants and contractors working in your organization's offices, laboratories, or other facilities
  • Employees engaged in R&D-related support activities.

Researchers and research managers is composed of:

  1. Scientists, social scientists, engineers and researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods. They may be certified by provincial educational authorities, provincial or national scientific or engineering associations.
  2. Senior research managers plan or manage R&D projects and programs. They may be certified by provincial educational authorities, provincial or national scientific or engineering associations.

R&D technical, administrative and support staff is composed of:

  1. Technicians and technologists and research assistants are persons whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in one or more fields of engineering, the physical and life sciences, or the social sciences, humanities and the arts. They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts, operational methods and the use of research equipment, normally under the supervision of researchers. They may be certified by provincial educational authorities, provincial or national scientific or engineering associations.
  2. Other R&D technical, administrative support staff include skilled and unskilled craftsmen, and administrative, secretarial and clerical staff participating in R&D projects or directly associated with such projects.

On-site R&D consultants and contractors are individuals hired 1) to perform project-based work or to provide goods at a fixed or ascertained price or within a certain time or 2) to provide advice or services in a specialized field for a fee and, in both cases, work at the location specified and controlled by the contracting company or organization.

Full-time equivalent (FTE)

R&D may be carried out by persons who work solely on R&D projects or by persons who devote only part of their time to R&D, and the balance to other activities such as testing, quality control and production engineering. To arrive at the total effort devoted to R&D in terms of personnel, it is necessary to estimate the full-time equivalent of these persons working only part time in R&D.

FTE (full-time equivalent) = Number of persons who work solely on R&D projects + the time of persons working only part of their time on R&D.

Example calculation: If out of four scientists engaged in R&D work, one works solely on R&D projects and the remaining three devote only one quarter of their working time to R&D, then: FTE = 1 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 1.75 scientists.

Technology and technical assistant payments in 2016 (Q73 – Q75)

Definitions (equivalent to the Canadian Intellectual Property Office)

  1. Patents
    Government grant giving the right to exclude others from making, using or selling an invention.
  2. Copyright
    Provides protection for literary, artistic, dramatic or musical works (including computer programs), and three other subject matter known as: performance, sound recording, and communication signal.
  3. Trademark
    Word, symbol or design (or any combination of these features) used to distinguish the wares and services of one person or organization from those of others in the marketplace.
  4. Industrial design
    Visual features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament (or any combination of these features), applied to a finished article of manufacture.
  5. Integrated circuittopography
    Three-dimensional arrangement of the electronic circuits in integrated circuit products or layout designs.
  6. Original software
    Consist of computer programs and descriptive materials for both systems and applications. Original software can be created in-house or outsourced and includes packaged software with customization.
  7. Packaged or off-the-shelf software
    Purchased for use by your organization and excludes customized software.
  8. Databases
    Consist of files of data organized to permit effective access and use of the data.
  9. Other
    Technical assistance, industrial processes and know-how.

Energy-related R&D by area of technology (Q22 – Q69)

1. Fossil Fuels

Crude oils and natural gas exploration, crude oils and natural gas production, oil sands and heavy crude oils surface and sub-surface production and separation of the bitumen, tailings management, refining, processing and upgrading, coal production, separation and processing, transportation of fossil fuels.

  1. Crude oils and natural gas exploration
    Include development of advanced exploration methods (geophysical, geochemical, seismic, magnetic) for on-shore and off-shore prospecting.
  2. Crude oil and natural gas production and storage, include enhanced recovery natural gas production
    Include on-shore and off-shore deep drilling equipment and techniques for conventional oil and gas, secondary and tertiary recovery of oil and gas, hydro fracturing techniques, processing and cleaning of raw product, storage on remote platforms (e.g., Arctic, off-shore), safety aspects of offshore platforms.
  3. Oil sands and heavy crude oils surface and sub-surface production and separation of the bitumen, tailings management
    Include surface and in-situ production (e.g., SAGD); tailings management.
  4. Refining, processing and upgrading of fossil fuels
    Include processing of natural gas to pipeline specifications, and refining of conventional crude oils to refined petroleum products (RPPs), and the upgrading of bitumen and heavy oils either to synthetic crude oil or to RPPs. Upgrading may be done at an oil sands plant, regional merchant upgraders or integrated into a refinery producing RPPs.
  5. Coal production, separation and processing
    Include coal, lignite and peat exploration, deposit evaluation techniques, mining techniques, separation techniques, coking and blending, other processing such as coal to liquids, underground (in-situ) gasification.
  6. Transportation of fossil fuels
    Include transport of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons via pipelines (land and submarine) and their network evaluation; safety aspects of LNG transport and storage.

2. Renewable energy resources

Solar photovoltaics (PV), solar thermal-power and high-temperature applications, solar heating and cooling, wind energy, bio-energy – biomass production, bio-energy – biomass conversion to fuels, bio-energy – biomass conversion to heat and electricity, and other bio-energy, small hydro (less than 10 MW), large hydro (greater than or equal to 10 MW), other renewable energy.

  1. Solar photovoltaics (PV)
    Include solar cell development, PV-module development, PV-inverter development, building-integrated PV-modules, PV-system development, other.
  2. Solar thermal-power and high-temperature applications
    Include solar chemistry, concentrating collector development, solar thermal power plants, high-temperature applications for heat and power.
  3. Solar heating and cooling
    Include daylighting, passive and active solar heating and cooling, collector development, hot water preparation, combined-space heating, solar architecture, solar drying, solar-assisted ventilation, swimming pool heating, low-temperature process heating, other.
  4. Wind energy
    Include technology development, such as blades, turbines, converters structures, system integration, other.
  5. Bio-energy – Biomass production and transport
    Include improvement of energy crops, research on bio-energy production potential and associated land-use effects, supply and transport of bio-solids, bio-liquids, bio-gas and bio-derived energy products (e.g., ethanol, biodiesel), compacting and baling, other.
  6. Bio-energy – Biomass conversion to transportation fuel
    Include conventional bio-fuels, cellulosic-derived alcohols, biomass gas-to-liquids, other energy-related products and by-products.
  7. Bio-energy – Biomass conversion to heat and electricity
    Include bio-based heat, electricity and combined heat and power (CHP), exclude multi-firing with fossil fuels.
  8. Other bio-energy
    Include recycling and the use of municipal, industrial and agricultural waste as energy not covered elsewhere.
  9. Small-hydro (less than 10 MW)
    Include plants with capacity below 10 MW.
  10. Large-hydro (greater than or equal to 10 MW)
    Include plants with capacity of 10 MW and above.
  11. Other renewable energy
    Include hot dry rock, hydro-thermal, geothermal heat applications (including agriculture), tidal power, wave energy, ocean current power, ocean thermal power, other.

3. Nuclear fission and fusion

Materials exploration, mining and preparation, tailings management, nuclear reactors, other fission, fusion.

  1. Nuclear materials exploration, mining and preparation, tailings management
    Include development of advanced exploration methods (geophysical, geochemical) for prospecting, ore surface and in-situ production, uranium and thorium extraction and conversion, enrichment, handling of tailings and remediation.
  2. Nuclear reactors
    Include nuclear reactors of all types and related system components.
  3. Other fission
    Include nuclear safety, environmental protection (emission reduction or avoidance), radiation protection and decommissioning of power plants and related nuclear fuel cycle installations, nuclear waste treatment, disposal and storage, fissile material recycling, fissile materials control, transport of radioactive materials.
  4. Fusion
    Include all types (e.g., magnetic confinement, laser applications).

4. Electric Power

Generation in utility sector, combined heat and power in industry and in buildings, electricity transmission, distribution and storage of electricity.

  1. Electric power generation in utility sector
    Include conventional and non-conventional technology (e.g., pulverised coal, fluidised bed, gasification-combined cycle, supercritical), re-powering, retrofitting, life extensions and upgrading of power plants, generators and components, super-conductivity, magneto hydrodynamic, dry cooling towers, co-firing (e.g., with biomass), air and thermal pollution reduction or avoidance, flue gas cleanup (excluding CO2 removal), CHP (combined heat and power) not covered elsewhere.
  2. Electric power - combined heat and power in industry, buildings
    Include industrial applications, small scale applications for buildings.
  3. Electricity transmission, distribution and storage
    Include solid state power electronics, load management and control systems, network problems, super-conducting cables, AC and DC high voltage cables, HVDC transmission, other transmission and distribution related to integrating distributed and intermittent generating sources into networks, all storage (e.g., batteries, hydro reservoirs, fly wheels), other.

5. Hydrogen and fuel cells

Hydrogen production for process applications, hydrogen production for transportation applications, hydrogen transport and storage, other hydrogen, fuel cells, both stationary and mobile.

  1. Hydrogen production for process applications
  2. Hydrogen production for transportation applications
  3. Hydrogen transport and storage
  4. Other hydrogen
    Include end uses (e.g., combustion), other infrastructure and systems R&D (refuelling stations).
  5. Stationary fuel cells
    Include electricity generation, other stationary end-use.
  6. Mobile fuel cells
    Include portable applications.

6. Energy efficiency

Industry, residential and commercial, transportation, other energy efficiency.

  1. Energy efficiency applications for industry
    Include reduction of energy consumption through improved use of energy and/or reduction or avoidance of air and other emissions related to the use of energy in industrial systems and processes (excluding bio-energy-related) through the development of new techniques, new processes and new equipment, other.
  2. Energy efficiency for residential, institutional and commercial sectors
    Include space heating and cooling, ventilation and lighting control systems other than solar technologies, low energy housing design and performance other than solar technologies, new insulation and building materials, thermal performance of buildings, domestic appliances, other.
  3. Energy efficiency for transportation
    Include analysis and optimisation of energy consumption in the transport sector, efficiency improvements in light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, non-road vehicles, public transport systems, engine-fuel optimisation, use of alternative fuels (liquid and gaseous, other than hydrogen), fuel additives, diesel engines, Stirling motors, electric cars, hybrid cars, includes air emission reduction, other.
  4. Other energy efficiency
    Include waste heat utilisation (heat maps, process integration, total energy systems, low temperature thermodynamic cycles), district heating, heat pump development, reduction of energy consumption in the agricultural sector.

7. Other energy-related technologies

Carbon capture, transportation and storage for fossil fuel production and processing, electric power generation, industry in end-use sector, energy systems analysis, all other energy-related technologies.

  1. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to fossil fuel production and processing
  2. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to electric power production
  3. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to industry in end-use sector
    Include industry in the end-use sector, such as steel production, manufacturing, etc. (i.e. exclude fossil fuel production and processing and electric power production).
  4. Energy system analysis
    Include system analysis related to energy R&D not covered elsewhere, sociological, economical and environmental impact of energy which are not specifically related to one technology area listed in the sections above.
  5. All other energy technologies
    Include energy technology information dissemination, studies not related to a specific technology area listed above.

Integrated Business Statistics Program (IBSP)

Reporting Guide

This guide is designed to assist you as you complete the 2016 Annual Survey of Research and Development in Canadian Industry. If you need more information, please call the Statistics Canada Help Line at the number below.

Help Line: 1-800-972-9692

Your answers are confidential.

Statistics Canada is prohibited by law from releasing any information it collects which could identify any person, business, or organization, unless consent has been given by the respondent or as permitted by the Statistics Act.

Statistics Canada will use information from this survey for statistical purposes.

NOTE:

  1. If this business performs in-house research and development (R&D) and outsources R&D, complete all questions.
  2. If this business performs in-house (R&D) and does not outsource R&D, complete questions 1-5, 8-19.
  3. If this business outsources (R&D) and does not perform in-house R&D, complete questions 1-3, 5-7, 12, 16-19.
  4. If this business does not perform in-house (R&D) and does not outsource R&D, complete questions 1-3, 5, 12, 16, 17 and 19.

Difference between Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) tax incentive program and this survey

Include the following in this survey:

  • capital R&D expenditures
  • R&D expenditures in the social sciences and humanities
  • payments for R&D performed by organizations outside Canada.

For this survey

'In-house R&D' refers to

Expenditures within Canada for R&D performed within this business by:

  • employees (permanent, temporary or casual)
  • self-employed individuals or contractors who are working on-site on this business's R&D projects.

'Outsourced R&D' refers to

Payments made within or outside Canada to other organizations, companies or individuals to fund R&D performance:

  • grants
  • fellowships
  • contracts.

Reporting period information

Here are some examples of common fiscal periods that fall within the targeted dates:

  • May 1, 2015 to April 30, 2016
  • June 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016
  • August 1, 2015 to July 31, 2016
  • October 1, 2015 to September 30, 2016
  • December 1, 2015 to November 30, 2016
  • January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016
  • February 1, 2016 to January 31, 2017
  • March 1, 2016 to February 28, 2017
  • April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017

Here are other examples of fiscal periods that fall within the required dates:

  • September 18, 2015 to September 15, 2016 (e.g., floating year-end)
  • June 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016 (e.g., a newly opened business)

Definitions and Concepts

Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge

R&D is performed in the natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities. There are three types of R&D activities: basic research, applied research and experimental development.

Activities included and excluded from R&D

Inclusions

Prototypes

Include design, construction and operation of prototypes provided that the primary objective is to make further improvements or to undertake technical testing. Exclude if the prototype is for commercial purposes.

Pilot plants

Include construction and operation of pilot plants provided that the primary objective is to make further improvement or to undertake technical testing. Exclude if the pilot plant is intended to be operated for commercial purposes.

New computer software or significant improvements/modifications to existing computer software

Includes technological or scientific advances in theoretical computer sciences; operating systems e.g. improvement in interface management, developing new operating system of converting an existing operating system to a significantly different hardware environment; programming languages; and applications if a significant technological change occurs.

Contracts

Include all contracts which require R&D. Report only the R&D costs for contracts which include other work.

Research work in the social sciences

Include if projects are employing new or significantly different modelling techniques or developing new formulae, analyzing data not previously available or applying new research techniques, development of community strategies for disease prevention, or health education.

Exclude:

  • Routine analytical projects using standard techniques and existing data
  • Routine market research
  • Routine statistical analysis intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Exclusions

Routine analysis in the social sciences including policy-related studies, management studies and efficiency studies

Exclude analytical projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies, principles and models of the related social sciences to bear on a particular problem (e.g. commentary on the probable economic effects of a change in the tax structure, using existing economic data; use of standard techniques in applied psychology to select and classify industrial and military personnel, students, etc., and to test children with reading or other disabilities).

Consumer surveys, advertising, market research

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for commercialization of the results of R&D.

Routine quality control and testing

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies not intended to create new knowledge even if carried out by personnel normally engaged in R&D.

Pre-production activities such as demonstration of commercial viability, tooling up, trial production, and trouble shooting

Exclude pre-production activities such as demonstration of commercial viability, tooling up, trial production, and trouble shooting. Although R&D may be required as a result of these steps, these activities are excluded from R&D.

Prospecting, exploratory drilling, development of mines, oil or gas wells

Include only if for R&D projects concerned with new equipment or techniques in these activities, such as in-situ and tertiary recovery research.

Engineering

Exclude engineering unless it is in direct support of R&D.

Design and drawing

Exclude design and drawing unless it is in direct support of R&D.

Patent and license work

Exclude all administrative and legal work connected with patents and licenses.

Cosmetic modifications or style changes to existing products

Exclude where no significant technical improvement or modification to the existing products.

General purpose or routine data collection

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Routine computer programming, systems maintenance or software application

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended to support on-going operations.

Routine mathematical or statistical analysis or operations analysis

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

Activities associated with standards compliance

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended to support standards compliance.

Specialized routine medical care such as routine pathology services

Exclude projects of a routine nature, with established methodologies intended for on-going monitoring of an activity.

In-house R&D expenditures within Canada (Q5 - Q7)

In-house R&D expenditures are composed of current in-house R&D expenditures and capital in-house R&D expenditures.

Current in-house R&D expenditures

Include:

  • Wages, salaries, benefits and fringe benefits, materials and supplies
  • Services to support R&D including on-site R&D consultants and contactors
  • Necessary background literature
  • Minor scientific equipment
  • Associated administrative overhead costs.
  1. Wages, salaries of permanent, temporary and casual R&D employees

Include benefits and fringe benefits of employees engaged in R&D activities. Benefits and fringe benefits include bonus payments, holiday or vacation pay, contributions to pension funds, other social security payments, payroll taxes, etc.

  1. Services to support R&D

Include:

  • Payments to on-site R&D consultants and contractors working under the direct control of your organization
  • Other services including indirect services purchased to support in-house R&D such as security, storage, repair, maintenance and use of buildings and equipment, computer services, software licensing fees and dissemination of R&D findings.
  1. R&D materials

Include:

  • Water, fuel, gas and electricity
  • Materials for creation of prototypes
  • Reference materials (books, journals, etc.)
  • Subscriptions to libraries and data bases, memberships to scientific societies, etc.
  • Cost of outsourced (contracted out or granted) small R&D prototypes or R&D models
  • Materials for laboratories (chemicals, animals, etc.)
  • All other R&D-related materials.
  1. All other current R&D costs including overhead

Include administrative and overhead costs (e.g. office, post and telecommunications, internet, insurance), prorated if necessary to exclude for non-R&D activities within the organization

Exclude:

  • Interest charges
  • Value added taxes (goods and services tax (GST) or harmonized sales tax (HST)).

Capital in-house R&D expenditures

Capital in-house R&D expenditures are the annual gross amount paid for the acquisition of fixed assets that are used repeatedly, or continuously in the performance of R&D for more than one year. Report capital in-house R&D expenditures in full for the period when they occurred.

Include costs for software, land, buildings and structures, equipment, machinery and other capital costs.

Exclude capital depreciation.

  1. Software
    Include applications and systems software (original, customized and off-the-shelf software), supporting documentation and other software-related acquisitions.
  2. Land acquired for R&D
    Include testing grounds, sites for laboratories and pilot plants.
  3. Buildings and structures that are constructed or purchased for R&D activities or that have undergone major improvements, modifications, renovations and repairs for R&D activities.
  4. Equipment, machinery and all other capital
    Include major equipment, machinery and instruments, including embedded software, acquired for R&D activities.

Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D expenditures (Q8 – Q11)

Include payments made through contracts, grants donations and fellowships to another organization, company or individual to purchase or fund R&D activities.

Exclude expenditures for on-site R&D contractors.

  1. Companies include all incorporated for-profit businesses and government business enterprises providing products in the market at market rates.
  2. Private non-profit organizations include voluntary health organizations, private philanthropic foundations, associations and societies and research institutes. They are not-for-profit organizations that serve the public interest by supporting activities related to public welfare (such as health, education, the environment).
  3. Industrial research institutes or associations include all non-profit organizations that serve the business sector, with industrial associations frequently consisting of their membership.
  4. Federal government includes all federal government ministries, departments and agencies. It excludes federal government business enterprises providing products in the market.
  5. Provincial or territorial governments include all provincial or territorial government ministries, departments and agencies. It excludes provincial or territorial government business enterprises providing products in the market.
  6. Provincial or territorial research organizations are organizations created under provincial or territorial law which conduct or facilitate research on behalf of the province or territory.
  7. Other – individuals, non-university educational institutions, foreign governments including ministries, departments and agencies of foreign governments.

Sources of funds for in-house R&D expenditures in 2014 (Q16)

Include Canadian and foreign sources.

Exclude payments for outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D which should be reported in question 6 on Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D; capital depreciation.

  1. Funds from this business
    Amount contributed by this unit to R&D performed within Canada (include amounts eligible for income tax purposes, e.g., Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) program, other amounts spent for projects not claimed through SR&ED, and funds for land, buildings, machinery and equipment (capital expenditures) purchased for R&D).
  2. Funds from parent, affiliated and subsidiary companies
    Amount received from parent, affiliated and subsidiary companies used to perform R&D within Canada (include amounts eligible for income tax purposes, e.g., Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) program, other amounts spent for projects not claimed through SR&ED, and funds for land, buildings, machinery and equipment (capital expenditures) purchased for R&D).
  3. Federal grants
    Funds from the federal government in support of R&D activities not connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
  4. Federal contracts
    Funds from the federal government in support of R&D activities connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
  5. R&D contract work for companies
    Funds received from other companies to perform R&D on their behalf.
  6. Provincial or territorial grants or funding
    Funds from the provincial or territorial government in support of R&D activities not connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
  7. Provincial or territorial contracts
    Funds from the provincial or territorial government in support of R&D activities connected to a specific contractual deliverable.
  8. R&D contract work for private non-profit organizations
    Funds received from non-profit organizations to perform R&D on their behalf.
  9. Other sources
    Funds received from all other sources not previously classified.

In-house R&D expenditures by fields of research and development in 2016 (Q18)

Exclude capital depreciation and payments for outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D, which should be reported in question 6 on Outsourced (contracted out or granted) R&D.

Natural and formal sciences

Mathematics, physical sciences, chemical sciences, earth and related environmental sciences, biological sciences, other natural sciences.

Exclude computer sciences, information sciences and bioinformatics (to be reported at lines s and t).

  1. Mathematics: pure mathematics, applied mathematics, statistics and probability.
  2. Physical sciences: atomic, molecular and chemical physics, interaction with radiation, magnetic resonances, condensed matter physics, solid state physics and superconductivity, particles and fields physics, nuclear physics, fluids and plasma physics (including surface physics), optics (including laser optics and quantum optics), acoustics, astronomy (including astrophysics, space science).
  3. Chemical sciences: organic chemistry, inorganic and nuclear chemistry, physical chemistry, polymer science and plastics, electrochemistry (dry cells, batteries, fuel cells, metal corrosion, electrolysis), colloid chemistry, analytical chemistry.
  4. Earth and related environmental sciences: geosciences, geophysics, mineralogy and palaeontology, geochemistry and geophysics, physical geography, geology and volcanology, environmental sciences, meteorology, atmospheric sciences and climatic research, oceanography, hydrology and water resources.
  5. Biological sciences: cell biology, microbiology and virology, biochemistry, molecular biology and biochemical research, mycology, biophysics, genetics and heredity (medical genetics under medical biotechnology), reproductive biology (medical aspects under medical biotechnology), developmental biology, plant sciences and botany, zoology, ornithology, entomology and behavioural sciences biology, marine biology, freshwater biology and limnology, ecology and biodiversity conservation, biology (theoretical, thermal, cryobiology, biological rhythm), evolutionary biology.
  6. Other natural sciences: other natural sciences.

Engineering and Technology

Civil engineering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering and communications technology, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, materials engineering, medical engineering, environmental engineering, environmental biotechnology, industrial biotechnology, nanotechnology, other engineering and technologies.

Exclude software engineering and technology (to be reported at line r).

  1. Civil engineering: civil engineering, architecture engineering, municipal and structural engineering, transport engineering.
  2. Electrical engineering, electronic engineering and communications technology: electrical and electronic engineering, robotics and automatic control, micro-electronics, semiconductors, automation and control systems, communication engineering and systems, telecommunications, computer hardware and architecture.
  3. Mechanical engineering: mechanical engineering, applied mechanics, thermodynamics, aerospace engineering, nuclear-related engineering (nuclear physics under physical sciences), acoustical engineering, reliability analysis and non-destructive testing, automotive and transportation engineering and manufacturing, tooling, machinery and equipment engineering and manufacturing, heating, ventilation and air conditioning engineering and manufacturing.
  4. Chemical engineering: chemical engineering (plants, products), chemical process engineering.
  5. Materials engineering: materials engineering and metallurgy, ceramics, coating and films (including packaging and printing), plastics, rubber and composites (including laminates and reinforced plastics), paper and wood and textiles, construction materials (organic and inorganic).
  6. Medical engineering: medical and biomedical engineering, medical laboratory technology (excluding biomaterials, which should be reported under industrial biotechnology).
  7. Environmental engineering: environmental and geological engineering, petroleum engineering (fuel, oils), energy and fuels, remote sensing, mining and mineral processing, marine engineering, sea vessels and ocean engineering.
  8. Environmental biotechnology: environmental biotechnology, bioremediation, diagnostic biotechnologies in environmental management (DNA chips and bio-sensing devices).
  9. Industrial biotechnology: industrial biotechnology, bioprocessing technologies, biocatalysis and fermentation bioproducts (products that are manufactured using biological material as feedstock), biomaterials (bioplastics, biofuels, bioderived bulk and fine chemicals, bio-derived materials).
  10. Nanotechnology: nano-materials (production and properties), nano-processes (applications on nano-scale).
  11. Other engineering and technologies: food and beverages, oenology, other engineering and technologies.

Software-related sciences and technology

Software engineering and technology, computer sciences, information technology and bioinformatics.

  1. Software engineering and technology: computer software engineering, computer software technology, and other related computer software engineering and technologies.
  2. Computer sciences: computer science, artificial intelligence, cryptography, and other related computer sciences.
  3. Information technology and bioinformatics: information technology, informatics, bioinformatics, biomathematics, and other related information technologies.

Medical and health sciences

Basic medicine, clinical medicine, health sciences, medical biotechnology, other medical sciences.

  1. Basic medicine: anatomy and morphology (plant science under biological science), human genetics, immunology, neurosciences, pharmacology and pharmacy and medicinal chemistry, toxicology, physiology and cytology, pathology.
  2. Clinical medicine: andrology, obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, cardiac and cardiovascular systems, haematology, anaesthesiology, orthopaedics, radiology and nuclear medicine, dentistry, oral surgery and medicine, dermatology, venereal diseases and allergy, rheumatology, endocrinology and metabolism and gastroenterology, urology and nephrology, and oncology.
  3. Health sciences: health care sciences and nursing, nutrition and dietetics, parasitology, infectious diseases and epidemiology, occupational health.
  4. Medical biotechnology: health-related biotechnology, technologies involving the manipulation of cells, tissues, organs or the whole organism, technologies involving identifying the functioning of DNA, proteins and enzymes, pharmacogenomics, gene-based therapeutics, biomaterials (related to medical implants, devices, sensors).
  5. Other medical sciences: forensic science, other medical sciences.

Agricultural Sciences

Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sciences, animal and dairy sciences, veterinary sciences, agricultural biotechnology, other agricultural sciences.

  1. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sciences: agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture, soil science, horticulture, viticulture, agronomy, plant breeding and plant protection.
  2. Animal and dairy sciences: animal and dairy science, animal husbandry.
  3. Veterinary sciences: veterinary science (all).
  4. Agricultural biotechnology: agricultural biotechnology and food biotechnology, genetically modified (GM) organism technology and livestock cloning, diagnostics (DNA chips and biosensing devices), biomass feedstock production technologies and biopharming.
  5. Other agricultural sciences: other agricultural sciences.

Social sciences and humanities

Psychology, educational sciences, economics and business, other social sciences, humanities.

  1. Psychology: cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics, experimental psychology, psychometrics and quantitative psychology, and other fields of psychology.
  2. Educational sciences: education, training and other related educational sciences.
  3. Economics and business: micro-economics, macro-economics, econometrics, labour economics, financial economics, business economics, entrepreneurial and business administration, management and operations, management sciences, finance and all other related fields of economics and business
  4. Other social sciences: anthropology (social and cultural) and ethnology, demography, geography (human, economic and social), planning (town, city and country), management, organization and methods (excluding market research unless new methods/techniques are developed), law, linguistics, political sciences, sociology, miscellaneous social sciences and interdisciplinary, and methodological and historical science and technology activities relating to subjects in this group.
  5. Humanities: history (history, prehistory and history, together with auxiliary historical disciplines such as archaeology, numismatics, palaeography, genealogy, etc.), languages and literature (ancient and modern), other humanities (philosophy (including the history of science and technology)), arts (history of art, art criticism, painting, sculpture, musicology, dramatic art (excluding artistic "research" of any kind)), religion, theology, other fields and subjects pertaining to the humanities, and methodological, historical and other science and technology activities relating to the subjects in this group.

In-house R&D expenditures by nature of R&D activity in 2016 (Q20)

R&D is performed in the natural sciences, engineering, social sciences and humanities. There are three types of R&D activities: basic research, applied research and experimental development.

  1. Basic research is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundation of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.
  2. Applied research is original investigation undertaken in order to acquire new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific, practical aim or objective.
  3. Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience and producing additional knowledge, which is directed to producing new products or processes or to improving existing products or processes.

In-house R&D personnel in 2016 (Q70 to Q72)

R&D personnel

Include:

  • Permanent, temporary and casual R&D employees
  • Independent on-site R&D consultants and contractors working in your organization's offices, laboratories, or other facilities
  • Employees engaged in R&D-related support activities.

Researchers and research managers is composed of:

  1. Scientists, social scientists, engineers and researchers are professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques instrumentation, software or operational methods. They may be certified by provincial educational authorities, provincial or national scientific or engineering associations.
  2. Senior research managers plan or manage R&D projects and programs. They may be certified by provincial educational authorities, provincial or national scientific or engineering associations.

R&D technical, administrative and support staff is composed of:

  1. Technicians and technologists and research assistants are persons whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in one or more fields of engineering, the physical and life sciences, or the social sciences, humanities and the arts. They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts, operational methods and the use of research equipment, normally under the supervision of researchers. They may be certified by provincial educational authorities, provincial or national scientific or engineering associations.
  2. Other R&D technical, administrative support staff include skilled and unskilled craftsmen, and administrative, secretarial and clerical staff participating in R&D projects or directly associated with such projects.

On-site R&D consultants and contractors are individuals hired 1) to perform project-based work or to provide goods at a fixed or ascertained price or within a certain time or 2) to provide advice or services in a specialized field for a fee and, in both cases, work at the location specified and controlled by the contracting company or organization.

Full-time equivalent (FTE)

R&D may be carried out by persons who work solely on R&D projects or by persons who devote only part of their time to R&D, and the balance to other activities such as testing, quality control and production engineering. To arrive at the total effort devoted to R&D in terms of personnel, it is necessary to estimate the full-time equivalent of these persons working only part time in R&D.

FTE (full-time equivalent) = Number of persons who work solely on R&D projects + the time of persons working only part of their time on R&D.

Example calculation: If out of four scientists engaged in R&D work, one works solely on R&D projects and the remaining three devote only one quarter of their working time to R&D, then: FTE = 1 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 = 1.75 scientists.

Technology and technical assistant payments in 2016 (Q73 – Q75)

Definitions equivalent to the Canadian Intellectual Property Office
(http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cipointernet-internetopic.nsf/eng/home)

  1. Patents
    Government grant giving the right to exclude others from making, using or selling an invention.
  2. Copyright
    Provides protection for literary, artistic, dramatic or musical works (including computer programs), and three other subject matter known as: performance, sound recording, and communication signal.
  3. Trademark
    Word, symbol or design (or any combination of these features) used to distinguish the wares and services of one person or organization from those of others in the marketplace.
  4. Industrial design
    Visual features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament (or any combination of these features), applied to a finished article of manufacture.
  5. Integrated circuit topography
    Three-dimensional arrangement of the electronic circuits in integrated circuit products or layout designs.
  6. Original software
    Consist of computer programs and descriptive materials for both systems and applications. Original software can be created in-house or outsourced and includes packaged software with customization.
  7. Packaged or off-the-shelf software
    Purchased for use by your organization and excludes customized software.
  8. Databases
    Consist of files of data organized to permit effective access and use of the data.
  9. Other
    Technical assistance, industrial processes and know-how.

Energy-related R&D by area of technology (Q22 – Q69)

1. Fossil Fuels

Crude oils and natural gas exploration, crude oils and natural gas production, oil sands and heavy crude oils surface and sub-surface production and separation of the bitumen, tailings management, refining, processing and upgrading, coal production, separation and processing, transportation of fossil fuels.

  1. Crude oils and natural gas exploration
    Include development of advanced exploration methods (geophysical, geochemical, seismic, magnetic) for on-shore and off-shore prospecting.
  2. Crude oil and natural gas production and storage, include enhanced recovery natural gas production
    Include on-shore and off-shore deep drilling equipment and techniques for conventional oil and gas, secondary and tertiary recovery of oil and gas, hydro fracturing techniques, processing and cleaning of raw product, storage on remote platforms (e.g., Arctic, off-shore), safety aspects of offshore platforms.
  3. Oil sands and heavy crude oils surface and sub-surface production and separation of the bitumen, tailings management
    Include surface and in-situ production (e.g., SAGD); tailings management.
  4. Refining, processing and upgrading of fossil fuels
    Include processing of natural gas to pipeline specifications, and refining of conventional crude oils to refined petroleum products (RPPs), and the upgrading of bitumen and heavy oils either to synthetic crude oil or to RPPs. Upgrading may be done at an oil sands plant, regional merchant upgraders or integrated into a refinery producing RPPs.
  5. Coal production, separation and processing
    Include coal, lignite and peat exploration, deposit evaluation techniques, mining techniques, separation techniques, coking and blending, other processing such as coal to liquids, underground (in-situ) gasification.
  6. Transportation of fossil fuels
    Include transport of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons via pipelines (land and submarine) and their network evaluation; safety aspects of LNG transport and storage.

2. Renewable energy resources

Solar photovoltaics (PV), solar thermal-power and high-temperature applications, solar heating and cooling, wind energy, bio-energy – biomass production, bio-energy – biomass conversion to fuels, bio-energy – biomass conversion to heat and electricity, and other bio-energy, small hydro (less than 10 MW), large hydro (greater than or equal to 10 MW), other renewable energy.

  1. Solar photovoltaics (PV)
    Include solar cell development, PV-module development, PV-inverter development, building-integrated PV-modules, PV-system development, other.
  2. Solar thermal-power and high-temperature applications
    Include solar chemistry, concentrating collector development, solar thermal power plants, high-temperature applications for heat and power.
  3. Solar heating and cooling
    Include daylighting, passive and active solar heating and cooling, collector development, hot water preparation, combined-space heating, solar architecture, solar drying, solar-assisted ventilation, swimming pool heating, low-temperature process heating, other.
  4. Wind energy
    Include technology development, such as blades, turbines, converters structures, system integration, other.
  5. Bio-energy – Biomass production and transport
    Include improvement of energy crops, research on bio-energy production potential and associated land-use effects, supply and transport of bio-solids, bio-liquids, bio-gas and bio-derived energy products (e.g., ethanol, biodiesel), compacting and baling, other.
  6. Bio-energy – Biomass conversion to transportation fuel
    Include conventional bio-fuels, cellulosic-derived alcohols, biomass gas-to-liquids, other energy-related products and by-products.
  7. Bio-energy – Biomass conversion to heat and electricity
    Include bio-based heat, electricity and combined heat and power (CHP), exclude multi-firing with fossil fuels.
  8. Other bio-energy
    Include recycling and the use of municipal, industrial and agricultural waste as energy not covered elsewhere.
  9. Small-Hydro (less than 10 MW)
    Include plants with capacity below 10 MW.
  10. Large-Hydro (greater than or equal to 10 MW)
    Include plants with capacity of 10 MW and above.
  11. Other renewable energy
    Include hot dry rock, hydro-thermal, geothermal heat applications (including agriculture), tidal power, wave energy, ocean current power, ocean thermal power, other.

3. Nuclear fission and fusion

Materials exploration, mining and preparation, tailings management, nuclear reactors, other fission, fusion.

  1. Nuclear materials exploration, mining and preparation, tailings management
    Include development of advanced exploration methods (geophysical, geochemical) for prospecting, ore surface and in-situ production, uranium and thorium extraction and conversion, enrichment, handling of tailings and remediation.
  2. Nuclear reactors
    Include nuclear reactors of all types and related system components.
  3. Other fission
    Include nuclear safety, environmental protection (emission reduction or avoidance), radiation protection and decommissioning of power plants and related nuclear fuel cycle installations, nuclear waste treatment, disposal and storage, fissile material recycling, fissile materials control, transport of radioactive materials.
  4. Fusion
    Include all types (e.g., magnetic confinement, laser applications).

4. Electric Power

Generation in utility sector, combined heat and power in industry and in buildings, electricity transmission, distribution and storage of electricity.

  1. Electric power generation in utility sector
    Include conventional and non-conventional technology (e.g., pulverised coal, fluidised bed, gasification-combined cycle, supercritical), re-powering, retrofitting, life extensions and upgrading of power plants, generators and components, super-conductivity, magneto hydrodynamic, dry cooling towers, co-firing (e.g., with biomass), air and thermal pollution reduction or avoidance, flue gas cleanup (excluding CO2 removal), CHP (combined heat and power) not covered elsewhere.
  2. Electric power - combined heat and power in industry, buildings
    Include industrial applications, small scale applications for buildings.
  3. Electricity transmission, distribution and storage
    Include solid state power electronics, load management and control systems, network problems, super-conducting cables, AC and DC high voltage cables, HVDC transmission, other transmission and distribution related to integrating distributed and intermittent generating sources into networks, all storage (e.g., batteries, hydro reservoirs, fly wheels), other.

5. Hydrogen and fuel cells

Hydrogen production for process applications, hydrogen production for transportation applications, hydrogen transport and storage, other hydrogen, fuel cells, both stationary and mobile.

  1. Hydrogen production for process applications
  2. Hydrogen production for transportation applications
  3. Hydrogen transport and storage
  4. Other hydrogen
    Include end uses (e.g., combustion), other infrastructure and systems R&D (refuelling stations).
  5. Stationary fuel cells
    Include electricity generation, other stationary end-use.
  6. Mobile fuel cells
    Include portable applications.

6. Energy efficiency

Industry, residential and commercial, transportation, other energy efficiency.

  1. Energy efficiency applications for industry
    Include reduction of energy consumption through improved use of energy and/or reduction or avoidance of air and other emissions related to the use of energy in industrial systems and processes (excluding bio-energy-related) through the development of new techniques, new processes and new equipment, other.
  2. Energy efficiency for residential, institutional and commercial sectors
    Include space heating and cooling, ventilation and lighting control systems other than solar technologies, low energy housing design and performance other than solar technologies, new insulation and building materials, thermal performance of buildings, domestic appliances, other.
  3. Energy efficiency for transportation
    Includes analysis and optimisation of energy consumption in the transport sector, efficiency improvements in light-duty vehicles, heavy-duty vehicles, non-road vehicles, public transport systems, engine-fuel optimisation, use of alternative fuels (liquid and gaseous, other than hydrogen), fuel additives, diesel engines, Stirling motors, electric cars, hybrid cars, includes air emission reduction, other.
  4. Other energy efficiency
    Include waste heat utilisation (heat maps, process integration, total energy systems, low temperature thermodynamic cycles), district heating, heat pump development, reduction of energy consumption in the agricultural sector.

7. Other energy-related technologies

Carbon capture, transportation and storage for fossil fuel production and processing, electric power generation, industry in end-use sector, energy systems analysis, all other energy-related technologies.

  1. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to fossil fuel production and processing
  2. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to electric power production
  3. Carbon capture, transport and storage related to industry in end-use sector
    Include industry in the end-use sector, such as steel production, manufacturing, etc. (i.e. exclude fossil fuel production and processing and electric power production).
  4. Energy system analysis
    Include system analysis related to energy R&D not covered elsewhere, sociological, economical and environmental impact of energy which are not specifically related to one technology area listed in the sections above.
  5. All other energy technologies
    Include energy technology information dissemination, studies not related to a specific technology area listed above.

Number and proportion of payroll employees in professional, scientific and technical services, 1983 to 2016, Canada

Graph: Number and proportion of payroll employees in professional, scientific and technical services, 1983 to 2016, Canada
Data table for the graph
Number and proportion of payroll employees in professional, scientific and technical services, 1983 to 2016, Canada
  Number of payroll employees Proportion of payroll employees
1983 283.4 3.1
1984 299.3 3.2
1985 326.1 3.3
1986 343.9 3.4
1987 358.8 3.4
1988 356.6 3.3
1989 400.6 3.6
1990 416.8 3.7
1991 384.1 3.6
1992 367.7 3.5
1993 370.2 3.5
1994 385.4 3.6
1995 411.1 3.8
1996 450.7 4.1
1997 485.7 4.3
1998 527.2 4.6
1999 555.9 4.8
2000 623.7 5.2
2001 643.8 5.0
2002 641.3 4.9
2003 645.5 4.8
2004 648.6 4.8
2005 672.4 4.8
2006 709.9 5.0
2007 743.2 5.1
2008 771.9 5.2
2009 756.3 5.2
2010 762.2 5.2
2011 786.0 5.2
2012 810.7 5.3
2013 821.8 5.3
2014 841.8 5.4
2015 854.6 5.4
2016 862.6 5.4

Notes: Data from 1983 to 2000 use the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 1980. Over this period, professional, scientific and technical services were the combination of: computer and related services, accounting and bookkeeping services, advertising services, architectural, engineering and other scientific and technical services, offices of lawyers and notaries, and management consulting services. Data from 2001 to 2016 use the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

Sources: CANSIM table 281-0005 (data from 1983 to 2000) and CANSIM table 281-0024 (data from 2001 to 2016).

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