By Stany Nzobonimpa, Mohamed Abou Hamed, Ilia Korotkine, Tiffany Gao, Housing, Infrastructure and Communities Canada

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the following individuals for their contributions and support of the project: Kate Burnett-Isaacs, Director of Data Science and Matt Steeves, Senior Director of Engineering, Technical and Project Operations - Major Bridges and Projects.

Introduction

The identification and flagging of events such as data points that significantly deviate from standard or expected behaviour is known as anomaly detection in the field of data science. Anomalies are of special interest to data scientists because their presence signals underlying issues that prompt suspicions and usually warrants investigations. Various statistical techniques have historically been applied to answer anomaly-related questions and advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have made the exercise one of the most known applications of ML frameworks and approaches.

In this article, we present and discuss key findings of a project applying anomaly detection to sensor data. The project was carried out at HICC by a multi-disciplinary team of data scientists and engineers. While the project is multi-phased, this article reports on methods and results of the first phase in which sensor data from a federal bridge was used for early detection of anomalous readings.

The article is structured as follows: we start by a short review of relevant and recent literature on anomaly detection and its applications where we show that methods for data anomaly detection have evolved and continue to do so. After reviewing the literature, we present the problem, the methods, and results of this first phase of the project. In particular, we show that the approach enabled us to proactively, in a timelier and less laborious manner, flag anomalies in the generated sensor data that could have otherwise been missed. Indeed, our results show that for the period of April 2020 to September 2024, a number of sensor readings were successfully flagged as anomalies using the methods that we present in this paper. We conclude by stating the next steps of the project.

Literature Review

The application of machine learning to anomaly detection

Anomaly detection has long been a focus in data mining, which laid the groundwork for many modern ML approaches. Foundational works in data mining have explored anomaly detection techniques extensively, including clustering-based, distance-based, and density-based methods. Thus, anomaly detection is one of the core applications of ML technology that has been applied by AI practitioners for decades (Nassif et al., 2021). In its simplest form, anomaly detection is known as outlier detection and consists of flagging data points that significantly deviate from or do not conform with the majority of data.  The multiple applications of anomaly detection from fields as diverse as medical research, cybersecurity, financial fraud, and law enforcement have attracted both researchers and practitioners’ interests and resulted in a flourishing literature on the topic (Chandola et al. 2009).

Traditionally, anomaly detection could be completed manually by examining and filtering data and using context knowledge to provide insights on the detected behaviours. As datasets get larger, statistical approaches have been useful in detecting anomalies. For example, Soule et al., (2005) proposed a combination of filtering using Kalman filters and other statistical techniques to detect volume anomalies in large networks. The authors argue that anomaly detection can always be viewed as a problem of statistical hypothesis testing and they use behaviours, residual means, and variance changes over time to compare four different statistical approaches to anomaly detection (pp.333-338).

Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for binary normal vs anomaly illustrations, Soule et al., (2005, p. 334) argue that “ROC curves are grounded in statistical hypothesis testing” and that “[…] any anomaly detection method will at some point use a statistical test to verify whether or not a hypothesis (e.g., there was an anomaly) is true or false.” Another technique that has been applied to anomaly detection is what was called “robust statistics” by Rousseeuw & Hubert (2017). These authors revisited the techniques using fitting the majority of data and flagging anomalies once fitting normal data is completed. For example, the authors suggest estimating univariate locations and scales through means, medians, and standard deviations.

While the techniques such as those proposed by Soule et al. (2005) and Rousseeuw & Hubert (2017) for anomaly detection are popular and have been applied to various contexts and problems, the advent of advanced ML models and computing capabilities makes the exercise easier and scalable to large amounts of data. Additionally, some anomalies may be harder to detect and require more advanced techniques (Pang et al., 2021). These authors note that some unique complexities can prove more challenging and may require advanced approaches. They argue that anomaly detection is more problematic and complex because of its focus on minority data that are generally rare, diverse, unpredictable, and uncertain. For example, the authors note the following challenge related to the complexity of anomalies (Pang et al., 2021):

Most of existing methods are for point anomalies, which cannot be used for conditional anomaly and group anomaly, since they exhibit completely different behaviors from point anomalies. One main challenge here is to incorporate the concept of conditional/group anomalies into anomaly measures/models. Also, current methods mainly focus on detecting anomalies from single data sources, while many applications require the detection of anomalies with multiple heterogeneous data sources, e.g., multidimensional data, graph, image, text, and audio data. One main challenge is that some anomalies can be detected only when considering two or more data sources (p. 4).

Hence, the authors distinguish between what they call “traditional” anomaly detection and “deep” anomaly detection (p. 5) and argue that the latter is concerned with more complex situations and enables “end-to-end optimization of the whole anomaly detection pipeline, and they also enable the learning of representations specifically tailored for anomaly detection” (p. 5). Conditional anomaly detection, also known as contextual anomaly detection, refers to the method in where unusual values are identified in a subset of variables while taking into account the values of other variables. Group anomaly detection focuses on identifying anomalies within groups of data. Instead of looking at individual data points, this approach examines patterns and behaviors of groups to detect any deviations from the norm.

As noted by authors such as Chandola et al. (2009); Pang et al. (2021) and Nassif et al., (2021), among others, ML has made anomaly detection exercises more robust and seamless. Indeed, multiple techniques leveraging ML technologies have been suggested and applied to anomaly detection and have proved to be practical and handy in automating the process (Liu et al, 2015). For example, Nassif et al. (2021) split ML based anomaly detection into three broad categories: supervised anomaly detection where the process involves labelling a dataset and training a model to recognize anomalous points based on the labels, semi-supervised anomaly detection where the training set is only partly labelled and unsupervised anomaly detection where no training sets are needed, and a model automatically detects and flags abnormal patterns.

In this project, we leveraged the category of semi-supervised ML where sensor data are partly labelled. We show that this approach, combined with deep understanding of sensor readings, can achieve robust results, and presents the non-negligeable advantage of model and statistical parameter finetuning while keeping the automation power of machine learning.

Research Context: The Problem and Data Pipeline

The Problem

Physical structural health monitoring (SHM) sensors are installed at strategic locations along a given infrastructure such as a bridge or a dam to record its behaviour. Most sensors work by recording electronic signals, which are then converted into forces, movements, vibrations, inclinations, and other information that is critical in understanding the performance and the structural health of the infrastructure. These sensors send large amounts of data on an ongoing basis. In order for this SHM data to become useable by bridge engineers and operators for adequate asset management, the data must first be cleaned of anomalies such as outliers and noise.

Owner and operators of critical infrastructure perform regular due diligence activities to ensure the structural health of their assets. As a first step in identifying anomalies, data which exceeds predefined maximum or minimum thresholds, as set by the bridge designers, is identified as an outlier. However, Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS) data is often more complex and requires further analysis to remove the outliers and noise from the data that falls within these predefined thresholds.

Prior to developing the ML approach, the Major Bridges and Projects (MBP) team had been conducting analyses which required manual anomaly detection of large amounts of sensor data which proved complex, time consuming, less effective, and prone to human error. The use of ML techniques has enabled the teams to test a faster and more accurate anomaly detection mechanism.

This project was conducted as a partnership between the Data Science (DS) team and the Major Bridges and Projects (MBP) team at HICC.

The general objective of the project is to improve the monitoring of the structural health of bridge infrastructure by outputting data with less noise. The specific objectives include detecting sensor data anomalies (counts) of various types such as those caused by irregular fluctuations or the lack of fluctuations and to start identifying sensor data anomaly trends. Additionally, the project aims to inform the decision-making process regarding the implementation of a new anomaly detection technology.

The Data Pipeline

The data pipeline of the project follows a typical data science process: the analytical team receives sensor readings, cleaning and pre-processing is done using python, training sets are created, labelled, and tested, machine learning models are applied using the scikit-learn library of Python and resulting predictions are visualized using MS Power BI. Figure 1 below summarizes the data pipeline for the project.

Methods

The project uses a semi-supervised ML classification approach similar to techniques discussed in our literature review section. This technique uses a combination of labelled and unlabelled data where we partially label a training set and apply statistical parameters in the anomaly detection process as described in the following sections. The choice of the method was motivated by multiple factors related to ensuring control over training data, the types of anomalies, cost-effectiveness, replicability, and performance, among others. Authors such as Soule et al. (2005) and Rousseeuw & Hubert (2017) proposed robust methods for using statistical techniques in anomaly detection and demonstrated the combination of such techniques with existing machine learning approaches yields robust results while the use of ML alone can generally miss hard-to-detect anomaly types (Spanos et al., 2019; Jasra et al., 2022). This indeed proved to be true in this project: when we applied an unsupervised ML model during the exploration phase, we realized that only outliers, i.e. data that were significantly above or below the centres, were being flagged as anomalies. Yet, we needed a method that can capture the anomalies that are not easily detected.

To successfully implement the approach, we partially labelled a sample set and trained a ML model to flag those anomalies. Prior to running the supervised model, we start by prepopulating anomaly predictions in an unsupervised and rule-based approach with pre-defined parameters for standard deviations and time series window sizes described in the following sections. With a partially labelled training set, ML classification is applied, and we chose the Gradient Boosting algorithm summarized by equations (1) and (2) below:

(1) $\hat{y}=F_{\mathrm{K}}\left(x\right)$

(2) $F_{\mathrm{K}}\left(x\right)=F_0\left(x\right)+\underset{i=1}{\overset{K}{\sum }}{\gamma }_i{\lambda }_i\left(x\right)$

Where:

• $\hat{y}$ is the predicted binary data label for a normal or an abnormal sensor reading;
• $X$ is a set of predictors for time series data with sensor reading, date and time;
• $\mathrm{F(}x)$ is the function learned by the classifier from the training (labeled) data;
• $F_0$ is a constant initial value for the target prediction;
• $K$ is the number of boosting stages, also called “weak learners”;
• ${\gamma }_i$ are coefficients also known as the learning rate;
• ${\lambda }_i$ are the weak learners or the decision trees

The expression in (1) represent the model’s predicted output y for input features x where F is the aggregated function combining all individual weak learners. The expression in (2) illustrates how the model is built iteratively over K boosting rounds: starting with an initial constant, each subsequent iteration adds a scaled weak learner to progressively minimize the residual errors.

It is important to note that the Gradient Boosting algorithm usually outperforms other ensemble learner models (Ebrahimi et al., 2019) and, in some instances, authors have found a gradient boosted decision tree was superior by a large margin to some neural models (Qin et al., 2021). Prior to employing the semi-supervised approach through the Gradient Boosting algorithm, we tested an Isolation Forest model as a fully unsupervised anomaly detection technique. Results of the Isolation Forests method did not meet our expectations in terms of accuracy, which is not surprising in such cases with conditional anomalies as shown by Pang et al. (2021) cited above.

This approach allowed full control over training data and gave room to possibilities of finetuning multiple parameters including model parameters such as testing and training sizes, random states as well as statistical parameters for standard deviations and time series window sizes. Indeed, we defined anomaly types by existing formulas defined by bridge engineers and by labelling training sets manually using an iterative process. For example, we were able to isolate the following type of anomalies called flatlines that were not flagged by the alarm system because they remained within the predefined thresholds previously mentioned and that would be time-consuming and not practical to identify manually:

• Absolute flatline anomalies: when a sensor returns exactly the same reading four times consecutively with standard deviation equal to 0
• Consecutive but relative flatline anomalies: when a sensor returns 12 consecutive readings in a day with very little fluctuation set to absolute standard deviation value inferior or equal to 0.15 

The use of this semi-supervised approach also ensured that our method could be applied to similar problems without the need to rewrite the algorithm, hence ensuring cost effectiveness and replicability. Finally, the choice of this method was also motivated by the well documented compute efficiencies and performances for supervised machine learning models (Akinsola et al., 2019; Aboueata et al., 2019; Ma et al., 1999). It is worth noting that while the results were satisfactory, this approach had some limitations and challenges. In particular, the manual labelling of training data required significant efforts. Additionally, the combination of techniques, while allowing flexibility, had a risk for model overfitting which we are mitigating by carefully inspecting the predicted results with analysts’ knowledge.

Results and Discussion

In its first phase, the project led to the identification of 714,185 data readings flagged as anomalies. This represented roughly 4.6% of all sensor readings and fell in one of the following pre-determined categories:

• Anomalies caused by irregular fluctuations
• Anomalies related to the lack of normal fluctuations including absolute and relative flatlines
• Anomalies caused by readings being outside of the expected range for sensors

The proportion of data points identified as anomalies was over 4% larger than what a non-supervised Isolation Forest model had returned in an earlier exploration, confirming the conclusions by Pang et al. (2021) that more complex anomaly types require more advanced combination of methods for accurate detection. We also obtained an average internal accuracy score of 0.988 (or over 98%), which, while not an absolute indication of success, was a signal for the model’s performance.

Predictive Accuracy

During the proof-of-concept phase of this project, we computed an F1 score for model accuracy and obtained a score of 0.956 (96%) accuracy. The F1 score is the harmonic mean of a model's precision and recall scores and is often used to evaluate classification models (for example, see Silva et al., 2024; Zhang et al. 2015). In the following section, we report on the internal model accuracy computed using the cross-validation approach from the scikit-learn library. To avoid overfitting, we held on to a small sample of data as a test set and computed the accuracy score using the `train_test_split` method from scikit-learn. The method splits datasets into training and testing subsets for ML tasks. It has various parameters such as the ‘test_size’ and ‘train_size’ which determine, randomly or in controlled manner, the fraction of number of samples for the test and train set. This approach allows better control, especially in the cases of imbalanced training data.

This process is well documented by scikit-learn as shown in figure 2 below:

Table 1 below shows accuracy scores obtained for a sample of 9 sensors out of 44 sensors in the scope of the first phase of the project. This score is calculated by dividing the number of correct predictions by the number of total predictions and thus allows comparison of the predicted values with the actual values. The score was computed using the y_val_split, y_val_pred methods from the sklearn.metrics sub-library. It is worth noting that the exercise of partially labelling training data was done on a full cycle of the sensor readings, covering a sample year. This helped overcome the problem of imbalanced training set and resulted in comparable shares of anomalies in training data and anomalies identified.

Table 1: Sample accuracy scores for the first 9 sensors using the test-split helper function

Sensor ID	Accuracy score
Sensor ID 1	0.998463902
Sensor ID 2	0.998932764
Sensor ID 3	0.990174672
Sensor ID 4	0.98579235
Sensor ID 5	0.99592668
Sensor ID 6	0.994401679
Sensor ID 7	0.998294486
Sensor ID 8	0.998385361
Sensor ID 9	0.99452954

While this score served as a good benchmark, it is worth noting that because of the specificity of anomalies being detected, more accuracy scoring metrics are being researched to ensure the best representation of the model’s performance.

Using the results: From Machine Learning to Business Value

The predicted anomalies need to be consumable to the bridge engineers so they can action on the insights produced by the ML model. The solution was to visualize the output in a simple and easy dashboard that summarizes the findings while providing enough information that can inform decision-making. We used Microsoft’s Power BI to produce a simplistic visualization that contain the following information:

1. Anomaly percentage by day using a stacked column chart, which can be drilled up to anomaly percentage by month
2. The sensor readings using a line chart and differentiating between normal readings and anomalies
3. A table with the detailed results provided by the algorithm for the selected sensor and year/month.
4. The performance indicator for the selected sensor for the selected time range, which is the percentage of the number of normal readings over the total number of readings
5. The share of normal sensor readings vs anomalies (donut chart) and a filter for comparison

Anomaly percentage by day using a stacked column chart, which can be drilled up to anomaly percentage by month

This type of dashboard is used to determined how well a specific sensor is performing and if it needs calibration, repair, or replacement. It provides limited visibility on the behaviour of the structure that the sensor is monitoring.

A snapshot of the dashboard showing the above is provided in Figure 3 below.

We also ensured the results can be visualized together for all sensors which allowed comparison and readability. The three figures below show the steps performed in order to attain this comparison and readability.

Unlike the previous dashboard, this type of dashboard, once anomalies such as noise and outliers are removed, allows for better visibility of the trends and the behaviour of the structures that the sensors are monitoring, as opposed to the behaviour of the sensors themselves.

Figure 4 shows the initial raw data of multiple sensors on the same graph, averaged monthly to show the results over extended periods of time (i.e. trend evaluation), along with temperature, which is distinguished by being dashed, as temperature is the main influencing reading predictor.

In Figure 5, the offsets between the sensor data lines are removed to ensure overlapping, and temperature is inverted so that it can also follow the upward and downward trend of the sensor data lines.

Finally, Figure 6. displays the final results with the removal of anomalies detected by our model. Once more, the overlap of temperature with the sensor data allows to qualitatively evaluate the behaviour of the structures at a glance.

The results obtained in this project have demonstrated the potential for using ML approaches to improve the anomaly detection exercise and to ensure a more efficient and accurate monitoring of sensor data. Indeed, the project has contributed to understanding historical data on bridge sensors and provided insights on the overall performance of the sensors. Moreover, the results assisted the Bridge Team in evaluating the performance of sensors, ultimately flagging a number of them for further analysis. Once the sensors are investigated and their functionality confirmed, the now noise-less data allows for a better appreciation of the behaviour of the structure, its performance trends, and its structural health over time.

Our approach has proven to have the potential to assist during the bridge operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation phase by helping to contribute towards early detection and inspection planning for infrastructure. Additionally, by exploring and manipulating historical data, the project has contributed to the overall objective of bridge health monitoring by checking data quality and reliability. The data quality checks that come with anomaly detection will help improve the accuracy of historical bridge SHMS data and facilitate the planning and management of future work. The control over anomaly types reduces the occurrence of false alarms while opening avenue for detailed inspections and checks. The resulting visualization will also be handy for the technical team and will provide insights on the performance of the sensors, as well as potential structural issues.

Conclusion and Next Steps

This project sought to leverage advanced techniques combining semi-supervised ML and statistical approaches for anomaly detection. As demonstrated in the literature section, anomaly detection is a complex problem that requires expertise and is usually well achieved by combining a host of methods. Indeed, we have shown that the exercise has the potential to flag sensor data anomalies in a controlled and replicable manner. In the next phases of the project, a multi-class model is being researched to ensure that not only anomalies are detected but they are also labelled and clustered into specific anomaly types. This granular approach will improve diagnostic clarity and help engineers to better understand sensor anomaly causes and ultimately support bridge maintenance.

It is worth noting, in this concluding paragraph, that with the advent of Generative AI (GenAI), future research should explore its potential for anomaly detection. GenAI has the ability to learn patterns and distributions of normal data and therefore could, if provided with examples, identify deviations that may signify anomalous data readings. Additionally, by training models like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) on large datasets, researchers can generate realistic representations of typical behavior and enhance anomaly detection exercises. The use of GenAI was outside of the scope of this project.

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References

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• Chandola, V., Banerjee, A., & Kumar, V. (2009). Anomaly detection: A survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 41(3), 1–58. https://doi.org/10.1145/1541880.1541882
• Ebrahimi, M., Mohammadi-Dehcheshmeh, M., Ebrahimie, E., & Petrovski, K. R. (2019). Comprehensive analysis of machine learning models for prediction of sub-clinical mastitis: Deep Learning and Gradient-Boosted Trees outperform other models. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 114, 103456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103456
• Jasra, S. K., Valentino, G., Muscat, A., & Camilleri, R. (2022). Hybrid Machine Learning–Statistical Method for Anomaly Detection in Flight Data. Applied Sciences, 12(20), 10261. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010261
• Nassif, A. B., Talib, M. A., Nasir, Q., & Dakalbab, F. M. (2021). Machine Learning for Anomaly Detection: A Systematic Review. IEEE Access, 9, 78658–78700. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3083060
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• Qin, Z., Yan, L., Zhuang, H., Pasumarthi, R. K., Wang, X., Bendersky, M., & Najork, M. (2021). Are Neural Rankers still Outperformed by Gradient Boosted Decision Trees? International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). https://research.google/pubs/are-neural-rankers-still-outperformed-by-gradient-boosted-decision-trees/
• Rousseeuw, P. J., & Hubert, M. (2018). Anomaly detection by robust statistics. WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 8(2), e1236. https://doi.org/10.1002/widm.1236
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• Soule, A., Salamatian, K., & Taft, N. (2005). Combining Filtering and Statistical Methods for Anomaly Detection. Proceedings of the 5th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement. https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/imc05/tech/full_papers/soule/soule.pdf
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• Zhang, D., Wang, J., & Zhao, X. (2015). Estimating the Uncertainty of Average F1 Scores. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on The Theory of Information Retrieval, 317–320. https://doi.org/10.1145/2808194.2809488.

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• Specify your medical specialty

As [a nurse practitioner/a nurse/a general practitioner or family physician/a specialist physician/a pharmacist], did you provide direct patient care at any time between [January 1 and December 31, 2024]?

Direct patient care is to have physical or virtual contact with patients for the purpose of prevention, assessment, diagnosis, monitoring of their physical and mental health and treatment, including dispensing medication.

• Yes
• No

Job environment

The following questions refer to your experiences as [a nurse practitioner/a nurse/a general practitioner or family physician/a specialist physician/a pharmacist] at your primary practice setting between [January 1 and December 31, 2024]. Your primary practice setting is the specific health care facility where you worked the most hours between [January 1 and December 31, 2024].

Between [January 1 and December 31, 2024], what was your primary practice setting?

* if you worked at multiple settings as [a nurse practitioner/a nurse/a general practitioner or family physician/a specialist physician/a pharmacist], please think of the setting at which you worked the most hours and provided patient care

* if you practiced at multiple settings equally, please think of the practice setting you provided patient care on the last working day you had

* if you worked virtually for most of your practice, select the corresponding virtual practice.

• Primary care or family medicine office or clinic
  Include nurse practitioner-led office or clinic
• Specialist office or clinic
  Exclude offices or clinics located in a hospital
• Hospital setting
  Include inpatient care or ambulatory clinics in a hospital or specialized medical or health facility that has in-patient care, e.g., rehabilitation centre, mental health or addictions treatment centre, cancer centre or birth centre
• Community or public health centre, clinic or unit
  Include centres that provide primary health or health promotion services to individuals, families or communities, such as community health centres or local community service centres (CLSC)
• Nursing home, long-term care facility, seniors' residence or retirement home, or special care home
• Homecare establishment
  Include establishments for home-based nursing care or home-based palliative care
• Laboratory or diagnostic clinic
• Pharmacy
• Other

What was the province or territory of your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting]?

If you worked in a fully virtual setting, select the province or territory in which you provided care.

• Alberta
• British Columbia
• Manitoba
• New Brunswick
• Newfoundland and Labrador
• Northwest Territories
• Nova Scotia
• Nunavut
• Ontario
• Prince Edward Island
• Quebec
• Saskatchewan
• Yukon

What was the postal code of your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting]?

Refer to your primary practice setting's postal code.

• Postal code
  Example: A9A 9A9

Patient clinical information

The following questions refer to your experiences working as [a nurse practitioner/a nurse/a general practitioner or family physician/a specialist physician/a pharmacist] at your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting].

Patient clinical information could include prescriptions, consultation and clinic notes, hospital discharge summaries, medication summaries, allergies and intolerances, immunizations, procedures or surgical history, medical devices, lab and diagnostic results and requisitions, referrals, vital signs and other types of clinical information.

Between [January 1 and December 31, 2024], did you have access to any patient clinical information at your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting]?

• Yes
• No

Sharing patient information

The following questions refer to your experiences working with digital health systems at the [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting] between [January 1 and December 31, 2024]. Digital health systems are internal or external applications, platforms or software that allow for documenting, sending or sharing patient clinical information. Some examples of digital health systems include Electronic Medical Records (EMR), provincial or territorial Electronic Health Records (EHR), Hospital Information Systems (HIS), Clinical Information Systems (CIS) and Pharmacy Management Software (PMS), among others. Specific examples may include MEDITECH, Epic, Cerner, CristalNet, OACIS, ClinicalViewer, Dossier Santé Québec (DSQ), Netcare, etc. For the purposes of this survey, faxes, electronic faxes (e-fax), standard email, video conferencing platforms or telephones are not considered digital health systems.

Between [January 1 and December 31, 2024], did you have access to one or more digital health systems at your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting]?
Note: Press the help button (?) for more information on digital health systems.

• Yes
• No

The following question is about the use of a digital health system between [January 1 and December 31, 2024].

Which of the following methods did you use to send or share patient clinical information with health care providers that work outside of your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting]?

Note: Press the help button (?) for more information on digital health systems and patient clinical information.

Select all that apply.

• Entering or updating patient clinical information in a system that allows access by health care providers
• Flagging or sending a notification that patient clinical information is available to health care providers
• Sending or sharing patient clinical information through a digital health system via secure email or secure messaging
• Sending or sharing patient clinical information through a digital health system via fax or e-fax
  OR
• I was not able to send or share patient clinical information using the methods above outside of my primary practice setting
  OR
• I did not need to send or share patient clinical information outside of my primary practice setting

For the following questions, only consider sending or sharing patient clinical information electronically through a digital health system. Please exclude fax or e-fax even if sent through a digital health system.

Between [January 1 and December 31, 2024], how often did you use a digital health system when sending or sharing patient clinical information to health care providers that work outside of your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting]?
Note: Press the help button (?) for more information on digital health systems and patient clinical information.
Exclude fax or e-fax even if sent through a digital health system.

• Always
• Often
• Sometimes
• Rarely

To which of the following health care settings did you use a digital health system as the primary method of sending or sharing patient clinical information?
Exclude fax or e-fax even if sent through a digital health system.
Note: Press the help button (?) for more information on digital health systems and patient clinical information.

Select all that apply.

• Primary care or family medicine office or clinic
  Include nurse practitioner-led office or clinic
• Specialist office or clinic
  Exclude offices or clinics located in the hospital
• Public health centre, clinic, or unit
  Include centres that provide primary health or health promotion services to individuals, families, or communities, such as community health centres or local community service centres (CLSC)
• Nursing home, long-term care facility, seniors' residence or retirement home, or special care home
• Homecare establishment
  Include establishments for home-based nursing care or home-based palliative care
• Laboratory or diagnostic clinic
• Pharmacy
• Hospital setting
  Include ambulatory clinics in a hospital or specialized medical or health facility that has in-patient care, e.g., rehabilitation centre, mental health or addictions treatment centre, cancer centre or birth centre
• Other
  OR
• Did not use a digital health system as the primary method of sending or sharing patient clinical information

Between [January 1 and December 31, 2024], which of the following barriers did you experience that limited or prevented you from sending or sharing patient clinical information to health care providers that work outside of your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting] using digital health systems?

Select all that apply.

• Digital health systems did not have the ability to send or share patient clinical information electronically to health care providers that work outside of my practice setting
  e.g., digital health system can only share using fax or e-fax
• Insufficient training on use of digital health systems
• Reluctant to share patient clinical information because of privacy concerns
• Available digital health systems did not meet my clinical practice needs
• Insufficient integration between different digital health systems
  e.g., cannot send information directly from one digital health system to another
• Required equipment was not available
  e.g., workstations, mobile devices
• Lacked the required permissions to access digital heath systems
• Time-consuming or multiple sign-ins required to access digital health systems
• Non-user-friendly digital health systems
  e.g., complicated interface, very complex system
• Systems or networks weren't available or reliable
  e.g., data disappearing or unstable internet connections
• Insufficient IT support to use the digital health system
• Other
  • Please specify the other barrier to sharing information
  OR
• Did not experience any barriers to sending or sharing patient information using digital health systems

Using patient information

The following questions are about patient clinical information that you have received or is available to you through a digital health system from other health care providers that work outside of your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting]. This may include internal or external systems to which you have access.

Which of the following methods did you receive or access the patient clinical information through a digital health system?
Note: Press the help button (?) for more information on digital health systems and patient clinical information.

Select all that apply.

• Accessing patient clinical information that has been entered or updated in a system by health care providers that work outside of your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting]
• Receiving a flag or a notification that patient clinical information is available by health care providers that work outside of your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting] for the care of your patient
• Receiving patient clinical information via secure email or secure messaging through a digital health system from health care providers that work outside of your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting]
• Receiving patient clinical information via fax or e-fax that is scanned or copied into your digital health system
  OR
• Did not receive or access patient clinical information through any of these methods

For the following question, only consider patient clinical information that you have received or is available to you directly through a digital health system. Please exclude if patient clinical information was received via fax or e-fax that was scanned or copied into your digital health system.

Thinking about patient clinical information available to you from other health care providers through a digital health system, were there any times that you did not access the information due to the digital health system limitations?

Consider limitations in the digital health systems that may have limited the frequency in which you accessed this information. For example, time-consuming or multiple sign-ins required to access systems, insufficient integration between different systems, non-user-friendly systems, etc.
Note: Press the help button (?) for more information on digital health systems and patient clinical information.

• Yes
• No

How often did you not access the information due to limitations?

• Always
• Often
• Sometimes
• Rarely

Between [January 1 and December 31, 2024], which of the following barriers limited or prevented you from accessing patient clinical information you received through a digital health system?

Select all that apply.

• Insufficient training on use of digital health systems
• Insufficient integration between different systems
  e.g., I could not open the patient clinical information delivered to my digital health system
• Required equipment was not available
  e.g., workstations, mobile devices
• Lacked the required permissions to access digital health systems
• Time-consuming or multiple sign-ins required to access systems
• Non-user-friendly systems
  e.g., complicated interface, very complex system
• Systems or networks weren't available or reliable
  e.g., data disappearing or unstable internet connections
• Insufficient IT support to use the system
• Other
  • Please specify the other barrier for accessing patient clinical information you received or had access to
  OR
• Did not experience any barriers accessing patient clinical information received through a digital health system

Digital health literacy

The following questions are about your eHealth or digital health skills and experiences, such as the use of digital health technology and other technologies related to health that involve patient care. Answer the questions based on your experiences with digital health technology during working days between [January 1 and December 31, 2024] at your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting].

Questions are part of the e-Health Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ Staff version). The eHLQ is copyrighted, access and use of the questions are only available with permission from the authors. Copyright © 2018 Richard Osborne (rosborne@swin.edu.au) and Lars Kayser (lk@sund.ku.dk)

Thinking about digital health technology please indicate how strongly you agree or disagree with each of the following statements.

Please respond to the following statements based on your experiences with IT systems between [January 1 and December 31, 2024] at your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting].

Technology represents all devices that can be used to access data or handle information digitally. Technology is also the digital services offered by the health care system. Examples are internet, website, health apps, sensors, monitoring machines, computers, laptops, mobile phones, smart phones, tablets and smart watches.

For the following questions digital health systems means IT systems that you encounter during the working day. Examples are online health records, health apps, Medicare website and apps, private health insurance websites, health care provider's website and prescription apps.

Services are any type of care provided to patient with the purpose of prevention, assessment, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of their physical and mental health.

1. I am sure that the patients' health data are being used only by those who are supposed to use it
   • Strongly disagree
   • Disagree
   • Agree
   • Strongly agree
2. Technology makes the patients feel actively involved with their health
   • Strongly disagree
   • Disagree
   • Agree
   • Strongly agree
3. Information about the patients' health are always available to those who need it
   • Strongly disagree
   • Disagree
   • Agree
   • Strongly agree
4. At my workplace, services are available that I can access through technology
   • Strongly disagree
   • Disagree
   • Agree
   • Strongly agree
5. The patients' electronic health care data are being stored safely
   • Strongly disagree
   • Disagree
   • Agree
   • Strongly agree
6. I have a clear understanding of how health care providers use data
   • Strongly disagree
   • Disagree
   • Agree
   • Strongly agree
7. The patients' health data are available to me wherever I am
   • Strongly disagree
   • Disagree
   • Agree
   • Strongly agree
8. I find that technology helps me to assist the patients in taking care of their health
   • Strongly disagree
   • Disagree
   • Agree
   • Strongly agree
9. I am sure that only authorized people can access the patients' health data
   • Strongly disagree
   • Disagree
   • Agree
   • Strongly agree
10. All the digital health systems I use work together
    • Strongly disagree
    • Disagree
    • Agree
    • Strongly agree
11. I find that patients receive better services from health professionals when technology is used
    • Strongly disagree
    • Disagree
    • Agree
    • Strongly agree
12. Technology improves my communication with the patients
    • Strongly disagree
    • Disagree
    • Agree
    • Strongly agree
13. Most of the health care providers can be accessed through technology
    • Strongly disagree
    • Disagree
    • Agree
    • Strongly agree
14. I am confident that health care providers use the patients' data appropriately
    • Strongly disagree
    • Disagree
    • Agree
    • Strongly agree
15. I have access to digital health systems that work
    • Strongly disagree
    • Disagree
    • Agree
    • Strongly agree
16. I find technology useful for monitoring the patients' health
    • Strongly disagree
    • Disagree
    • Agree
    • Strongly agree

Province

In which province or territory were you living during the majority of your time working as a health care provider between [January 1 and December 31, 2024]?

Consider the place you lived in for the longest period of time between [January 1 and December 31, 2024]?

• Alberta
• British Columbia
• Manitoba
• New Brunswick
• Newfoundland and Labrador
• Northwest Territories
• Nova Scotia
• Nunavut
• Ontario
• Prince Edward Island
• Quebec
• Saskatchewan
• Yukon

Labour market activities

Were you an employee or self-employed between [January 1 and December 31, 2024] at your [office or clinic/hospital/center or clinic/residential care home/homecare establishment/laboratory or diagnostic clinic/pharmacy/center or clinic/primary practice setting]?

Select "Employee" if you worked:
* for pay (wages, salary, etc.).
Select "Self-Employed" if you worked:
* for your own business or professional practice
* as an independent contractor, health care provider, etc.

• Employee
• Self-employed

How many years have you been working as [a nurse practitioner/a nurse/a general practitioner or family physician/a specialist physician/a pharmacist]?

Include years of residency if applicable.

Number of years

• Less than 1 year
• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• 17
• 18
• 19
• 20 or more

Administrative information

To avoid duplication of surveys, Statistics Canada has signed agreements to share the data from this survey with provincial and territorial ministries of health. Provincial ministries of health may make the data available to local health authorities. Data shared with your ministry of health may also include identifiers such as name, address and telephone number. Local health authorities, would receive only survey responses and the postal code. These organizations have agreed to keep the data confidential and use it only for statistical purposes.

To avoid duplication of surveys, Statistics Canada has signed agreements to share the data from this survey with provincial and territorial ministries of health and the Institut de la statistique du Québec. The Institut de la statistique du Québec and provincial ministries of health may make this data available to local health authorities. Data shared with your ministry of health or the Institut de la statistique du Québec may also include identifiers such as name, address and telephone number. Local health authorities, would receive only survey responses and the postal code.

These organizations have agreed to keep the data confidential and use it only for statistical purposes.

Do you agree to share the data that you have provided?

• Yes
• No

Integrated Business Statistics Program (IBSP)

Reporting Guide

This guide is designed to assist you as you complete the 2024 Annual Civil Aviation Survey - Level II. If you need more information, please call the Statistics Canada Help Line at the number below.

Help Line: 1-877-949-9492

Your answers are confidential.

Statistics Canada is prohibited by law from releasing any information it collects which could identify any person, business, or organization, unless consent has been given by the respondent or as permitted by the Statistics Act.

Statistics Canada will use information from this survey for statistical purposes.

Table of contents

• Reporting period information
• Business or organization and contact information
• Balance Sheet, Annual - Statement 20 (II, III)
• Statement of Revenues and Expenses, Annual - Statement 21 (I, II)

Reporting period information

For the purpose of this survey, please report information for your 12 month fiscal period for which the final day occurs on or between April 1, 2024 — March 31, 2025.

Here are twelve common fiscal periods that fall within the targeted dates:

• May 1, 2023 to April 30, 2024
• June 1, 2023 to May 31, 2024
• July 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024
• August 1, 2023 to July 31, 2024
• September 1, 2023 to August 31, 2024
• October 1, 2023 to September 30, 2024
• November 1, 2023 to October 31, 2024
• December 1, 2023 to November 30, 2024
• January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024
• February 1, 2024 to January 31, 2025
• March 1, 2024 to February 28, 2025
• April 1, 2024 to March 31, 2025

Here are other examples of fiscal periods that fall within the required dates:

• September 18, 2023 to September 15, 2024 (e.g., floating year-end)
• June 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024 (e.g., a newly opened business)

Business or organization and contact information

This section verifies or requests basic identifying information of the business or organization such as legal name, operating name (if applicable), contact information of the designated contact person, current operational status, and main activity(ies).

1. Legal name and Operating name

Legal Name
The legal name is one recognized by law, thus it is the name liable for pursuit or for debts incurred by the business or organization. In the case of a corporation, it is the legal name as fixed by its charter or the statute by which the corporation was created.

Modifications to the legal name should only be done to correct a spelling error or typo.

To indicate a legal name of another legal entity you should instead indicate it in question 3 by selecting 'Not currently operational' and then choosing the applicable reason and providing the legal name of this other entity along with any other requested information.

Operating Name

The operating name is a name the business or organization is commonly known as if different from its legal name. The operating name is synonymous with trade name.

2. Designated contact person

Verify or provide the requested contact information of the designated business or organization contact person. The designated contact person is the person who should receive this questionnaire. The designated contact person may not always be the one who actually completes the questionnaire. If different than the designated contact person, the contact information of the person completing the questionnaire can be indicated later in the questionnaire.

3. Current operational status

Verify or provide the current operational status of the business or organization identified by the legal and operating name in question 1. If indicating the operational status of the business or organization is 'Not currently operational' then indicate an applicable reason and provide the requested information.

4. Main activity

This question verifies the business or organization's current main activity as classified by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is an industry classification system developed by the statistical agencies of Canada, Mexico and the United States. Created against the background of the North American Free Trade Agreement, it is designed to provide common definitions of the industrial structure of the three countries and a common statistical framework to facilitate the analysis of the three economies. NAICS is based on supply-side or production-oriented principles, to ensure that industrial data, classified to NAICS, are suitable for the analysis of production-related issues such as industrial performance.

The target entity for which NAICS is designed are businesses and other organizations engaged in the production of goods and services. They include farms, incorporated and unincorporated businesses and government business enterprises. They also include government institutions and agencies engaged in the production of marketed and non-marketed services, as well as organizations such as professional associations and unions and charitable or non-profit organizations and the employees of households.

The associated NAICS should reflect those activities conducted by the business or organizational units targeted by this questionnaire only, as identified in the 'Answering this questionnaire' section and which can be identified by the specified legal and operating name. The main activity is the activity which most defines the targeted business or organization's main purpose or reason for existence. For a business or organization that is for-profit, it is normally the activity that generates the majority of the revenue for the entity.

The NAICS classification contains a limited number of activity classes; the associated classification might be applicable for this business or organization even if it is not exactly how you would describe this business or organization's main activity.

Please note that any modifications to the main activity through your response to this question might not necessarily be reflected prior to the transmitting of subsequent questionnaires and as a result they may not contain this updated information.

If the current NAICS associated with this business or organizations is not correct, please provide a brief description of the main activity and provide any additional information as requested.

Balance Sheet, Annual - Statement 20 (II, III)

Financial assets

Current assets

Include:

• cash, bank balances (including deposits in transit, special deposits for the payments of debts, and so on) and short-term investments due within one year from the date of the balance sheet;
• current accounts and notes receivable as well as other current assets such as inventories, charges to subscribers on transportation contracts, interests and dividends receivable, and so on.

All other financial assets – (Include investments and special funds.)

Include investments in associated companies, other investments such as investments in stocks, bonds, and so on, and special funds such as equipment purchase funds, funds set aside for such special purposes as contractual deposits, pension funds, self-insurance funds, and so on.

Property and equipment

Operating - property and equipment – (Include capital leases.)

Include:

• ground property and equipment (including flight equipment) owned and/or under capital leases;
• the cost of aircraft (airframes), aircraft engines, propellers, components (aircraft communication and navigational equipment) and spare parts that have been purchased outright;
• the cost of non-airborne communication and meteorological equipment, ramp equipment, maintenance and engineering equipment, surface transport vehicles and equipment, furniture, fixtures and office equipment, buildings and land as well as miscellaneous ground equipment such as medical equipment, airport and lighting equipment, passenger service equipment, hotel, restaurant and food service equipment, storage and distribution equipment. Property and equipment under capital leases includes the cost of property and equipment under a capital or finance lease, in other words, a lease for a period considered to be the whole or nearly the whole life of the property or equipment.

Accumulated depreciation and amortization - property and equipment

Include:

• accumulated depreciation and amortization of ground property and equipment (including flight equipment) owned and/or under capital leases;
• accrued charges representing losses, not replaced by current repairs, occurring in physical property and suffered through current lessening of service value due to wear and tear from use and the action of time and the elements; and losses occurring through obsolescence, supersession, new technological developments, changes in popular demand and the requirements of public authority.

Non-operating property and equipment – (Include capital leases.)

Include the cost of all non-operating property and equipment, in other words, all property and equipment not included in the "operating" category above.

Accumulated depreciation and amortization - non-operating property and equipment

Include accumulated depreciation and amortization of the non-operating property and equipment.

All other assets

Include long-term prepayments, developmental and pre-operating costs such as the cost of extraordinary training, unamortized discounts and expenses on the issue of long-term debt securities, property acquisition adjustments, other intangibles such as payments made for patents, copyrights, and so on, and other deferred charges.

Total assets

The sum of the assets above less the accumulated depreciation and amortization.

Liabilities and capital

Current liabilities

Include:

• current accounts and traffic balances payable, including balances subject to current settlement and payable to associated companies and/or shareholders, and notes payable on demand or within one year from the date of the balance sheet;
• the current portion of long-term debt and the current obligations under capital leases;
• air traffic liabilities (unearned transportation revenue), which includes the value of passenger tickets sold but not used or refunded as of the date of the balance sheet, and pre-paid amounts for the transportation of baggage, freight and mail for which the transportation has not occurred as of the date of the balance sheet;
• salaries and wages accrued and unpaid, taxes accrued and unpaid, dividends payable, deposits by subscribers on transportation contracts (air travel plan liabilities, in other words, deposits received under air travel plan contracts) and other current and accrued liabilities.

Advances from associated companies and/or shareholders

Include the net amount from associated companies and/or shareholders for notes, loans or advances which are not currently settled.

Long-term debt and other non-current liabilities – (Include capital leases.)

Include:

• the face value or principal amount of debt securities (for example, bonds, trust certificates, debentures, notes) issued and assumed by the air carrier and in the hands of others, which is not payable within twelve months of the balance sheet date;
• long-term obligations under capital leases, which refers to the present value of unexpired contracts for the acquisition of aircraft under such lease arrangements.

Deferred income taxes

Include taxes that will be owed on income, but that have not yet been assessed.

All other liabilities

Include:

• deferred credits which correspond to unamortized premiums on all classes of long-term debt, and other deferred credits such as securities issued or assumed by the air carrier, and other unadjusted accounts that cannot be cleared as of the date of the balance sheet;
• provisions for major overhauls such as for flight equipment (in other words, liabilities of uncertain value or timing associated with the complete disassembly and inspection or repair of an aircraft, engine or other component of an aircraft) and other provisions such as liabilities of uncertain value or timing.

Shareholders' equity

Capital stock

Include the equity capital invested in a business through the purchase of various classes of common and preferred shares.

Retained earnings

Include the portion of after-tax profits left over, after dividends have been paid to shareholders, for reinvestment into the company. If this account is negative, then the amount indicated for this item should be shown with a negative (-) sign.

All other items

Include other paid-in capital and reserves. Other paid-in capital or contributed surplus includes the premiums or discounts that have resulted from selling stock, and stock received from donations. Reserves include any reserve fund such as reserve for self-insurance, reserve for pension, reserves against potential future losses, and so on. Also, include proprietorship or partnership accounts (balance year-end).

Total liabilities and capital

The sum of liabilities and capital plus the sum of shareholders' equity which should equal total assets.

Statement of Revenues and Expenses, Annual - Statement 21 (I, II)

Scheduled services

Transportation of passengers or goods, or both, by an aircraft provided by an air carrier that operates the air service and that, directly or indirectly, sells some or all of its seats or part or all of its cargo space to the public on a price per seat, price per unit of mass or price per volume of cargo basis.

Charter services

Transportation of passengers or goods, or both, by aircraft pursuant to a contract under which a person, other than the air carrier that operates the air service, or its agent, reserves a block of seats or part of the cargo space of an aircraft for the person's use or for resale to the public.

Include air ambulance service and the movement of people and goods to logging or heli-logging sites.

Exclude firefighting and heli-logging activities and the movement of people and goods to a firefighting site. (The former Transport Canada TP 8880 document "Starting a Commercial Air Service" outlining a list of activities which are specialty has been replaced with a new document TP 4711 "Air Operator Certification Manual" as of December 2020. A PDF version of volumes of this manual can be requested at: Air Operator Certification Manual – TP 4711)

Passenger revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from the transportation of passengers on scheduled and charter services. Include revenue from all surcharges (baggage, fuel, seat selection, changing or cancelling flights, and so on) that are retained by the air carrier. Exclude amounts such as taxes, navigation fees, security fees, and so on that are collected but passed on to other entities.

Goods revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from the transportation of goods on scheduled and charter services. Exclude taxes such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST), Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) or Provincial Sales Tax (PST).

All other flight-related revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from air transport activities not included in passenger revenue or goods revenue. Include revenue from other flying services such as flying training, recreational flying and other specialty flying.

All other revenue

Include subsidies and revenue earned from all other sources (including contra revenue, revenue of a corporate nature (leasing revenue, third party ground-handling, and so on), ancillary passenger revenue not easily allocated by operating flight (customs brokerage, and so on), revenue from in-flight sales (beverages, food, entertainment and wireless Internet access, and so on)).

Total operating revenue

The sum of passenger revenue, goods revenue, other flight-related revenue and revenue from all other sources.

Operating expenses - Ground property and equipment maintenance

Employee wages, salaries and benefits

Direct labour costs (wages and salaries) expended on the maintenance of ground property and equipment.

Include benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on.

All other maintenance - ground property and equipment expenses

Expenses, both direct and indirect, incurred in the repair and upkeep of ground property and equipment.

Include materials and supplies, purchased repair services and all other related expenses.

Total maintenance - ground property and equipment expenses

The sum of the previous two expense items.

Operating expenses - Aircraft operations

Flight crew wages, salaries and benefits

Include the wages, salaries and benefits for flight crews (pilot, co-pilot, navigator, and so on).

Include benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on and layover expenses such as hotels and meals.

Aircraft fuel and oil

Expenses for turbo fuel, gasoline and all other fuel and oil consumed such as turbine oil and piston oil.

Include throughput charges, non-refundable duties and taxes.

Landing fees

Include airport landing fees paid both in Canada and outside of Canada.

Navigation fees

Charges remitted to NAV CANADA or other international suppliers for the provision of air navigation services. Air navigation services include aeronautical communication services, aeronautical information services, aeronautical radio navigation services, air traffic control services, aviation weather services, emergency assistance services and flight information services.

Aircraft insurance

Expenses for insurance against accidental damage to flight equipment while in flight or on the ground and for insurance against liability occurring from the operation of aircraft or, in the case of non-insurance, the resulting expenses for which the carrier is liable.

Aircraft rental

Expenses incurred for the rental of aircraft (and crew) from other carriers, such as in chartering, interchange and operating or lease agreements.

All other aircraft operation expenses

Expenses incurred directly for the in-flight operation and related standby time of aircraft which are not elsewhere classified.

Total aircraft operations expenses

The sum of the previous seven expense items.

Operating expenses - Flight equipment maintenance

Employee wages, salaries and benefits

Direct labour costs (wages and salaries) expended on the maintenance of flight equipment.

Include benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on.

Materials and supplies

Expenses on materials and supplies for the maintenance of flight equipment.

Purchased repair services

Expenses for repair services for the maintenance of flight equipment purchased from outside suppliers.

All other maintenance - flight equipment expenses

Expenses, both direct and indirect, incurred in the repair and upkeep of flight equipment.

Total maintenance - flight equipment expenses

The sum of the previous four expense items.

Operating expenses - In-flight services

Employee wages, salaries and benefits

Include:

• the wages, salaries and benefits paid to cabin crews (flight attendants, and so on);
• benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on, and layover expenses such as hotels and meals.

Passenger food and supplies

Include expenses for in-flight meals, complimentary drinks, and so on, and the cost of supplies and personal services furnished to passengers.

Passenger liability insurance

Include the premiums for passenger liability and accident insurance paid by the carrier.

All other in-flight service expenses

Include passenger-related expenses incurred due to interrupted flights, including hotels, meals, taxi fares and other expense items, the cost of other services provided to passengers, such as pay, allowances and the cost of passenger service personnel, and all other services provided for the comfort of passengers in transit.

Total in-flight service expenses

The sum of the previous four expense items.

Operating expenses - Aircraft and traffic servicing

Employee wages, salaries and benefits

Include:

• the wages, salaries and benefits paid to ground personnel;
• benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on.

Purchased services

Expenses for aircraft and traffic servicing purchased from outside suppliers.

All other aircraft and traffic servicing expenses

Include expenses incurred on the ground for scheduling or preparing aircraft for arrival and takeoff, expenses incurred in enplaning and deplaning passenger and cargo traffic, and expenses involved in servicing and handling individual aircraft and traffic on the ground, in preparing aircraft crews for flight assignment, in controlling the in-flight movements of aircraft and the in-flight expenses of handling all traffic including baggage.

Total aircraft and traffic servicing expenses

The sum of the previous three expense items.

Operating expenses - Promotion and sales

Employee wages, salaries and benefits

Include:

• the wages, salaries and benefits paid to all staff engaged in reservations, ticketing, sales and promotional activities;
• benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on.

All other promotion and sales expenses

Include:

• passenger and cargo commission expenses;
• the net commission payable to others for the sale of transportation on the reporting carrier's service less the commission receivable from the reporting carrier's sale of transportation on other carriers' services, advertising and publicity expenses and any related expenses, accommodation costs, agency fees for outside services, expenses associated with reservations, city ticket offices and other sales expenses.

Total promotion and sales expenses

The sum of the previous two expense items.

Operating expenses - Depreciation

Depreciation - flight equipment

Include:

• provisions for the depreciation of flight equipment only;
• all charges incurred in normal wear and tear on flight equipment which have not been replaced by current year repair, as well as losses in service ability.

All other depreciation

Include:

• provisions for the depreciation of all non-flight ground property and equipment;
• all charges incurred in normal wear and tear which have not been replaced by current year repair, as well as losses in service ability;
• charges for the amortization of capitalized development and other intangible assets.

Total depreciation

The sum of the previous two expense items.

Operating expenses - All other expenses

Include general administration.

Employee wages, salaries and benefits

Include:

• the wages, salaries and benefits paid to all employees performing the general and administrative functions of the air carrier;
• benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on.

Exclude all amounts reported in the previous six wages, salaries and benefits categories.

All other expenses

Include:

• all operating expenses and general administration expenses not reported elsewhere;
• expenses for general financial accounting activities, supplementary labour income, property taxes, building rentals, communications purchased, purchasing activities, representation at law, and all other operational administration expenses not directly applicable to a particular function that are not included in the previous operating expenses categories;
• expenses such as incidental air transport-related expenses associated with revenue reported as "all other revenue";
• all miscellaneous operating expenses not covered elsewhere;
• staff reduction expenses.

Total other expenses

The sum of the previous two expense items.

Total operating expenses

The sum of the eight expenses sub-totals, in other words, Total maintenance - ground property and equipment expenses, Total aircraft operations expenses, and so on.

Operating income

Net operating income (a loss should be a negative number)

Total operating revenue less total operating expenses – calculated from the previous questions.

Non-operating income/expenses

Interest and discount income

Include interest income from all sources and cash discounts on the purchase of materials and supplies.

Interest expenses

Include interest on unpaid taxes and all classes of debt including premiums, discounts and expenses on short-term obligations, amortization of premiums, discounts and expenses on short-term and long-term obligations.

All other net non-operating income (enter a negative number for a loss)

Include:

• capital gains (or losses) from retiring operating property and equipment, aircraft equipment, expendable parts, miscellaneous materials and supplies and other assets, when they are sold or otherwise retired from service as part of a general program and not as incidental sales performed as a service to others;
• gains or losses made on investments in securities;
• net miscellaneous non-operating income or loss, which refers to revenue and expenses attributable to financing or other activities that are not an integral part of the air transportation activities undertaken by the carrier, or its incidental services. These could include dividend income, the balance of all income or losses from affiliated companies reimbursed to the carrier, foreign exchange adjustments and special items, such as restructuring expenses, which do not occur on a regular basis.

Exclude staff reduction expenses which should be included under all other expenses.

Net non-operating income (a loss should be a negative number)

The sum of the previous three income or expense items.

Provision for income taxes

Include the provision for taxes payable on net income for the accounting period and adjustments of income taxes relating to previous years, including provisions for deferred income taxes resulting from differences between accounting income and taxable income that arise when the time of including items of revenue and expense in the computation of accounting income and taxable income do not coincide. If the net amount is negative, then the amount indicated for this item should be shown with a negative (-) sign.

Net income (a loss should be a negative number)

Net operating income plus net non-operating income less the provision for income taxes.

Fuel and oil consumed

Turbo fuel consumed

Include fuel used in both turboprop and jet aircraft.

Provide the quantity and expenses for turbo fuel consumed. Turbo fuel includes the turbine fuel uplifted for all aircraft in the carrier's fleet. Fuel uplift can be determined based on delivery notes or invoices, aircraft onboard measurement systems or, if the fuel was supplied by a customer, estimated based on hours flown. Report the quantity of turbo fuel consumed in litres.

Include turbo fuel consumed for all scheduled and/or charter operations, regardless of where purchased. The expenses for turbo fuel consumed should be reported in Canadian dollars, regardless of where purchased. Include throughput charges, non-refundable duties and taxes. If the fuel was supplied by a customer, an approximate value may be provided based on prevailing market rates.

Conversion factor

To convert gallons (imperial) into litres (l), multiply by 4.546092.

All other fuel and oil consumed

Provide the quantity and expenses for all non-turbo fuel and oil consumed. Report the quantity of all other fuel and oil consumed in litres.

The quantity should include gasoline, turbine oil, piston oil and all other types of fuel and oil consumed for all scheduled and/or charter operations, regardless of where purchased. The expenses for all other fuel and oil consumed should be reported in Canadian dollars, regardless of where purchased. Include throughput charges, non-refundable duties and taxes.

Conversion factor

To convert gallons (imperial) into litres (l), multiply by 4.546092.

Total fuel and oil consumed

The sum of the quantities and expenses reported in the previous two items.

Employment

Average number of employees

Refer to the average number of people employed for each of the six categories of personnel.

Include all employees, temporary or permanent, on the payroll of the air carrier during the reporting period. Include part-time employees, prorated to the amount of time worked when compared to full-time employees (for example, two part-time employees working half-time are equivalent to one full-time employee).

Wages and salaries expenses

Include a breakdown of the wages and salaries paid for each of the six categories of personnel.

Exclude all benefits, in other words, employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on or layover expenses, such as hotels and meals, for flight and cabin crews.

Employment category

Include:

• Pilots and co-pilots. Self-explanatory;
• Other flight personnel. Flight crew (including flight engineers, navigators, and so on) and cabin crew (including flight attendants, and so on);
• General management and administration employees (including the personnel performing the general and administrative functions such as administrative personnel at headquarters, comptrollers and assistants, directors and assistants (operations, passenger service, public relations, sales), and so on);
• Maintenance personnel (including the personnel performing the ground property and equipment maintenance such as the carpenters, cleaners, and so on and including the personnel performing the flight equipment maintenance such as the aircraft maintenance engineers and the inspectors of flight equipment);
• Aircraft and traffic servicing personnel (including supervisory personnel, assigned to ground activities, engaged directly in protecting and controlling aircraft in flight (flight dispatch personnel, flight planning staff), in scheduling and preparing flight crews for flight assignment, in parking and servicing aircraft incidental to line operations and including baggage handlers, aircraft fuelers, and so on);
• All other employees (including air ambulance attendants, accountants, economists, statisticians, lawyers, purchasing personnel, publicity representatives, and so on).

Total employees

The sum of the number and the wages and salaries expenses for the six categories of personnel.

Revenue or expenses by area of operation

Passenger revenue

Include a breakdown of the revenue earned from the transportation of passengers for each province, territory and outside of Canada based on where the transportation service was provided. Total passenger revenue should equal the sum of passenger revenue from scheduled services and charter services previously reported.

Goods revenue

Include a breakdown of the revenue earned from the transportation of goods for each province, territory and outside of Canada based on where the transportation service was provided. Total goods revenue should equal the sum of goods revenue from scheduled services and charter services previously reported.

Employee wages and salaries

Include a breakdown of employee wages and salaries for each province, territory and outside of Canada based on where the employees are located. Total employee wages and salaries should equal the total wages and salaries expenses reported in the "Employment" section above.

Integrated Business Statistics Program (IBSP)

Reporting Guide

This guide is designed to assist you as you complete the 2024 Annual Civil Aviation Survey - Level I. If you need more information, please call the Statistics Canada Help Line at the number below.

Help Line: 1-877-949-9492

Your answers are confidential.

Statistics Canada is prohibited by law from releasing any information it collects which could identify any person, business, or organization, unless consent has been given by the respondent or as permitted by the Statistics Act.

Statistics Canada will use information from this survey for statistical purposes.

Table of contents

• Reporting period information
• Business or organization and contact information
• Balance Sheet, Annual - Statement 20 (I)
• Statement of Revenues and Expenses, Annual - Statement 21 (I, II)

Reporting period information

For the purpose of this survey, please report information for your 12 month fiscal period for which the final day occurs on or between April 1, 2024 — March 31, 2025.

Here are twelve common fiscal periods that fall within the targeted dates:

• May 1, 2023 to April 30, 2024
• June 1, 2023 to May 31, 2024
• July 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024
• August 1, 2023 to July 31, 2024
• September 1, 2023 to August 31, 2024
• October 1, 2023 to September 30, 2024
• November 1, 2023 to October 31, 2024
• December 1, 2023 to November 30, 2024
• January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024
• February 1, 2024 to January 31, 2025
• March 1, 2024 to February 28, 2025
• April 1, 2024 to March 31, 2025

Here are other examples of fiscal periods that fall within the required dates:

• September 18, 2023 to September 15, 2024 (e.g., floating year-end)
• June 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024 (e.g., a newly opened business)

Business or organization and contact information

This section verifies or requests basic identifying information of the business or organization such as legal name, operating name (if applicable), contact information of the designated contact person, current operational status, and main activity(ies).

1. Legal name and Operating name

Legal Name
The legal name is one recognized by law, thus it is the name liable for pursuit or for debts incurred by the business or organization. In the case of a corporation, it is the legal name as fixed by its charter or the statute by which the corporation was created.

Modifications to the legal name should only be done to correct a spelling error or typo.

To indicate a legal name of another legal entity you should instead indicate it in question 3 by selecting 'Not currently operational' and then choosing the applicable reason and providing the legal name of this other entity along with any other requested information.

Operating Name
The operating name is a name the business or organization is commonly known as if different from its legal name. The operating name is synonymous with trade name.

2. Designated contact person

Verify or provide the requested contact information of the designated business or organization contact person. The designated contact person is the person who should receive this questionnaire. The designated contact person may not always be the one who actually completes the questionnaire. If different than the designated contact person, the contact information of the person completing the questionnaire can be indicated later in the questionnaire.

3. Current operational status

Verify or provide the current operational status of the business or organization identified by the legal and operating name in question 1. If indicating the operational status of the business or organization is 'Not currently operational' then indicate an applicable reason and provide the requested information.

4. Main activity

This question verifies the business or organization's current main activity as classified by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is an industry classification system developed by the statistical agencies of Canada, Mexico and the United States. Created against the background of the North American Free Trade Agreement, it is designed to provide common definitions of the industrial structure of the three countries and a common statistical framework to facilitate the analysis of the three economies. NAICS is based on supply-side or production-oriented principles, to ensure that industrial data, classified to NAICS , are suitable for the analysis of production-related issues such as industrial performance.

The target entity for which NAICS is designed are businesses and other organizations engaged in the production of goods and services. They include farms, incorporated and unincorporated businesses and government business enterprises. They also include government institutions and agencies engaged in the production of marketed and non-marketed services, as well as organizations such as professional associations and unions and charitable or non-profit organizations and the employees of households.

The associated NAICS should reflect those activities conducted by the business or organizational units targeted by this questionnaire only, as identified in the 'Answering this questionnaire' section and which can be identified by the specified legal and operating name. The main activity is the activity which most defines the targeted business or organization's main purpose or reason for existence. For a business or organization that is for-profit, it is normally the activity that generates the majority of the revenue for the entity.

The NAICS classification contains a limited number of activity classes; the associated classification might be applicable for this business or organization even if it is not exactly how you would describe this business or organization's main activity.

Please note that any modifications to the main activity through your response to this question might not necessarily be reflected prior to the transmitting of subsequent questionnaires and as a result they may not contain this updated information.

If the current NAICS associated with this business or organizations is not correct, please provide a brief description of the main activity and provide any additional information as requested.

Balance Sheet, Annual - Statement 20 (I)

Financial assets

Current assets

Include:

• cash, bank balances (including deposits in transit, special deposits for the payments of debts, and so on) and short-term investments due within one year from the date of the balance sheet;
• current accounts and notes receivable as well as other current assets such as inventories, charges to subscribers on transportation contracts, interests and dividends receivable, and so on.

All other financial assets – (Include investments and special funds.)

Include investments in associated companies, other investments such as investments in stocks, bonds, and so on, and special funds such as equipment purchase funds, funds set aside for such special purposes as contractual deposits, pension funds, self-insurance funds, and so on.

Property and equipment

Operating - flight equipment – (Include capital leases.)

Include:

• flight equipment owned and/or under capital leases;
• the cost of aircraft (airframes), aircraft engines, propellers, components (aircraft communication and navigational equipment) and spare parts that have been purchased outright. Flight equipment under capital leases includes the cost of flight equipment acquired under a capital or finance lease, in other words, a lease for a period considered to be the whole or nearly the whole life of the aircraft.

Accumulated depreciation and amortization - flight equipment

Include:

• accumulated depreciation and amortization of flight equipment owned and/or under capital leases;
• accrued charges representing losses, not replaced by current repairs, occurring in physical property and suffered through current lessening of service value due to wear and tear from use and the action of time and the elements; and losses occurring through obsolescence, supersession, new technological developments, changes in popular demand and the requirements of public authority.

Operating - ground property and equipment – (Include capital leases.)

Include:

• ground property and equipment owned and/or under capital leases;
• the cost of non-airborne communication and meteorological equipment, ramp equipment, maintenance and engineering equipment, surface transport vehicles and equipment, furniture, fixtures and office equipment, buildings and land as well as miscellaneous ground equipment such as medical equipment, airport and lighting equipment, passenger service equipment, hotel, restaurant and food service equipment, storage and distribution equipment. Ground property and equipment under capital leases includes the cost of ground property and equipment under a capital or finance lease, in other words, a lease for a period considered to be the whole or nearly the whole life of the property or equipment.

Accumulated depreciation and amortization - ground property and equipment

Include:

• accumulated depreciation and amortization of ground property and equipment owned and/or under capital leases;
• accrued charges representing losses, not replaced by current repairs, occurring in physical property and suffered through current lessening of service value due to wear and tear from use and the action of time and the elements; and losses occurring through obsolescence, supersession, new technological developments, changes in popular demand and the requirements of public authority.

Non-operating property and equipment – (Include capital leases.)

Include the cost of all non-operating property and equipment, in other words, all property and equipment not included in the "operating" categories above.

Accumulated depreciation and amortization - non-operating property and equipment

Include accumulated depreciation and amortization of the non-operating property and equipment.

All other assets

Include long-term prepayments, developmental and pre-operating costs such as the cost of extraordinary training, unamortized discounts and expenses on the issue of long-term debt securities, property acquisition adjustments, other intangibles such as payments made for patents, copyrights, and so on, and other deferred charges.

Total assets

The sum of the assets above less the accumulated depreciation and amortization.

Liabilities and capital

Current liabilities

Include:

• current accounts and traffic balances payable, including balances subject to current settlement and payable to associated companies and/or shareholders, and notes payable on demand or within one year from the date of the balance sheet; current accounts and traffic balances payable, including balances subject to current settlement and payable to associated companies and/or shareholders, and notes payable on demand or within one year from the date of the balance sheet;
• the current portion of long-term debt and the current obligations under capital leases;
• air traffic liabilities (unearned transportation revenue), which includes the value of passenger tickets sold but not used or refunded as of the date of the balance sheet, and pre-paid amounts for the transportation of baggage, freight and mail for which the transportation has not occurred as of the date of the balance sheet;
• salaries and wages accrued and unpaid, taxes accrued and unpaid, dividends payable, deposits by subscribers on transportation contracts (air travel plan liabilities, in other words, deposits received under air travel plan contracts) and other current and accrued liabilities.

Advances from associated companies and/or shareholders

Include the net amount from associated companies and/or shareholders for notes, loans or advances which are not currently settled.

Long-term debt and other non-current liabilities – (Include capital leases.)

Include:

• the face value or principal amount of debt securities (for example, bonds, trust certificates, debentures, notes) issued and assumed by the air carrier and in the hands of others, which is not payable within twelve months of the balance sheet date;
• long-term obligations under capital leases, which refers to the present value of unexpired contracts for the acquisition of aircraft under such lease arrangements.

Deferred income taxes

Include taxes that will be owed on income, but that have not yet been assessed.

All other liabilities

Include:

• deferred credits which correspond to unamortized premiums on all classes of long-term debt, and other deferred credits such as securities issued or assumed by the air carrier, and other unadjusted accounts that cannot be cleared as of the date of the balance sheet;
• provisions for major overhauls such as for flight equipment (in other words, liabilities of uncertain value or timing associated with the complete disassembly and inspection or repair of an aircraft, engine or other component of an aircraft) and other provisions such as liabilities of uncertain value or timing.

Shareholders' equity

Capital stock

Include the equity capital invested in a business through the purchase of various classes of common and preferred shares.

Retained earnings

Include the portion of after-tax profits left over, after dividends have been paid to shareholders, for reinvestment into the company. If this account is negative, then the amount indicated for this item should be shown with a negative (-) sign.

All other items

Include other paid-in capital and reserves. Other paid-in capital or contributed surplus includes the premiums or discounts that have resulted from selling stock, and stock received from donations. Reserves include any reserve fund such as reserve for self-insurance, reserve for pension, reserves against potential future losses, and so on. Also, include proprietorship or partnership accounts (balance year-end).

Total liabilities and capital

The sum of liabilities and capital plus the sum of shareholders' equity which should equal total assets.

Statement of Revenues and Expenses, Annual - Statement 21 (I, II)

Scheduled services

Transportation of passengers or goods, or both, by an aircraft provided by an air carrier that operates the air service and that, directly or indirectly, sells some or all of its seats or part or all of its cargo space to the public on a price per seat, price per unit of mass or price per volume of cargo basis.

Charter services

Transportation of passengers or goods, or both, by aircraft pursuant to a contract under which a person, other than the air carrier that operates the air service, or its agent, reserves a block of seats or part of the cargo space of an aircraft for the person's use or for resale to the public.

Include air ambulance service and the movement of people and goods to logging or heli-logging sites.

Exclude firefighting and heli-logging activities and the movement of people and goods to a firefighting site. (The former Transport Canada TP 8880 document "Starting a Commercial Air Service" outlining a list of activities which are specialty has been replaced with a new document TP 4711 "Air Operator Certification Manual" as of December 2020. A PDF version of volumes of this manual can be requested at: Air Operator Certification Manual – TP 4711)

Passenger revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from the transportation of passengers on scheduled and charter services. Include revenue from all surcharges (baggage, fuel, seat selection, changing or cancelling flights, and so on) that are retained by the air carrier. Exclude amounts such as taxes, navigation fees, security fees, and so on that are collected but passed on to other entities.

Goods revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from the transportation of goods on scheduled and charter services. Exclude taxes such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST), Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) or Provincial Sales Tax (PST).

All other flight-related revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from air transport activities not included in passenger revenue or goods revenue. Include revenue from other flying services such as flying training, recreational flying and other specialty flying.

All other revenue

Include subsidies and revenue earned from all other sources (including contra revenue, revenue of a corporate nature (leasing revenue, third party ground-handling, and so on), ancillary passenger revenue not easily allocated by operating flight (customs brokerage, and so on), revenue from in-flight sales (beverages, food, entertainment and wireless Internet access, and so on)).

Total operating revenue

The sum of passenger revenue, goods revenue, other flight-related revenue and revenue from all other sources.

Operating expenses - Ground property and equipment maintenance

Employee wages, salaries and benefits

Direct labour costs (wages and salaries) expended on the maintenance of ground property and equipment.

Include benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on.

All other maintenance - ground property and equipment expenses

Expenses, both direct and indirect, incurred in the repair and upkeep of ground property and equipment.

Include materials and supplies, purchased repair services and all other related expenses.

Total maintenance - ground property and equipment expenses

The sum of the previous two expense items.

Operating expenses - Aircraft operations

Flight crew wages, salaries and benefits

Include the wages, salaries and benefits for flight crews (pilot, co-pilot, navigator, and so on).

Include benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on and layover expenses such as hotels and meals.

Aircraft fuel and oil

Expenses for turbo fuel, gasoline and all other fuel and oil consumed such as turbine oil and piston oil.

Include throughput charges, non-refundable duties and taxes.

Landing fees

Include airport landing fees paid both in Canada and outside of Canada.

Navigation fees

Charges remitted to NAV CANADA or other international suppliers for the provision of air navigation services. Air navigation services include aeronautical communication services, aeronautical information services, aeronautical radio navigation services, air traffic control services, aviation weather services, emergency assistance services and flight information services.

Aircraft insurance

Expenses for insurance against accidental damage to flight equipment while in flight or on the ground and for insurance against liability occurring from the operation of aircraft or, in the case of non-insurance, the resulting expenses for which the carrier is liable.

Aircraft rental

Expenses incurred for the rental of aircraft (and crew) from other carriers, such as in chartering, interchange and operating or lease agreements.

All other aircraft operation expenses

Expenses incurred directly for the in-flight operation and related standby time of aircraft which are not elsewhere classified.

Total aircraft operations expenses

The sum of the previous seven expense items.

Operating expenses - Flight equipment maintenance

Employee wages, salaries and benefits

Direct labour costs (wages and salaries) expended on the maintenance of flight equipment.

Include benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on.

Materials and supplies

Expenses on materials and supplies for the maintenance of flight equipment.

Purchased repair services

Expenses for repair services for the maintenance of flight equipment purchased from outside suppliers.

All other maintenance - flight equipment expenses

Expenses, both direct and indirect, incurred in the repair and upkeep of flight equipment.

Total maintenance - flight equipment expenses

The sum of the previous four expense items.

Operating expenses - In-flight services

Employee wages, salaries and benefits

Include:

• the wages, salaries and benefits paid to cabin crews (flight attendants, and so on);
• benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on, and layover expenses such as hotels and meals.

Passenger food and supplies

Include expenses for in-flight meals, complimentary drinks, and so on, and the cost of supplies and personal services furnished to passengers.

Passenger liability insurance

Include the premiums for passenger liability and accident insurance paid by the carrier.

All other in-flight service expenses

Include passenger-related expenses incurred due to interrupted flights, including hotels, meals, taxi fares and other expense items, the cost of other services provided to passengers, such as pay, allowances and the cost of passenger service personnel, and all other services provided for the comfort of passengers in transit.

Total in-flight service expenses

The sum of the previous four expense items.

Operating expenses - Aircraft and traffic servicing

Employee wages, salaries and benefits

Include:

• the wages, salaries and benefits paid to ground personnel;
• benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on.

Purchased services

Expenses for aircraft and traffic servicing purchased from outside suppliers.

All other aircraft and traffic servicing expenses

Include expenses incurred on the ground for scheduling or preparing aircraft for arrival and takeoff, expenses incurred in enplaning and deplaning passenger and cargo traffic, and expenses involved in servicing and handling individual aircraft and traffic on the ground, in preparing aircraft crews for flight assignment, in controlling the in-flight movements of aircraft and the in-flight expenses of handling all traffic including baggage.

Total aircraft and traffic servicing expenses

The sum of the previous three expense items.

Operating expenses - Promotion and sales

Employee wages, salaries and benefits

Include:

• the wages, salaries and benefits paid to all staff engaged in reservations, ticketing, sales and promotional activities;
• benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on.

All other promotion and sales expenses

Include:

• passenger and cargo commission expenses;
• the net commission payable to others for the sale of transportation on the reporting carrier's service less the commission receivable from the reporting carrier's sale of transportation on other carriers' services, advertising and publicity expenses and any related expenses, accommodation costs, agency fees for outside services, expenses associated with reservations, city ticket offices and other sales expenses.

Total promotion and sales expenses

The sum of the previous two expense items.

Operating expenses - Depreciation

Depreciation - flight equipment

Include:

• provisions for the depreciation of flight equipment only;
• all charges incurred in normal wear and tear on flight equipment which have not been replaced by current year repair, as well as losses in service ability.

All other depreciation

Include:

• provisions for the depreciation of all non-flight ground property and equipment;
• all charges incurred in normal wear and tear which have not been replaced by current year repair, as well as losses in service ability;
• charges for the amortization of capitalized development and other intangible assets.

Total depreciation

The sum of the previous two expense items.

Operating expenses - All other expenses

Include general administration.

Employee wages, salaries and benefits

Include:

• the wages, salaries and benefits paid to all employees performing the general and administrative functions of the air carrier;
• benefits such as employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on.

Exclude all amounts reported in the previous six wages, salaries and benefits categories.

All other expenses

Include:

• all operating expenses and general administration expenses not reported elsewhere;
• expenses for general financial accounting activities, supplementary labour income, property taxes, building rentals, communications purchased, purchasing activities, representation at law, and all other operational administration expenses not directly applicable to a particular function that are not included in the previous operating expenses categories;
• expenses such as incidental air transport-related expenses associated with revenue reported as "all other revenue";
• all miscellaneous operating expenses not covered elsewhere;
• staff reduction expenses.

Total other expenses

The sum of the previous two expense items.

Total operating expenses

The sum of the eight expenses sub-totals, in other words, Total maintenance - ground property and equipment expenses, Total aircraft operations expenses, and so on.

Operating income

Net operating income (a loss should be a negative number)

Total operating revenue less total operating expenses – calculated from the previous questions.

Non-operating income/expenses

Interest and discount income

Include interest income from all sources and cash discounts on the purchase of materials and supplies.

Interest expenses

Include interest on unpaid taxes and all classes of debt including premiums, discounts and expenses on short-term obligations, amortization of premiums, discounts and expenses on short-term and long-term obligations.

All other net non-operating income (enter a negative number for a loss)

Include:

• capital gains (or losses) from retiring operating property and equipment, aircraft equipment, expendable parts, miscellaneous materials and supplies and other assets, when they are sold or otherwise retired from service as part of a general program and not as incidental sales performed as a service to others;
• gains or losses made on investments in securities;
• net miscellaneous non-operating income or loss, which refers to revenue and expenses attributable to financing or other activities that are not an integral part of the air transportation activities undertaken by the carrier, or its incidental services. These could include dividend income, the balance of all income or losses from affiliated companies reimbursed to the carrier, foreign exchange adjustments and special items, such as restructuring expenses, which do not occur on a regular basis.

Exclude staff reduction expenses which should be included under all other expenses.

Net non-operating income (a loss should be a negative number)

The sum of the previous three income or expense items.

Provision for income taxes

Include the provision for taxes payable on net income for the accounting period and adjustments of income taxes relating to previous years, including provisions for deferred income taxes resulting from differences between accounting income and taxable income that arise when the time of including items of revenue and expense in the computation of accounting income and taxable income do not coincide. If the net amount is negative, then the amount indicated for this item should be shown with a negative (-) sign.

Net income (a loss should be a negative number)

Net operating income plus net non-operating income less the provision for income taxes.

Fuel and oil consumed

Turbo fuel consumed

Include fuel used in both turboprop and jet aircraft.

Provide the quantity and expenses for turbo fuel consumed. Turbo fuel includes the turbine fuel uplifted for all aircraft in the carrier's fleet. Fuel uplift can be determined based on delivery notes or invoices, aircraft onboard measurement systems or, if the fuel was supplied by a customer, estimated based on hours flown. Report the quantity of turbo fuel consumed in litres.

Include turbo fuel consumed for all scheduled and/or charter operations, regardless of where purchased. The expenses for turbo fuel consumed should be reported in Canadian dollars, regardless of where purchased. Include throughput charges, non-refundable duties and taxes. If the fuel was supplied by a customer, an approximate value may be provided based on prevailing market rates.

Conversion factor

To convert gallons (imperial) into litres (l), multiply by 4.546092.

All other fuel and oil consumed

Provide the quantity and expenses for all non-turbo fuel and oil consumed. Report the quantity of all other fuel and oil consumed in litres.

The quantity should include gasoline, turbine oil, piston oil and all other types of fuel and oil consumed for all scheduled and/or charter operations, regardless of where purchased. The expenses for all other fuel and oil consumed should be reported in Canadian dollars, regardless of where purchased. Include throughput charges, non-refundable duties and taxes.

Conversion factor

To convert gallons (imperial) into litres (l), multiply by 4.546092.

Total fuel and oil consumed

The sum of the quantities and expenses reported in the previous two items.

Employment

Average number of employees

Refer to the average number of people employed for each of the six categories of personnel.

Include all employees, temporary or permanent, on the payroll of the air carrier during the reporting period. Include part-time employees, prorated to the amount of time worked when compared to full-time employees (for example, two part-time employees working half-time are equivalent to one full-time employee).

Wages and salaries expenses

Include a breakdown of the wages and salaries paid for each of the six categories of personnel.

Exclude all benefits, in other words, employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on or layover expenses, such as hotels and meals, for flight and cabin crews.

Employment category

Include:

• Pilots and co-pilots. Self-explanatory;
• Other flight personnel. Flight crew (including flight engineers, navigators, and so on) and cabin crew (including flight attendants, and so on);
• General management and administration employees (including the personnel performing the general and administrative functions such as administrative personnel at headquarters, comptrollers and assistants, directors and assistants (operations, passenger service, public relations, sales), and so on);
• Maintenance personnel (including the personnel performing the ground property and equipment maintenance such as the carpenters, cleaners, and so on and including the personnel performing the flight equipment maintenance such as the aircraft maintenance engineers and the inspectors of flight equipment);
• Aircraft and traffic servicing personnel (including supervisory personnel, assigned to ground activities, engaged directly in protecting and controlling aircraft in flight (flight dispatch personnel, flight planning staff), in scheduling and preparing flight crews for flight assignment, in parking and servicing aircraft incidental to line operations and including baggage handlers, aircraft fuelers, and so on);
• All other employees (including air ambulance attendants, accountants, economists, statisticians, lawyers, purchasing personnel, publicity representatives, and so on).

Total employees

The sum of the number and the wages and salaries expenses for the six categories of personnel.

Revenue or expenses by area of operation

Passenger revenue

Include a breakdown of the revenue earned from the transportation of passengers for each province, territory and outside of Canada based on where the transportation service was provided. Total passenger revenue should equal the sum of passenger revenue from scheduled services and charter services previously reported.

Goods revenue

Include a breakdown of the revenue earned from the transportation of goods for each province, territory and outside of Canada based on where the transportation service was provided. Total goods revenue should equal the sum of goods revenue from scheduled services and charter services previously reported.

Employee wages and salaries

Include a breakdown of employee wages and salaries for each province, territory and outside of Canada based on where the employees are located. Total employee wages and salaries should equal the total wages and salaries expenses reported in the "Employment" section above.

Integrated Business Statistics Program (IBSP)

Reporting Guide

This guide is designed to assist you as you complete the 2024 Annual Civil Aviation Survey - Level III. If you need more information, please call the Statistics Canada Help Line at the number below.

Help Line: 1-877-949-9492

Your answers are confidential.

Statistics Canada is prohibited by law from releasing any information it collects which could identify any person, business, or organization, unless consent has been given by the respondent or as permitted by the Statistics Act.

Statistics Canada will use information from this survey for statistical purposes.

Table of contents

• Reporting period information
• Business or organization and contact information
• Balance Sheet, Annual - Statement 20 (II, III)
• Statement of Revenues and Expenses, Annual - Statement 21 (III)
• Scheduled Services, Revenue Operating Statistics, Annual - Statement 10 (III)
• Charter Services, Revenue Operating Statistics, Annual - Statement 12 (III)

Reporting period information

For the purpose of this survey, please report information for your 12 month fiscal period for which the final day occurs on or between April 1, 2024 — March 31, 2025.

Here are twelve common fiscal periods that fall within the targeted dates:

• May 1, 2023 to April 30, 2024
• June 1, 2023 to May 31, 2024
• July 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024
• August 1, 2023 to July 31, 2024
• September 1, 2023 to August 31, 2024
• October 1, 2023 to September 30, 2024
• November 1, 2023 to October 31, 2024
• December 1, 2023 to November 30, 2024
• January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024
• February 1, 2024 to January 31, 2025
• March 1, 2024 to February 28, 2025
• April 1, 2024 to March 31, 2025

Here are other examples of fiscal periods that fall within the required dates:

• September 18, 2023 to September 15, 2024 (e.g., floating year-end)
• June 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024 (e.g., a newly opened business)

Business or organization and contact information

This section verifies or requests basic identifying information of the business or organization such as legal name, operating name (if applicable), contact information of the designated contact person, current operational status, and main activity(ies).

1. Legal name and Operating name

Legal Name

The legal name is one recognized by law, thus it is the name liable for pursuit or for debts incurred by the business or organization. In the case of a corporation, it is the legal name as fixed by its charter or the statute by which the corporation was created.

Modifications to the legal name should only be done to correct a spelling error or typo.

To indicate a legal name of another legal entity you should instead indicate it in question 3 by selecting 'Not currently operational' and then choosing the applicable reason and providing the legal name of this other entity along with any other requested information.

Operating Name

The operating name is a name the business or organization is commonly known as if different from its legal name. The operating name is synonymous with trade name.

2. Designated contact person

Verify or provide the requested contact information of the designated business or organization contact person. The designated contact person is the person who should receive this questionnaire. The designated contact person may not always be the one who actually completes the questionnaire. If different than the designated contact person, the contact information of the person completing the questionnaire can be indicated later in the questionnaire.

3. Current operational status

Verify or provide the current operational status of the business or organization identified by the legal and operating name in question 1. If indicating the operational status of the business or organization is 'Not currently operational' then indicate an applicable reason and provide the requested information.

4. Main activity

This question verifies the business or organization's current main activity as classified by the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is an industry classification system developed by the statistical agencies of Canada, Mexico and the United States. Created against the background of the North American Free Trade Agreement, it is designed to provide common definitions of the industrial structure of the three countries and a common statistical framework to facilitate the analysis of the three economies. NAICS is based on supply-side or production-oriented principles, to ensure that industrial data, classified to NAICS , are suitable for the analysis of production-related issues such as industrial performance.

The target entity for which NAICS is designed are businesses and other organizations engaged in the production of goods and services. They include farms, incorporated and unincorporated businesses and government business enterprises. They also include government institutions and agencies engaged in the production of marketed and non-marketed services, as well as organizations such as professional associations and unions and charitable or non-profit organizations and the employees of households.

The associated NAICS should reflect those activities conducted by the business or organizational units targeted by this questionnaire only, as identified in the 'Answering this questionnaire' section and which can be identified by the specified legal and operating name. The main activity is the activity which most defines the targeted business or organization's main purpose or reason for existence. For a business or organization that is for-profit, it is normally the activity that generates the majority of the revenue for the entity.

The NAICS classification contains a limited number of activity classes; the associated classification might be applicable for this business or organization even if it is not exactly how you would describe this business or organization's main activity.

Please note that any modifications to the main activity through your response to this question might not necessarily be reflected prior to the transmitting of subsequent questionnaires and as a result they may not contain this updated information.

If the current NAICS associated with this business or organizations is not correct, please provide a brief description of the main activity and provide any additional information as requested.

Balance Sheet, Annual - Statement 20 (II, III)

Financial assets

Current assets

Include:

• cash, bank balances (including deposits in transit, special deposits for the payments of debts, and so on) and short-term investments due within one year from the date of the balance sheet;
• current accounts and notes receivable as well as other current assets such as inventories, charges to subscribers on transportation contracts, interests and dividends receivable, and so on.

All other financial assets – (Include investments and special funds.)

Include investments in associated companies, other investments such as investments in stocks, bonds, and so on, and special funds such as equipment purchase funds, funds set aside for such special purposes as contractual deposits, pension funds, self-insurance funds, and so on.

Property and equipment

Operating - property and equipment – (Include capital leases.)

Include:

• ground property and equipment (including flight equipment) owned and/or under capital leases;
• the cost of aircraft (airframes), aircraft engines, propellers, components (aircraft communication and navigational equipment) and spare parts that have been purchased outright;
• the cost of non-airborne communication and meteorological equipment, ramp equipment, maintenance and engineering equipment, surface transport vehicles and equipment, furniture, fixtures and office equipment, buildings and land as well as miscellaneous ground equipment such as medical equipment, airport and lighting equipment, passenger service equipment, hotel, restaurant and food service equipment, storage and distribution equipment. Property and equipment under capital leases includes the cost of property and equipment under a capital or finance lease, in other words, a lease for a period considered to be the whole or nearly the whole life of the property or equipment.

Accumulated depreciation and amortization - property and equipment

Include:

• accumulated depreciation and amortization of ground property and equipment (including flight equipment) owned and/or under capital leases;
• accrued charges representing losses, not replaced by current repairs, occurring in physical property and suffered through current lessening of service value due to wear and tear from use and the action of time and the elements; and losses occurring through obsolescence, supersession, new technological developments, changes in popular demand and the requirements of public authority.

Non-operating property and equipment – (Include capital leases.)

Include the cost of all non-operating property and equipment, in other words, all property and equipment not included in the "operating" category above.

Accumulated depreciation and amortization - non-operating property and equipment

Include accumulated depreciation and amortization of the non-operating property and equipment.

All other assets

Include long-term prepayments, developmental and pre-operating costs such as the cost of extraordinary training, unamortized discounts and expenses on the issue of long-term debt securities, property acquisition adjustments, other intangibles such as payments made for patents, copyrights, and so on, and other deferred charges.

Total assets

The sum of the assets above less the accumulated depreciation and amortization.

Liabilities and capital

Current liabilities

Include:

• current accounts and traffic balances payable, including balances subject to current settlement and payable to associated companies and/or shareholders, and notes payable on demand or within one year from the date of the balance sheet;
• the current portion of long-term debt and the current obligations under capital leases;
• air traffic liabilities (unearned transportation revenue), which includes the value of passenger tickets sold but not used or refunded as of the date of the balance sheet, and pre-paid amounts for the transportation of baggage, freight and mail for which the transportation has not occurred as of the date of the balance sheet;
• salaries and wages accrued and unpaid, taxes accrued and unpaid, dividends payable, deposits by subscribers on transportation contracts (air travel plan liabilities, in other words, deposits received under air travel plan contracts) and other current and accrued liabilities.

Advances from associated companies and/or shareholders

Include the net amount from associated companies and/or shareholders for notes, loans or advances which are not currently settled.

Long-term debt and other non-current liabilities – (Include capital leases.)

Include:

• the face value or principal amount of debt securities (for example, bonds, trust certificates, debentures, notes) issued and assumed by the air carrier and in the hands of others, which is not payable within twelve months of the balance sheet date;
• long-term obligations under capital leases, which refers to the present value of unexpired contracts for the acquisition of aircraft under such lease arrangements.

Deferred income taxes

Include taxes that will be owed on income, but that have not yet been assessed.

All other liabilities

Include:

• deferred credits which correspond to unamortized premiums on all classes of long-term debt, and other deferred credits such as securities issued or assumed by the air carrier, and other unadjusted accounts that cannot be cleared as of the date of the balance sheet;
• provisions for major overhauls such as for flight equipment (in other words, liabilities of uncertain value or timing associated with the complete disassembly and inspection or repair of an aircraft, engine or other component of an aircraft) and other provisions such as liabilities of uncertain value or timing.

Shareholders' equity

Capital stock

Include the equity capital invested in a business through the purchase of various classes of common and preferred shares.

Retained earnings

Include the portion of after-tax profits left over, after dividends have been paid to shareholders, for reinvestment into the company. If this account is negative, then the amount indicated for this item should be shown with a negative (-) sign.

All other items

Include other paid-in capital and reserves. Other paid-in capital or contributed surplus includes the premiums or discounts that have resulted from selling stock, and stock received from donations. Reserves include any reserve fund such as reserve for self-insurance, reserve for pension, reserves against potential future losses, and so on. Also, include proprietorship or partnership accounts (balance year-end).

Total liabilities and capital

The sum of liabilities and capital plus the sum of shareholders' equity which should equal total assets.

Statement of Revenues and Expenses, Annual - Statement 21 (III)

Operating revenue

Scheduled services

Transportation of passengers or goods, or both, by an aircraft provided by an air carrier that operates the air service and that, directly or indirectly, sells some or all of its seats or part or all of its cargo space to the public on a price per seat, price per unit of mass or price per volume of cargo basis.

Charter services

Transportation of passengers or goods, or both, by aircraft pursuant to a contract under which a person, other than the air carrier that operates the air service, or its agent, reserves a block of seats or part of the cargo space of an aircraft for the person's use or for resale to the public.

Include air ambulance service and the movement of people and goods to logging or heli-logging sites.

Exclude firefighting and heli-logging activities and the movement of people and goods to a firefighting site. (The former Transport Canada TP 8880 document "Starting a Commercial Air Service" outlining a list of activities which are specialty has been replaced with a new document TP 4711 "Air Operator Certification Manual" as of December 2020. A PDF version of volumes of this manual can be requested at: Air Operator Certification Manual – TP 4711)

Passenger revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from the transportation of passengers on scheduled and charter services. Include revenue from all surcharges (baggage, fuel, seat selection, changing or cancelling flights, and so on) that are retained by the air carrier. Exclude amounts such as taxes, navigation fees, security fees, and so on that are collected but passed on to other entities.

Goods revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from the transportation of goods on scheduled and charter services. Exclude taxes such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST), Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) or Provincial Sales Tax (PST).

All other flight - related revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from air transport activities not included in passenger revenue or goods revenue. Include revenue from other flying services such as flying training, recreational flying and other specialty flying.

All other revenue

Include subsidies and revenue earned from all other sources (including contra revenue, revenue of a corporate nature (leasing revenue, third party ground-handling, and so on), ancillary passenger revenue not easily allocated by operating flight (customs brokerage, and so on), revenue from in-flight sales (beverages, food, entertainment and wireless Internet access, and so on)).

Total operating revenue

The sum of passenger revenue, goods revenue, other flight-related revenue and revenue from all other sources.

Operating expenses

Maintenance - ground property and equipment

Expenses incurred in the repair and upkeep of ground property and equipment. Include employee wages, salaries and benefits (including employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on), expenses for materials and supplies, purchased repair services and all other related expenses.

Aircraft operations

Expenses incurred directly for the in-flight operation of aircraft or in the holding of aircraft and aircraft personnel in readiness for assignment to an in-flight status.

Include:

• the wages, salaries and benefits (including employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on and layover expenses such as hotels and meals) for flight crews (pilot, co-pilot, navigator, and so on);
• expenses for turbo fuel, gasoline and all other fuel and oil consumed such as turbine oil and piston oil (including throughput charges, non-refundable duties and taxes);
• airport landing fees paid both in Canada and outside of Canada;
• navigation fees remitted to NAV CANADA or other international suppliers for the provision of air navigation services (air navigation services include aeronautical communication services, aeronautical information services, aeronautical radio navigation services, air traffic control services, aviation weather services, emergency assistance services and flight information services);
• expenses for insurance against accidental damage to flight equipment while in flight or on the ground and for insurance against liability occurring from the operation of aircraft or, in the case of non-insurance, the resulting expenses for which the carrier is liable;
• expenses incurred for the rental of aircraft (and crew) from other carriers, such as in chartering, interchange and operating or lease agreements;
• all other aircraft operation expenses incurred directly for the in-flight operation and related standby time of aircraft.

Maintenance - flight equipment

Expenses incurred in the repair and upkeep of flight equipment. Include employee wages, salaries and benefits (including employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on), expenses for materials and supplies, purchased repair services and all other related expenses.

General administration

Expenses incurred for in-flight service, aircraft and traffic servicing, promotion and sales and general administration.

Include:

• the wages, salaries and benefits (including employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on and layover expenses such as hotels and meals) paid to cabin crews (flight attendants, and so on), ground personnel, staff engaged in reservations, ticketing, sales and promotional activities and all other employees (including the personnel performing the general and administrative functions of the air carrier);
• expenses for in-flight service such as passenger food and supplies (in-flight meals, complimentary drinks, and so on and the cost of supplies and personal services furnished to passengers), passenger liability insurance (premiums for passenger liability and accident insurance) and all other in-flight service expenses (including passenger-related expenses incurred due to interrupted flights, including hotels, meals, taxi fares and other expense items, the cost of other services provided to passengers, such as pay, allowances and the cost of passenger service personnel, and all other services provided for the comfort of passengers in transit);
• expenses for aircraft and traffic servicing purchased from outside suppliers, expenses incurred on the ground for scheduling or preparing aircraft for arrival and takeoff, expenses incurred in enplaning and deplaning passenger and cargo traffic, and expenses involved in servicing and handling individual aircraft and traffic on the ground, in preparing aircraft crews for flight assignment, in controlling the in-flight movements of aircraft and the in-flight expenses of handling all traffic including baggage;
• all promotion and sales expenses such as passenger and cargo commission expenses (the net commission payable to others for the sale of transportation on the reporting carrier's service less the commission receivable from the reporting carrier's sale of transportation on other carriers' services), advertising and publicity expenses and any related expenses, accommodation costs, agency fees for outside services, expenses associated with reservations, city ticket offices and other sales expenses;
• general administration expenses such as those for financial accounting activities, supplementary labour income, property taxes, building rentals, communications purchased, purchasing activities, representation at law, and all other operational administration expenses not directly applicable to a particular function that are not included in the previous operating expenses categories;
• expenses such as incidental air transport-related expenses associated with revenue reported as "all other revenue";
• staff reduction expenses.

Depreciation

Include:

• provisions for the depreciation of ground property and equipment (including flight equipment);
• all charges incurred in normal wear and tear on property and equipment which have not been replaced by current year repair, as well as losses in service ability;
• charges for the amortization of capitalized development and other intangible assets.

All other expenses

Include any and all miscellaneous operating expenses not reported elsewhere.

Total operating expenses

The sum of the previous six expense items.

Operating income

Net operating income (a loss should be a negative number)

Total operating revenue less total operating expenses – calculated from the previous questions.

Non-operating income/expenses

Interest and discount income

Include interest income from all sources and cash discounts on the purchase of materials and supplies.

Interest expenses

Include interest on unpaid taxes and all classes of debt including premiums, discounts and expenses on short-term obligations, amortization of premiums, discounts and expenses on short-term and long-term obligations.

All other net non-operating income (enter a negative number for a loss)

Include:

• capital gains (or losses) from retiring operating property and equipment, aircraft equipment, expendable parts, miscellaneous materials and supplies and other assets, when they are sold or otherwise retired from service as part of a general program and not as incidental sales performed as a service to others;
• gains or losses made on investments in securities;
• net miscellaneous non-operating income or loss, which refers to revenue and expenses attributable to financing or other activities that are not an integral part of the air transportation activities undertaken by the carrier, or its incidental services. These could include dividend income, the balance of all income or losses from affiliated companies reimbursed to the carrier, foreign exchange adjustments and special items, such as restructuring expenses, which do not occur on a regular basis.

Exclude staff reduction expenses which should be included under all other expenses.

Net non-operating income (a loss should be a negative number)

The sum of the previous three income or expense items.

Provision for income taxes

Include the provision for taxes payable on net income for the accounting period and adjustments of income taxes relating to previous years, including provisions for deferred income taxes resulting from differences between accounting income and taxable income that arise when the time of including items of revenue and expense in the computation of accounting income and taxable income do not coincide. . If the net amount is negative, then the amount indicated for this item should be shown with a negative (-) sign.

Net income (a loss should be a negative number)

Net operating income plus net non-operating income less the provision for income taxes.

Fuel and oil consumed

Turbo fuel consumed

Include fuel used in both turboprop and jet aircraft.

Provide the quantity and expenses for turbo fuel consumed. Turbo fuel includes the turbine fuel uplifted for all aircraft in the carrier's fleet. Fuel uplift can be determined based on delivery notes or invoices, aircraft onboard measurement systems or, if the fuel was supplied by a customer, estimated based on hours flown. Report the quantity of turbo fuel consumed in litres.

Include turbo fuel consumed for all scheduled and/or charter operations, regardless of where purchased. The expenses for turbo fuel consumed should be reported in Canadian dollars, regardless of where purchased. Include throughput charges, non-refundable duties and taxes. If the fuel was supplied by a customer, an approximate value may be provided based on prevailing market rates.

Conversion factor

To convert gallons (imperial) into litres (l), multiply by 4.546092.

Gasoline consumed

Provide the quantity and expenses for gasoline consumed. If the gasoline was supplied by a customer, it may be estimated based on hours flown. Report the quantity of gasoline consumed in litres.

Include gasoline consumed for all scheduled and/or charter operations, regardless of where purchased. The expenses for gasoline consumed should be reported in Canadian dollars, regardless of where purchased. Include throughput charges, non-refundable duties and taxes. If the gasoline was supplied by a customer, an approximate value may be provided based on prevailing market rates.

Conversion factor

To convert gallons (imperial) into litres (l), multiply by 4.546092.

All other fuel and oil consumed

Provide the quantity and expenses for all other fuel and oil consumed. Report the quantity of all other fuel and oil consumed in litres.

The quantity should include turbine oil, piston oil and all other types of fuel and oil consumed for all scheduled and/or charter operations, regardless of where purchased. The expenses for all other fuel and oil consumed should be reported in Canadian dollars, regardless of where purchased. Include throughput charges, non-refundable duties and taxes.

Conversion factor

To convert gallons (imperial) into litres (l), multiply by 4.546092.

Total fuel and oil consumed

The sum of the quantities and expenses reported in the previous three items.

Employment

Average number of employees

Refers to the average number of people employed for each of the six categories of personnel.

Include all employees, temporary or permanent, on the payroll of the air carrier during the reporting period. Include part-time employees, prorated to the amount of time worked when compared to full-time employees (for example, two part-time employees working half-time are equivalent to one full-time employee).

Wages and salaries expenses

Include a breakdown of the wages and salaries paid for each of the six categories of personnel.

Exclude all benefits, in other words, employer contributions to pensions, medical benefits, insurance, and so on or layover expenses, such as hotels and meals, for flight and cabin crews.

Employment category

Include:

• Pilots and co-pilots. Self-explanatory;
• Other flight personnel. Flight crew (including flight engineers, navigators, and so on) and cabin crew (including flight attendants, and so on);
• General management and administration employees (including the personnel performing the general and administrative functions such as administrative personnel at headquarters, comptrollers and assistants, directors and assistants (operations, passenger service, public relations, sales), and so on);
• Maintenance personnel (including the personnel performing the ground property and equipment maintenance such as the carpenters, cleaners, and so on and including the personnel performing the flight equipment maintenance such as the aircraft maintenance engineers and the inspectors of flight equipment);
• Aircraft and traffic servicing personnel (including supervisory personnel, assigned to ground activities, engaged directly in protecting and controlling aircraft in flight (flight dispatch personnel, flight planning staff), in scheduling and preparing flight crews for flight assignment, in parking and servicing aircraft incidental to line operations and including baggage handlers, aircraft fuelers, and so on);
• All other employees (including air ambulance attendants, accountants, economists, statisticians, lawyers, purchasing personnel, publicity representatives, and so on).

Total employees

The sum of the number and the wages and salaries expenses for the six categories of personnel.

Revenue and expenses by area of operation

Passenger revenue

Include a breakdown of the revenue earned from the transportation of passengers for each province, territory and outside of Canada based on where the transportation service was provided. Total passenger revenue should equal the sum of passenger revenue from scheduled services and charter services previously reported.

Goods revenue

Include a breakdown of the revenue earned from the transportation of goods for each province, territory and outside of Canada based on where the transportation service was provided. Total goods revenue should equal the sum of goods revenue from scheduled services and charter services previously reported.

Employee wages and salaries

Include a breakdown of employee wages and salaries for each province, territory and outside of Canada based on where the employees are located. Total employee wages and salaries should equal the total wages and salaries expenses reported in the "Employment" section above.

Scheduled Services, Revenue Operating Statistics, Annual - Statement 10 (III)

Scheduled services - operating statistics

Include fixed wing and helicopter services.

Sector of operation

Refers to the regions where carriers provide transportation services. There are three breakdowns – domestic, transborder (Canada-US) and other international.

Domestic

Includes operations between points in Canada.

Transborder (Canada-US)

Includes operations between points in Canada and points in the United States (including Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico).

Other international

Includes all other operations (including between points outside of Canada).

Data reported must include both fixed wing and helicopter services, where:

Fixed wing

Means a power-driven, heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed. An aircraft having wings fixed to the airplane fuselage and outspread in flight – that is non-rotating wings.

Helicopter

Means a rotary wing, heavier-than-air aircraft, supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axes. A helicopter does not have conventional fixed wings, nor is it provided with a conventional propeller for forward thrust.

Scheduled services

Transportation of passengers or goods, or both, by an aircraft provided by an air carrier that operates the air service and that, directly or indirectly, sells some or all of its seats or part or all of its cargo space to the public on a price per seat, price per unit of mass or price per volume of cargo basis.

Enplaned passengers

Refers to revenue passengers¹ who board aircraft and surrender one or more flight coupons or other documents good for transportation over the itinerary specified in these coupons or documents.

¹Revenue passengers correspond to passengers for which an air carrier receives remuneration and who are travelling with tickets purchased (a) under a publicly available promotional offer; (b) through a loyalty program or through the redemption of loyalty points or miles; (c) with a corporate discount or at a preferential fare; or obtained (d) as compensation for denied boarding. It excludes (a) passengers travelling for free, at a fare available only to persons who are employees or agents of an air carrier or are travelling on the business of an air carrier; and (b) persons, such as infants, who do not occupy seats.

Passenger-kilometres

Represents the carriage of one revenue passenger on each flight stage multiplied by the number of kilometres flown on that stage. Passenger-kilometres are obtained by totalling the number of kilometres flown by all passengers.

Let's take an example with two flight stages, where:

Flight stage A to B
Number of passengers = 5
Distance between points (km) = 161
Passenger-kilometres = 805

Flight stage B to C
Number of passengers = 4
Distance between points (km) = 322
Passenger-kilometres = 1,288

The total number of passenger-kilometres for the flights covering A to B and B to C is 2,093.

Conversion factor

To convert nautical miles (6,080 feet) into kilometres (km), multiply by 1.852.

To convert statute miles (5,280 feet) into kilometres (km), multiply by 1.609344.

Hours flown

Represents the block hours, in other words, the number of hours which elapsed between the time the aircraft started to move to commence a flight and the time the aircraft came to its final stop after the conclusion of a flight. Report the total number of block hours flown to the nearest hour.

Enplaned goods

Refers to all types of non-passenger traffic. It includes priority freight, freight, mail and excess baggage for which revenue is obtained. Enplaned goods should be reported to the nearest kilogram.

Conversion factor

To convert pounds (lbs.) into kilograms (kg), multiply by 0.453592.

Goods tonne-kilometres

Represents the carriage of one tonne of goods on each flight stage multiplied by the number of kilometres flown on that stage. Goods tonne-kilometres are obtained by totalling the number of kilometres flown with all tonnes of goods.

Let's take an example with two flight stages, where:

Flight stage A to B
Tonnes of goods = 5
Distance between points (km) = 161
Goods tonne-kilometres = 805

Flight stage B to C
Tonnes of goods = 4
Distance between points (km) = 322
Goods tonne-kilometres = 1,288

The total number of goods tonne-kilometres for the flights covering A to B and B to C is 2,093.

Conversion factor

To convert nautical miles (6,080 feet) into kilometres (km), multiply by 1.852.

To convert statute miles (5,280 feet) into kilometres (km), multiply by 1.609344.

Scheduled services - revenue

Include fixed wing and helicopter services.

Passenger revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from the transportation of passengers on scheduled services. Include revenue from all surcharges (baggage, fuel, seat selection, and so on) that are retained by the air carrier. Exclude amounts such as taxes, navigation fees, security fees, and so on that are collected but passed on to other entities.

Goods revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from the transportation of goods on scheduled services. Exclude taxes such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST), Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) or Provincial Sales Tax (PST).

Charter Services, Revenue Operating Statistics, Annual - Statement 12 (III)

Charter services - operating statistics

Include fixed wing and helicopter services.

Sector of operation

Refers to the regions where carriers provide transportation services. There are three breakdowns – domestic, transborder (Canada-US) and other international.

Domestic

Includes operations between points in Canada.

Transborder (Canada-US)

Includes operations between points in Canada and points in the United States (including Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico).

Other international

Includes all other operations (including between points outside of Canada).

Data reported must include both fixed wing and helicopter services, where:

Fixed wing

Means a power-driven, heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed. An aircraft having wings fixed to the airplane fuselage and outspread in flight – that is non-rotating wings.

Helicopter

Means a rotary wing, heavier-than-air aircraft, supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axes. A helicopter does not have conventional fixed wings, nor is it provided with a conventional propeller for forward thrust.

Charter services

Transportation of passengers or goods, or both, by aircraft pursuant to a contract under which a person, other than the air carrier that operates the air service, or its agent, reserves a block of seats or part of the cargo space of an aircraft for the person's use or for resale to the public.

Include air ambulance service and the movement of people and goods to logging or heli-logging sites.

Exclude firefighting and heli-logging activities and the movement of people and goods to a firefighting site. (The former Transport Canada TP 8880 document "Starting a Commercial Air Service" outlining a list of activities which are specialty has been replaced with a new document TP 4711 "Air Operator Certification Manual" as of December 2020. A PDF version of volumes of this manual can be requested at: Air Operator Certification Manual – TP 4711)

Enplaned passengers

Refers to revenue passengers¹ who board aircraft and surrender one or more flight coupons or other documents good for transportation over the itinerary specified in these coupons or documents.

¹Revenue passengers correspond to passengers for which an air carrier receives remuneration and who are travelling with tickets purchased (a) under a publicly available promotional offer; (b) through a loyalty program or through the redemption of loyalty points or miles; (c) with a corporate discount or at a preferential fare; or obtained (d) as compensation for denied boarding. It excludes (a) passengers travelling for free, at a fare available only to persons who are employees or agents of an air carrier or are travelling on the business of an air carrier; and (b) persons, such as infants, who do not occupy seats.

Passenger-kilometres

Represents the carriage of one revenue passenger on each flight stage multiplied by the number of kilometres flown on that stage. Passenger-kilometres are obtained by totalling the number of kilometres flown by all passengers.

Let's take an example with two flight stages, where:

Flight stage A to B
Number of passengers = 5
Distance between points (km) = 161
Passenger-kilometres = 805

Flight stage B to C
Number of passengers = 4
Distance between points (km) = 322
Passenger-kilometres = 1,288

The total number of passenger-kilometres for the flights covering A to B and B to C is 2,093.

Conversion factor

To convert nautical miles (6,080 feet) into kilometres (km), multiply by 1.852.

To convert statute miles (5,280 feet) into kilometres (km), multiply by 1.609344.

Hours flown

Represents the block hours, in other words, the number of hours which elapsed between the time the aircraft started to move to commence a flight and the time the aircraft came to its final stop after the conclusion of a flight. Report the total number of block hours flown to the nearest hour.

Enplaned goods

Refers to all types of non-passenger traffic. It includes priority freight, freight, mail and excess baggage for which revenue is obtained. Enplaned goods should be reported to the nearest kilogram.

Conversion factor

To convert pounds (lbs.) into kilograms (kg), multiply by 0.453592.

Goods tonne-kilometres

Represents the carriage of one tonne of goods on each flight stage multiplied by the number of kilometres flown on that stage. Goods tonne-kilometres are obtained by totalling the number of kilometres flown with all tonnes of goods.

Let's take an example with two flight stages, where:

Flight stage A to B
Tonnes of goods = 5
Distance between points (km) = 161
Goods tonne-kilometres = 805

Flight stage B to C
Tonnes of goods = 4
Distance between points (km) = 322
Goods tonne-kilometres = 1,288

The total number of goods tonne-kilometres for the flights covering A to B and B to C is 2,093.

Conversion factor

To convert nautical miles (6,080 feet) into kilometres (km), multiply by 1.852.

To convert statute miles (5,280 feet) into kilometres (km), multiply by 1.609344.

Charter services - revenue

Include fixed wing and helicopter services.

Passenger revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from the transportation of passengers on charter services. Include revenue from all surcharges (baggage, fuel, seat selection, and so on) that are retained by the air carrier. Exclude amounts such as taxes, navigation fees, security fees, and so on that are collected but passed on to other entities.

Goods revenue

Refers to the revenue earned from the transportation of goods on charter services. Exclude taxes such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST), Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) or Provincial Sales Tax (PST).

In April 2025, questions measuring the Labour Market Indicators were added to the Labour Force Survey as a supplement.

Questionnaire flow within the collection application is controlled dynamically based on responses provided throughout the survey. Therefore, some respondents will not receive all questions, and there is a small chance that some households will not receive any questions at all. This is based on their answers to certain LFS questions.

Labour Market Indicators

ENTRY_Q01 / EQ 1 - From the following list, please select the household member that will be completing this questionnaire on behalf of the entire household.

SCH_Q01 / EQ 2 - Which of the following best describes your usual work schedule at your main job or business?

1. Regular daytime hours or daytime shift
2. Regular evening hours or evening shift
3. Regular night hours or night shift 
4. Irregular hours, irregular shifts, or on-call 
5. Other

SCH_Q02 / EQ 3 - At your main job or business, do you have a flexible schedule that allows you to choose the time when your work day begins and ends?

1. Yes
2. No

WFR_Q01 / EQ 4 - At your main job or business, how easy is it for you to take an hour or two off for personal or family matters during working hours?

1. Very easy
2. Easy
3. Difficult
4. Very difficult

WFR_Q02 / EQ 5 - Over the last month, how often has it been difficult for you to fulfill your family responsibilities because of the amount of time you spent working?

1. Always
2. Often
3. Sometimes
4. Rarely
5. Never

OR 

6. Did not work over the last month

SEC_Q01 / EQ 6 - To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

You might lose your main [job/business] in the next six months.

1. Strongly agree
2. Agree
3. Neither agree nor disagree
4. Disagree
5. Strongly disagree

SEC_Q02 / EQ 7 - Over the next six months, do you anticipate that the number of employees at your workplace will increase, stay the same or decrease?

1. Increase a lot
2. Increase a little
3. No change
4. Decrease a little
5. Decrease a lot